Group: Urogynaecological Tumours
Prostate & Urological Tumours
The search for focal therapy in the prostate is shaped by the aim of preserving urinary and sexual function. The corpus holds publications on both the reversible and irreversible regimes; most of the evidence comes from uncontrolled series.
152total publications
79clinical publications
31preclinical publications
32reviews
1994–2026publication span
Clinical publications: randomized, prospective and retrospective studies, case series and case reports. Preclinical publications: animal, in vitro, modelling and experimental biophysics studies.
Literature Status by Method
Publication count, clinical and preclinical split, literature maturity and publication span for each clinical method. The badges at the top of the page summarise the IRE and ECT records separately; the full split by method is here.
Electrochemotherapy (ECT)
11publications
3clinical publications
8preclinical publications
Exploratory literaturethreshold 2/11
Validated records entering the maturity calculation: 2 (clinical 1, preclinical 0), 18% of the records for this method.
1999–2025
Irreversible electroporation (IRE)
117publications
72clinical publications
12preclinical publications
Broader clinical literaturethreshold 37/117
Validated records entering the maturity calculation: 37 (clinical 28, preclinical 0), 32% of the records for this method.
2007–2026
Calcium electroporation
4publications
1clinical publication
3preclinical publications
Exploratory literaturethreshold 0/4
No record for this method entered the maturity calculation; the records are marked in the validation ledger as conflicting, insufficient or out of scope.
2015–2025
Gene electrotransfer
2publications
0clinical publications
1preclinical publication
Exploratory literaturethreshold 0/2
No record for this method entered the maturity calculation; the records are marked in the validation ledger as conflicting, insufficient or out of scope.
2010–2020
Other electroporation applications
18publications
3clinical publications
7preclinical publications
This set does not name a single clinical method; no literature maturity is assigned.
1994–2026
Mechanisms Mentioned in Abstracts
Mechanism names are detected by automatic matching over publication abstracts; the figure is the number of publications containing the name. A mention does not mean the mechanism was demonstrated in that study.
Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation 131
Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death 129
Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation 11
Electric Field Distribution and Modelling 10
Necrosis and Necroptosis 9
Apoptosis Induction 8
Optimisation of Pulse Parameters 8
Thermal Effect and Joule Heating 8
Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation 5
Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement 5
Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability 4
Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion 4
Study Type Distribution
Bar length is scaled to the most common study type; the percentage gives the share of the whole area. Colour marks the study-type band, on the same scale as the literature map.
| Study type | Publications | Share within this area |
|---|---|---|
| Randomized Clinical Trial | 8 | 5% |
| Prospective Clinical Study | 20 | 13% |
| Clinical Study | 26 | 17% |
| Retrospective Clinical Study | 14 | 9% |
| Case Series | 4 | 3% |
| Case Report | 7 | 5% |
| Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | 12 | 8% |
| Guideline / Consensus | 1 | <1% |
| Review | 20 | 13% |
| Animal Study | 23 | 15% |
| In Vitro Study | 5 | 3% |
| In Silico / Modelling | 2 | 1% |
| Experimental Biophysics Study | 1 | <1% |
| Conference Abstract | 1 | <1% |
| Editorial / Letter | 3 | 2% |
| Correction / Erratum | 1 | <1% |
| Protocol | 4 | 3% |
Literature Evidence Table
152 publications listed in order of evidence strength. Click a title to open the citation, mechanism and full abstract drawer.
