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Application Areas

Electrochemotherapy and electroporation-based treatments have been investigated across a range of solid tumour types, anatomical regions and treatment settings. The 2,821 publications of the oncology corpus are divided into 22 application areas. The volume and type of literature differ markedly between indications; this page groups the areas by their electrochemotherapy literature volume and states the volume of the other clinical methods present in each area separately.

22application areas
1areas where ECT reaches high clinical publication volume
15areas with predominantly preclinical or low-volume literature
7tumour and tissue groups
863clinical publication records

The threshold for “high clinical publication volume” requires at least 15 clinical studies or case series, case reports excluded, plus at least one randomized trial, systematic review or guideline. The clinical publication figure in the strip uses a wider definition and includes case reports: it counts the primary clinical studies, case series and case reports among the 2,821 publications of the oncology corpus.

Clinical Literature Depth by Set of Areas

Human oncology indications are clustered by tissue group and the remaining areas by their kind. The two bars measure different things: the left one the set's literature volume, the right one what proportion of that literature is clinical. Sets are ordered by volume, so the left column shortens downward; the right column not following it is the finding itself.

SetAreasLiterature volumeClinical shareECT literature volume
Basic Science, Method and DeviceGeneral Principles & Biophysics Devices & Clinical Trials2
1007
6%58
2 Exploratory / low-volume literature
Deep Organ TumoursLiver Tumours Pancreatic Cancer Breast Cancer Colorectal Cancer Cholangiocarcinoma Lung & Peribronchial Tumours Oesophageal & Upper Gastrointestinal Tumours7
785
44%345
2 Limited clinical publication volume 5 Exploratory / low-volume literature
Skin & Superficial TumoursSkin & Cutaneous Tumours Malignant Melanoma Kaposi Sarcoma3
427
52%221
1 High clinical publication volume 1 Limited clinical publication volume 1 Exploratory / low-volume literature
Urogynaecological TumoursProstate & Urological Tumours Vulvar Cancer Ovarian Tumours Endometrial Cancer4
195
53%104
1 Limited clinical publication volume 3 Exploratory / low-volume literature
Veterinary OncologyVeterinary Oncology1
158
17%27
1 Exploratory / low-volume literature
Musculoskeletal & CNSBone & Soft Tissue Sarcomas Brain Tumours2
111
24%27
1 Limited clinical publication volume 1 Exploratory / low-volume literature
Head, Neck & OrbitHead & Neck Tumours1
77
57%44
1 Limited clinical publication volume
Benign Clinical ApplicationsVascular Malformations1
38
71%27
1 Exploratory / low-volume literature
Special IndicationsElectrochemotherapy in Metastatic Disease1
23
43%10
1 Exploratory / low-volume literature

Indication Directory

Areas are grouped by literature volume by default; switch the view to group them by tissue group instead. The fourth figure on a card (in volume count) has a different denominator from the first three, and the two cannot be used interchangeably. The definitions are in the Method and Interpretation section at the end of the page.

Group by

22 areas shown

High clinical publication volume 1

At least 15 clinical studies or case series plus at least one randomized trial, systematic review or guideline

Skin & Cutaneous Tumours

ECT: High clinical publication volume

Skin & Superficial Tumours · 1996–2026

ECTHigh clinical publication volume173IREExploratory / low-volume5Calcium EPLimited clinical publication volume12Gene ETExploratory / low-volume4

In this portal's corpus this is the indication group with the broadest literature for electrochemotherapy.

publication records
210
clinical
126
preclinical
29
in volume count
33

Outcomes in abstractsSafety and tolerability46Complete response33Objective response32Symptom control and palliation21

Limited clinical publication volume 6

At least four clinical studies or case series; no randomized trial or guideline-level consensus identified

Malignant Melanoma

ECT: Limited clinical publication volume

Skin & Superficial Tumours · 1995–2026

ECTLimited clinical publication volume124IREExploratory / low-volume6Calcium EPExploratory / low-volume8Gene ETExploratory / low-volume24

In this portal's corpus, cutaneous and subcutaneous melanoma metastases are the single tumour type with the most publications for electrochemotherapy.

publication records
193
clinical
78
preclinical
75
in volume count
20

Outcomes in abstractsObjective response27Safety and tolerability26Complete response20Survival14

Breast Cancer

ECT: Limited clinical publication volume

Deep Organ Tumours · 1991–2026

ECTLimited clinical publication volume87IREExploratory / low-volume8Calcium EPExploratory / low-volume3Gene ETExploratory / low-volume7