The study type, model and mechanism columns are assigned automatically and can be wrong for individual records; the abstract column is taken either from the publication's own abstract or from the opening text of the source PDF. The labels are there for scanning and filtering, not as record-level verified data; consult the full text before acting on any single publication. The classification rules and known errors are on the Literature Map.
| Regime | Publication | Year | Study type | Model | Mechanism | Abstract |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other EP | te Molder et al · BMJ Open | 2026 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Background: Intermediate-risk prostate cancer (PCa) is currently managed with radical whole-gland therapies, such as radical prostatectomy (RP) or radiotherapy (RT). While effective, these t… |
| IRE | Zhang et al · BJU Int | 2025 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objective: To investigate the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for persistent prostate cancer after irreversible electroporation (IRE) therapy. Patients and methods: This… |
| IRE | Lantz et al · Eur Urol Open Sci | 2023 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The aim of focal treatments (FTs) in prostate cancer (PCa) is to treat lesions while preserving surrounding benign tissue and anatomic structures. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non… |
| IRE | Zhang et al · JAMA Surg | 2023 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Importance: Focal ablative irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a therapy that treats only the area of the tumor with the aim of achieving oncological control while reducing treatment-relat… |
| IRE | de la Rosette et al · J Urol | 2023 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Purpose: Our goal was to evaluate the effect of focal vs extended irreversible electroporation on side effects, patient-reported quality of life, and early oncologic control for localized lo… |
| IRE | Scheltema et al · BMC Cancer | 2016 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Current surgical and ablative treatment options for prostate cancer (PCa) may result in a high incidence of (temporary) incontinence, erectile dysfunction and/or bowel damage. Th… |
| IRE | van den Bos et al · J Endourol | 2015 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | FOR LOCALIZED PROSTATE CANCER: FOCAL ABLATION VERSUS EXTENDED ABLATION Willemien van den Bos and Jean de la Rosette Focal therapy in prostate cancer Focal therapy is gradually emerging as a … |
| IRE | de la Rosette et al · J Endourol | 2013 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | PROSTATE CARCINOMA: HEMIABLATION VERSUS COMPLETE ABLATION WITH IRREVERSIBLE ELECTROPORATION W. van den Bos, B.G. Muller, and J.J.C.M.H. de la Rosette Focal therapy in prostate cancer Focal t… |
| IRE | Xiang · J Immunother Cancer | 2026 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common malignancy in men worldwide. Although radical prostatectomy effectively controls tumor progression, it often causes complications … |
| IRE | Coleman et al · – | 2026 | Prospective Clinical Study | – | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The PRESERVE trial ( NCT04972097 ) is a prospective, single-arm pivotal IDE study evaluating focal irreversible electroporation (IRE) using the NanoKnife System for intermediate-risk prostat… |
| IRE | Popeneciu · World J Mens Health | 2024 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To evaluate the morbidity, functional and oncological outcome of irreversible electroporation (IRE) as a focal therapy for prostate cancer (PCa) when used in "active surveillance (A… |
| IRE | Zhang · Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis | 2024 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel technique to treat localized prostate cancer with the aim of achieving oncological control while reducing related side effects. We p… |
| IRE | Fainberg et al · Urol Pract | 2024 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Introduction: We studied patient-reported functional outcomes, safety, and oncologic efficacy of focal irreversible electroporation as a primary treatment for intermediate-risk prostate canc… |
| IRE | Geboers et al · BJU Int | 2024 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objectives: To prospectively compare systemic anti-tumour immune responses induced by irreversible electroporation (IRE) and robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) in patients with loca… |
| IRE | Blazevski et al · BJU Int | 2023 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objectives: To prospectively assess the safety, functional- and oncological-outcomes of irreversible electroporation (IRE) as salvage therapy for radio-recurrent focal prostate cancer in a m… |
| IRE | Zhang et al · – | 2023 | Prospective Clinical Study | – | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | BACKGROUND Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel technique to treat localized prostate cancer with the aim of achieving oncological control while reducing related side effects. We pr… |
| IRE | Buijs et al · Diagn Interv Radiol | 2021 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: Ablation plays a growing role in the treatment of small renal masses (SRMs) due to its nephron sparing properties and low invasiveness. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has the po… |
| IRE | Wah · Eur Radiol | 2021 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objectives: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of CT-guided IRE of clinical T1a (cT1a) renal tumours close to vital structures and to assess factors that may influence the technical success… |
| IRE | Blazevski et al · World J Urol | 2020 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction and objective: To assess the safety, oncological and quality-of-life (QoL) outcomes of focal ablation of apical prostate cancer (PCa) lesions with irreversible electroporation (… |
| IRE | Blazevski et al · Eur Urol Oncol | 2020 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Focal irreversible electroporation (IRE) can be used to treat men with localised prostate cancer (PCa) with reduced impact on quality of life (QoL). Objective: To assess oncologi… |
| IRE | Enikeev et al · Minerva Urol Nefrol | 2020 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | This publication has no abstract. |
| IRE | Wendler et al · Urology | 2018 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objective: To assess the efficacy of irreversible electroporation (IRE) ablation of pT1a renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in the first prospective, monocentric phase 2a pilot ablate-and-resect stu… |
| IRE | Scheltema et al · BJU Int | 2017 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objectives: To evaluate the feasibility, safety, early quality-of-life (QoL) and oncological outcomes of salvage focal irreversible electroporation (IRE) for radio-recurrent prostate cancer … |
| IRE | Murray et al · J Urol | 2016 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Purpose: Partial prostate gland ablation is a strategy to manage localized prostate cancer. Irreversible electroporation can ablate localized soft tissues. We describe 30 and 90-day complica… |
| IRE | Wendler et al · Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2015 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: It is postulated that focal IRE affords complete ablation of soft-tissue tumours while protecting the healthy peritumoral tissue. Therefore, IRE may be an interesting option fo… |
| IRE | van den Bos et al · Eur Radiol | 2015 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objectives: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is an ablative therapy with a low side-effect profile in prostate cancer. The objective was: 1) To compare the volumetric IRE ablation zone on … |
| IRE | van den Bos et al · World J Urol | 2015 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Electrode Geometry and Placement, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Purpose: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel minimally invasive therapy for prostate cancer using short electric pulses to ablate prostate tissue. The purpose of this study is to d… |
| IRE | Valerio et al · Contemp Clin Trials | 2014 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: Focal therapy may reduce the toxicity of current radical treatments while maintaining the oncological benefit. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has been proposed to be tissue… |
| IRE | Xia · Prostate Int | 2026 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Prostate cancer (PCa) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among men globally. Irreversible electroporation (IRE), a non-thermal ablation modality, selectively induces tumor ce… |
| IRE | George et al · Eur Urol | 2026 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background and objective: The PRESERVE study (NCT04972097) assessed the safety and effectiveness of irreversible electroporation (IRE) with the NanoKnife System to ablate prostate tissue in … |
| IRE | McClure et al · Radiology | 2026 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a nonthermal local therapy for prostate cancer (PCa). However, the feasibility, outcomes, and safety of reduced-dose radiation therapy (RT) f… |
| Calcium EP | Laursen et al · European Urology Open Science | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Disruption of Calcium Homeostasis | & Objectives: Cancer of the urinary bladder poses a substantial global health challenge with more than 600,000 new cases annually and an expected increase by 80% in 2040. Despite this, thera… |
| Other EP | Pyrgidis · BJU Int | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Objective: To compare the perioperative complications of the most common focal therapy (FT) modalities for prostate cancer. Patients and methods: We assessed the GeRmAn Nationwide inpatient … |
| IRE | Suberville · Cancers (Basel) | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background : Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel ablative treatment modality for localized prostate cancer and aims at achieving oncological control while minimizing the related si… |
| IRE | Xia · Discov Oncol | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Prostate cancer is a prevalent condition among older males, with radical prostatectomy being the standard treatment. However, this procedure can inevitably impact urinary and sex… |