Chest wall recurrences and skin metastases of breast cancer are among the indications with the most publications for electrochemotherapy in the corpus.

publication records
120
clinical
49
preclinical
53
in volume count
11

Outcomes in abstractsObjective response14Safety and tolerability14Complete response14Local tumour control12

Head & Neck Tumours

ECT: Limited clinical publication volume

Head, Neck & Orbit · 1998–2026

ECTLimited clinical publication volume63IREExploratory / low-volume6Calcium EPExploratory / low-volume1Gene ETExploratory / low-volume1

Tumours in the head and neck lie close to critical anatomical structures, and in recurrent disease the surgical and radiotherapy options are often exhausted.

publication records
77
clinical
44
preclinical
11
in volume count
14

Outcomes in abstractsObjective response17Safety and tolerability14Symptom control and palliation12Quality of life11

Liver Tumours

ECT: Limited clinical publication volume

Deep Organ Tumours · 1997–2026

ECTLimited clinical publication volume47IREHigh clinical publication volume203Calcium EPExploratory / low-volume1Gene ETExploratory / low-volume2

The liver is an organ where both electroporation regimes have been studied.

publication records
291
clinical
122
preclinical
114
in volume count
73

Outcomes in abstractsSafety and tolerability32Survival27Local recurrence24Complete response13

Vulvar Cancer

ECT: Limited clinical publication volume

Urogynaecological Tumours · 1997–2026

ECTLimited clinical publication volume29IREExploratory / low-volume1

In vulvar cancer, electrochemotherapy has been investigated as an organ-preserving option where surgical morbidity is high and in recurrent disease.

publication records
31
clinical
22
preclinical
2
in volume count
10

Outcomes in abstractsSymptom control and palliation16Quality of life9Objective response8Local tumour control7

Bone & Soft Tissue Sarcomas

ECT: Limited clinical publication volume

Musculoskeletal & CNS · 1997–2026

ECTLimited clinical publication volume39IREExploratory / low-volume13Calcium EPExploratory / low-volume1Gene ETExploratory / low-volume3

In bone metastases and soft tissue sarcomas, electrochemotherapy has been studied for pain palliation, local control and preoperative volume reduction.

publication records
64
clinical
25
preclinical
27
in volume count
10

Outcomes in abstractsObjective response7Safety and tolerability7Local tumour control5Local recurrence4

Exploratory / low-volume literature 15

Meets none of the thresholds above; the area is still exploratory

General Principles & Biophysics

ECT: Exploratory / low-volume literature

Basic Science · 1988–2026

ECTExploratory / low-volume245IREPredominantly preclinical211PFAExploratory / low-volume3Calcium EPExploratory / low-volume23Gene ETExploratory / low-volume77

The biophysics of electroporation, the cellular and tissue effects of pulse parameters, drug transport mechanisms and treatment planning are gathered in this area.

publication records
968
clinical
54
preclinical
671
in volume count
32

Outcomes in abstractsSafety and tolerability11Complete response5Objective response5Symptom control and palliation4

Veterinary Oncology

ECT: Exploratory / low-volume literature

Special Indications · 1997–2026

ECTExploratory / low-volume122IREExploratory / low-volume4Calcium EPExploratory / low-volume4Gene ETExploratory / low-volume18

Electrochemotherapy has long been studied clinically in veterinary oncology, on spontaneously arising tumours in client-owned animals.

publication records
158
clinical
27
preclinical
107
in volume count
5

Outcomes in abstractsNo outcome mentioned in any abstract

Kaposi Sarcoma

ECT: Exploratory / low-volume literature

Skin & Superficial Tumours · 2006–2025

ECTExploratory / low-volume22

Clinical series exist for both classic and HIV-associated forms.

publication records
24
clinical
17
preclinical
1
in volume count
4

Outcomes in abstractsComplete response10Safety and tolerability5Local tumour control4Objective response4

Pancreatic Cancer

ECT: Exploratory / low-volume literature

Deep Organ Tumours · 1997–2026

ECTExploratory / low-volume34IREHigh clinical publication volume229Calcium EPExploratory / low-volume3

In locally advanced pancreatic cancer, the publications describe encasement of the coeliac and mesenteric vessels as what limits eligibility for surgery and thermal ablation.

publication records
274
clinical
136
preclinical
60
in volume count
58

Outcomes in abstractsSurvival74Safety and tolerability33Local recurrence20Symptom control and palliation17

Colorectal Cancer

ECT: Exploratory / low-volume literature

Deep Organ Tumours · 1997–2026

ECTExploratory / low-volume24IREExploratory / low-volume8Calcium EPExploratory / low-volume9Gene ETExploratory / low-volume1

In colorectal tumours electroporation has been studied in distinct contexts: liver metastases, local recurrence and endoscopically accessible lesions.

publication records
50
clinical
15
preclinical
26
in volume count
8

Outcomes in abstractsSafety and tolerability6Complete response3Quality of life3Local recurrence1

Vascular Malformations

ECT: Exploratory / low-volume literature

Special Indications · 2013–2026

ECTExploratory / low-volume7ElectrosclerotherapyLimited clinical publication volume28

Non-oncological electroporation applications are kept on separate pages and do not enter this index.

publication records
38
clinical
27
preclinical
0
in volume count
15

Outcomes in abstractsSafety and tolerability11Cosmetic and functional outcome4Quality of life3Objective response2

Electrochemotherapy in Metastatic Disease

ECT: Exploratory / low-volume literature

Special Indications · 1998–2026

ECTExploratory / low-volume13IREExploratory / low-volume7Gene ETExploratory / low-volume2

The role of electrochemotherapy in metastatic disease concerns how the contribution of a local method to systemic disease should be defined.

publication records
23
clinical
10
preclinical
6
in volume count
0

Outcomes in abstractsSurvival3Objective response2Complete response2Symptom control and palliation1

Prostate & Urological Tumours

ECT: Exploratory / low-volume literature

Urogynaecological Tumours · 1994–2026

ECTExploratory / low-volume11IREHigh clinical publication volume117Calcium EPExploratory / low-volume4Gene ETExploratory / low-volume2

The search for focal therapy in the prostate is shaped by the aim of preserving urinary and sexual function.

publication records
152
clinical
81
preclinical
31
in volume count
39

Outcomes in abstractsSafety and tolerability30Quality of life21Cosmetic and functional outcome21Local recurrence11

Cholangiocarcinoma

ECT: Exploratory / low-volume literature

Deep Organ Tumours · 2012–2026

ECTExploratory / low-volume4IRELimited clinical publication volume17

Treatment options in biliary tract tumours are limited and preserving the bile duct is critical.

publication records
25
clinical
13
preclinical
6
in volume count
7

Outcomes in abstractsSafety and tolerability5Local recurrence3Quality of life3Symptom control and palliation3

Oesophageal & Upper Gastrointestinal Tumours

ECT: Exploratory / low-volume literature

Deep Organ Tumours · 2018–2025

ECTExploratory / low-volume2IREExploratory / low-volume1Calcium EPExploratory / low-volume3

In oesophageal and gastric tumours electroporation has been studied through endoscopic access.

publication records
7
clinical
6
preclinical
1
in volume count
2

Outcomes in abstractsSafety and tolerability5Objective response3Symptom control and palliation3Survival1

Brain Tumours

ECT: Exploratory / low-volume literature

Musculoskeletal & CNS · 1993–2026

ECTExploratory / low-volume7IREExploratory / low-volume30Gene ETExploratory / low-volume1

In the central nervous system, electroporation is investigated both for tumour ablation and for increasing drug passage by transiently opening the blood-brain barrier.

publication records
47
clinical
2
preclinical
38
in volume count
3

Outcomes in abstractsNo outcome mentioned in any abstract

Devices & Clinical Trials

ECT: Exploratory / low-volume literature

Basic Science · 2003–2025

ECTExploratory / low-volume4IREExploratory / low-volume5Gene ETExploratory / low-volume1

Device and system descriptions, practice networks and pulse-generator measurement studies are gathered under this heading.

publication records
39
clinical
4
preclinical
13
in volume count
0

Outcomes in abstractsSafety and tolerability1

Lung & Peribronchial Tumours

ECT: Exploratory / low-volume literature

Deep Organ Tumours · 2002–2026

ECTExploratory / low-volume4IREExploratory / low-volume11

Lung and peribronchial sites are technically demanding because of the electrical conductivity of air-filled tissue and respiratory motion.

publication records
18
clinical
4
preclinical
12
in volume count
3

Outcomes in abstractsSymptom control and palliation1Complete response1Local tumour control1Local recurrence1

Ovarian Tumours

ECT: Exploratory / low-volume literature

Urogynaecological Tumours · 2009–2026

ECTExploratory / low-volume7IREExploratory / low-volume2

Electroporation in ovarian tumours has been studied through peritoneal spread and preclinical models; the corpus holds no clinical series for this area.