| IRE | Diven · BMC Urol | 2024 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: Radiation Therapy and IRreversible Electroporation for Intermediate Risk Prostate Cancer (RTIRE) is a phase II clinical trial testing combination of radiation therapy and irrev… |
| IRE | George et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2024 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The PRESERVE study (NCT04972097) aims to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the NanoKnife System to ablate prostate tissue in patients with intermediate-risk prostate cancer (PCa). The… |
| IRE | Altan · Urol Res Pract | 2023 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Objective: This article reports on the early results of a 1-year follow-up study investigating the efficacy of irreversible electroporation in the treatment of localized prostate cancer. Met… |
| IRE | Diven et al · International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics | 2023 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | This publication has no abstract. |
| IRE | Geboers et al · BJU Int | 2023 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objectives: To evaluate the safety, and short to mid-term oncological and quality-of-life (QoL) outcomes of focal irreversible electroporation (IRE) for radio-recurrent prostate cancer (PCa)… |
| IRE | Shin et al · Prostate Int | 2023 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: To demonstrate the clinical usefulness of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography (PET) computerized tomography (CT) for irreversible electroporati… |
| IRE | Aycock et al · J Biomech Eng | 2022 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | While the primary goal of focal therapy for prostate cancer (PCa) is conserving patient quality of life by reducing oncological burden, available modalities use thermal energy or whole-gland… |
| IRE | Scheltema et al · BJU Int | 2022 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objectives: To evaluate longer-term oncological and functional outcomes of focal irreversible electroporation (IRE) as primary treatment for localised clinically significant prostate cancer … |
| IRE | Güleryüz Kızıl et al · Turk J Urol | 2021 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objective: To evaluate early clinical and multiparametric prostate magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) results of irreversible electroporation (IRE) efficiency in treatment of localized prost… |
| IRE | Collettini et al · Radiology | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a nonthermal ablative method based on the formation of nanoscale defects in cell membranes leading to cell death. Clinical experience with th… |
| IRE | Dong et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2018 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Irreversible electroporation, as a nonthermal therapy of prostate cancer, has been used in clinic for several years. The mechanism of irreversible electroporation ablation is thermal indepen… |
| IRE | Garvan Institute et al · Diagn Interv Radiol | 2018 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the genitourinary function and quality of life (QoL) following the ablation of different prostate segments with irreversible electroporation (IRE) for localized… |
| IRE | Canvasser et al · World J Urol | 2017 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Purpose: To report on the first short-term oncologic outcomes of percutaneous irreversible electroporation for small renal masses. Methods: Patients with cT1a renal masses treated with irrev… |
| IRE | Valerio et al · J Urol | 2017 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Purpose: Irreversible electroporation has attractive attributes for focal ablation, namely nonthermal effect, precise demarcation of treatment and tissue selectivity. We report a prospective… |
| IRE | van den Bos et al · BJU Int | 2017 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objectives: To determine the safety, quality of life (QoL) and short-term oncological outcomes of primary focal irreversible electroporation (IRE) for the treatment of localized prostate can… |
| IRE | van den Bos et al · J Urol | 2016 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Purpose: Irreversible electroporation is a tissue ablation modality that uses high voltage electric energy to induce an increase in cell membrane permeability. This causes destabilization of… |
| IRE | Ting et al · Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis | 2015 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Current data on the use of irreversible electroporation (IRE) in the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa) is limited. We aim to evaluate the safety, short-term functional and oncol… |
| IRE | Wendler et al · Contemp Clin Trials | 2015 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: Focal ablation therapy is playing an increasing role in oncology and may reduce the toxicity of current surgical treatments while achieving adequate oncological benefit. Irreve… |
| IRE | Pech et al · Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2010 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a newly developed nonthermal tissue-ablation technique in which high-voltage electrical pulses of microsecond duration are applied to induce ir… |
| IRE | Altan et al · Eur J Radiol | 2026 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Detecting recurrence after focal therapy for prostate cancer is challenging due to treatment-induced MRI changes and unreliable PSA kinetics. The Prostate Imaging after Focal Abl… |
| IRE | Noakes et al · Prostate | 2026 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Local recurrence after definitive radiotherapy for prostate cancer (PCa) remains a challenging clinical problem. Salvage irreversible electroporation (sIRE) is a non-thermal foca… |
| ECT | Stevanovic et al · Radiol Oncol | 2025 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | – | Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is a common cancer in men in developed countries. PCa treatment depends on the disease's stage; focal therapy provides an intermediate approach, with lower … |
| IRE | Geboers et al · Eur Urol Focus | 2022 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Accurate monitoring following focal treatment of prostate cancer (PCa) is paramount for timely salvage treatment or retreatment. Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of… |
| IRE | Yaxley et al · Investig Clin Urol | 2022 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: Focal irreversible electroporation (IRE) for prostate cancer aims to reduce quality of life complications, however outcomes data remains limited. We aimed to evaluate histological i… |
| IRE | van Riel et al · BJU Int | 2022 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objective: To evaluate: (i) safety, (ii) feasibility, and medium-term (iii) oncological and (iv) functional outcomes of salvage radical prostatectomy (sRP) for recurrent localised prostate c… |
| IRE | Wang et al · BMC Cancer | 2021 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of ablating renal cell carcinoma (RCC) by irreversible electroporation (IRE). Methods: Fifteen patients (19 lesions) with RCC who und… |
| IRE | Dai et al · J Endourol | 2021 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a nonthermal ablative technology that applies high-voltage short-pulse electrical current to create cellular membrane nanopores and ultima… |
| IRE | Wang et al · – | 2020 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | BackgroundTo evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of ablating renal cell carcinoma (RCC) by irreversible electroporation (IRE). MethodsFifteen patients (19 lesions) with RCC who underwe… |
| IRE | Guenther et al · PLoS One | 2019 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible Electroporation (IRE) is a novel image-guided tissue ablation technology that induces cell death via very short but strong pulsed electric fields. IRE has been shown… |
| IRE | Scheltema et al · Eur Urol Focus | 2019 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Background: It is recommended to perform multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) in the follow-up following focal therapy of prostate cancer (PCa). Objective: To determine the dia… |
| IRE | Beyer et al · Clin Hemorheol Microcirc | 2017 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a focal non-thermal ablation technique that can be used to treat prostate cancer (Pca). The objective was to document the evolution of the volu… |
| IRE | Trimmer et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2015 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To evaluate whether irreversible electroporation (IRE) can be used as an ablation technique for small renal tumors (T1a cancers or small benign tumors) and to describe features afte… |
| IRE | Niessen et al · Clin Hemorheol Microcirc | 2015 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To evaluate the use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) after irreversible electroporation (IRE) of prostatic cancer tissue to assess the ablation status by depicting microvascul… |
| Other EP | Sandberg et al · Curr Oncol | 2025 | Case Series | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Focal therapy for prostate cancer (PCa) provides approaches to treat PCa patients in a less invasive manner than traditional whole-gland surgical or radiation modalities. This manuscript pro… |
| IRE | Xia et al · – | 2024 | Case Series | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background Prostate cancer is a prevalent condition among elderly males, with radical prostatectomy being the standard treatment. However, this procedure can inevitably impact urinary and se… |
| IRE | Wendler et al · European Urology Supplements | 2017 | Case Series | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | & OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the feasibility, adverse event profile, functional outcome and efficacy of focal irreversible electroporation (IRE) for pT1a renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in consecuti… |
| IRE | Valerio et al · Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis | 2014 | Case Series | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: To evaluate the safety and clinical feasibility of focal irreversible electroporation (IRE) of the prostate. Methods: We assessed the toxicity profile and functional outcomes of … |