publication records
10
clinical
0
preclinical
9
in volume count
1

Outcomes in abstractsNo outcome mentioned in any abstract

Endometrial Cancer

IRE: Exploratory / low-volume literature

Urogynaecological Tumours · 2013–2017

IREExploratory / low-volume2

Electroporation-based approaches in endometrial cancer are represented by only a handful of records in the corpus; the area is exploratory.

publication records
2
clinical
1
preclinical
1
in volume count
0

Outcomes in abstractsNo outcome mentioned in any abstract

Method and Interpretation

How were the areas categorised, and what does literature volume mean?

Every publication is assigned to a single application area derived from the source folder structure and its citation fields. Areas are gathered into seven tissue groups by shared anatomical region or clinical context.

Literature volume is computed from the study-type distribution of the area's publications using automatic thresholds. The clinical count feeding the threshold is narrow: randomized, prospective and retrospective clinical studies and case series are counted; case reports are not. A single case report therefore cannot lift an area to the clinical tier. Systematic reviews and guidelines are also outside this count; together with randomized trials they satisfy the separate “RCT / systematic review / meta-analysis / guideline-consensus record” condition.

The “clinical publications” figure used on the cards and in the strip above is a separate and wider count: primary clinical studies, case series and case reports, that is 863 publications in the oncology corpus. Systematic reviews and guidelines are excluded from it as well. The threshold count and this count do not share a name and cannot stand in for one another; the full threshold table is on the Literature Map.

The word “clinical” in the tissue-group table uses this same definition and includes case reports; the threshold count behind the literature volume column is narrower and does not count case reports.

The first three figures on a card (publications, clinical, preclinical) share one denominator: all records of the area within the oncological scope. The fourth (in volume count) is the subset of those that passed the validation ledger, and literature volume is computed from that subset alone. The two quantities have different denominators and cannot be used interchangeably.

Non-oncological records do not enter this directory; they are gathered in their own areas (cardiac pulsed-field ablation, non-oncological IRE and DNA vaccination by electroporation). Where a non-oncological record remains inside an oncological area, it is excluded from the card figures and counted only on the area's own page. The two figures are identical in every area in this build.

Literature volume labels are derived from the volume of literature. They do not indicate clinical use, guideline endorsement, reimbursement coverage or regulatory status in any country; they are not a formal GRADE assessment and cannot be used for treatment decisions. An area being at the “high clinical publication volume” level means many clinical publications exist in that area; it does not mean the treatment is effective, superior or approved. Likewise “predominantly preclinical literature” does not mean that an area has no human data, only that the weight of the literature lies in preclinical studies.

Every area carries a separate literature volume and publication count for each clinical method present in the corpus; the method chips on each card give them side by side. Grouping, the badge and the card edge come from the area's electrochemotherapy record, since the portal's subject is electrochemotherapy; where no electrochemotherapy record exists the first scored method is used and the badge names it. The publication, clinical and preclinical figures on each card, and the distribution bar, are area totals covering every method together; the split by method is in the method chips and in the method cards on the area page.

“Outcomes mentioned in abstracts” is an automatic match of outcome names appearing in the titles and abstracts of the area's clinical publications; where a record has no abstract, the publication's opening text is scanned in its place. The figure beside a domain is the number of abstracts mentioning that outcome, that is the number of clinical publications containing it; it is not a measure of efficacy, a response rate or an indicator of success. The denominator is the “clinical” figure on the card: the area's clinical publication count (primary clinical studies, case series and case reports). Only the 4 most frequently mentioned domains are shown on a card; the dictionary holds 10 outcome domains. A mention in an abstract does not mean the outcome was measured or that it was favourable; the name may equally appear in a rationale, a discussion of methods or a negative finding.

The full list of outcome domains, the spellings each one matches, the search patterns and the absence of negative matching rules are published in the what this count measures, and what it does not section of the Mechanisms page; that section also gives the separate counts in ECT and in IRE records.

The portal is intended for scientific and educational information only. Indication, device approval and drug licensing vary between countries.

Related Areas Outside Scope

Electroporation-based but not tumour therapy, and therefore excluded from the indication directory, the anatomical explorer and literature volume tables above. Kept in the corpus as context.

DNA Vaccination by Electroporation8 publications

Cardiac Pulsed-Field Ablation146 publications

Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF)61 publications

Non-Oncological Electroporation21 publications