| IRE | Hertz et al · Transl Androl Urol | 2025 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Optilume-drug coated balloon as emerged as a less invasive management of recurrent bulbar urethral strictures. Data is still emerging in terms of its efficacy with regards to oth… |
| IRE | Jochumsen et al · Nucl Med Mol Imaging | 2025 | Case Report | Human | – | Cancer After Nanoknife Electroporation Ablation Diagnosed with PSMA PET/ MRI Mads Ryø Jochumsen1,2,3 · Lise Medrud4 · Lars Anders Høst5 · Peter Iversen1,2 Received: 19 December 2024 / Revise… |
| IRE | Schmid · Einstein (Sao Paulo) | 2024 | Case Report | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Radical treatment for prostate cancer is associated with significant morbidity. Percutaneous image-guided irreversible electroporation is a non-thermal ablative technique that has emerged as… |
| IRE | Collettini et al · Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2024 | Case Report | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | This publication has no abstract. |
| IRE | Ong et al · BMJ Case Rep | 2022 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | A man in his 50s presented 4-week postirreversible electroporation (IRE) for low-to-intermediate risk prostate cancer with urinary symptoms, diarrhoea and passing fluid per rectum when urina… |
| ECT | Andresciani et al · Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2020 | Case Report | Human | – | A 61-year-old female underwent a right radical nephrectomy and a left nephron sparing surgery in 2014 due to renal cell carcinoma. A renal cell carcinoma local recurrence, 28 mm in size, cen… |
| ECT | Klein et al · Clin Case Rep | 2017 | Case Report | Human | – | We demonstrate feasibility and safety of Electrochemotherapy for treatment of a prostate cancer (PCa) with infiltration of the urethral sphincter. The patient remained continent and potent, … |
| IRE | Cheng · Transl Androl Urol | 2025 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Focal irreversible electroporation (IRE) has shown promising initial oncological and functional outcomes in the treatment of localised prostate cancer (PCa), although robust evid… |
| IRE | Tay · Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis | 2025 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: Focal Therapy (FT) is a treatment option for the treatment of limited volume clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa). We aim to systematically review outcomes of establi… |
| IRE | Zhang · World J Mens Health | 2025 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a promising alternative treatment for low-intermediate-risk localized prostate cancer. In this systematic review we aim to evaluate the safety … |
| IRE | Piramide et al · Minerva Urol Nephrol | 2025 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: In the latest years the advent of minimally invasive focal treatment for prostate cancer (PCa) has gained a wide diffusion. Different platforms and sources of energy have been … |
| IRE | Skribek et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2025 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background and objective: Minimally invasive interventions, including irreversible electroporation (IRE), cryoablation, and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), offer promising alternat… |
| IRE | Prabhakar · Indian J Urol | 2024 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a new and promising focal therapy for the treatment of localized prostate cancer. In this systematic review, we summarize the literature o… |
| IRE | Yilmaz et al · Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis | 2024 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: To systematically evaluate the available evidence regarding the effect of salvage irreversible electroporation (IRE) in patients with local recurrent prostate cancer (PCa) after … |
| IRE | Cribbs et al · Urology | 2023 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objectives: To assess the comparative safety and effectiveness of 2 prostate cancer treatment ablation modalities: irreversible electroporation (IRE) and high-intensity focused ultrasound (H… |
| IRE | Hilton · Urologia | 2022 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | We review the safety and early oncological outcomes of irreversible electroporation (IRE), a novel non-thermal ablation technique, in small renal masses (SRMs). Following PROSPERO registrati… |
| IRE | Guo et al · Int J Clin Oncol | 2021 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Cryoablation (CA), high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), irreversible electroporation (IRE), and vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy (VTP) have been evaluated as novel strategies for … |
| IRE | Morozov et al · Andrologia | 2020 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Irreversible electroporation is a treatment option used for focal therapy. In this systematic review, we summarise data on irreversible electroporation outcomes in patients with localised pr… |
| IRE | Valerio et al · Eur Urol | 2017 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Context: Focal therapy of prostate cancer has been proposed as an alternative to whole-gland treatments. Objective: To summarize the evidence regarding sources of energy employed in focal th… |
| IRE | CIMIT uzman grubu · Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi | 2023 | Guideline / Consensus | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Irreversible electroporation ablation therapy can destroy tumor cells while retaining the integrity of the important surrounding physiological structures. It is suitable for patients with re… |
| Other EP | Roldan-Testillano · Prostate Int | 2026 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Focal therapy (FT) has emerged as a promising treatment option for localized prostate cancer (PCa), offering oncologic control with reduced adverse effects compared to radical therapies. Var… |
| IRE | Xiao et al · Transl Androl Urol | 2026 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background and objective: Prostate cancer (PCa) endangers male health, with conventional treatments limited by poor efficacy and high complications. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a n… |
| Other EP | Hernandez · Front Urol | 2025 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Focal therapy (FT) for localized prostate cancer (PCa) has evolved into a precision-based alternative to radical treatments, aiming to eradicate clinically significant disease while minimizi… |
| Other EP | Pow-Sang et al · Arch Esp Urol | 2025 | Review | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | The first description of focal therapy (FT) for prostate cancer was by Gary Onik when he described the use of hemigland cryoablation. Currently, focal therapy is performed using different en… |
| Other EP | Torres · Front Radiol | 2025 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Percutaneous ablation therapies currently play a major role in the management of T1a and T1b renal cell carcinoma (RCC). These therapies include thermal ablative technologies like radiofrequ… |
| IRE | Faiella · J Pers Med | 2024 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | We evaluated the most recent research from 2000 to 2023 in order to deeply investigate the applications of PCa IRE, first exploring its usage with primary intent and then salvage intent. Fin… |
| Other EP | Lazarovich · Transl Cancer Res | 2024 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background and objective: The role of focal therapy in the treatment of localized prostate cancer is evolving. However, despite accumulating evidence, current guidelines and regulatory bodie… |
| Other EP | Xia · Discov Oncol | 2024 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Focal therapy, a minimally invasive strategy for localized prostate cancer, has been widely employed in the targeted treatment of localized prostate cancer in recent years. We analyzed 1312 … |
| IRE | Aveta · Life (Basel) | 2024 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | This review focuses on ablative techniques for small renal masses (SRMs), including radiofrequency ablation (RFA), cryoablation (CA), microwave ablation (MWA), and irreversible electroporati… |
| Other EP | Faiella et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2024 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Background: Focal therapy is a promising, minimally invasive method for the treatment of patients with localized prostate cancer. According to the existing literature, there is growing evide… |
| IRE | Liu · Discov Oncol | 2024 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation is a nonthermal ablation technique that uses a high-voltage electric current to create nanosized pores in the cell membrane of a malignant tumor, thus resulting … |
| Gene ET | Kiełbik et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2020 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The observation that an application of a pulsed electric field (PEF) resulted in an increased permeability of the cell membrane has led to the discovery of the phenomenon called electroporat… |
| IRE | Zondervan · World J Urol | 2019 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: An increasing interest in percutaneous ablation of renal tumors has been caused by the increasing incidence of SRMs, the trend toward minimally invasive nephron-sparing treatments a… |
| IRE | Blazevski et al · BJU Int | 2019 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: Whilst whole-gland radical treatment is highly effective for prostate cancer control, it has significant impact on quality of life and is unnecessary 'over-treatment' in many m… |
| IRE | Karagiannis et al · Curr Urol Rep | 2019 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose of review: Although still considered experimental, focal irreversible electroporation (IRE) as a primary treatment for prostate cancer (PCa) is considered one of the most promising a… |
| Other EP | Lodeizen et al · World J Urol | 2018 | Review | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Context: In recent years, focal therapy has emerged as a treatment option for a selected group of men with localized prostate cancer. Cryotherapy and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU)… |
| IRE | Stehling et al · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE), since its first introduction into the medical field in 2005, is gaining importance as a tissue ablation method. Being basically nonthermal, IRE destroys cel… |
| IRE | Narayanan et al · Curr Urol Rep | 2016 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Small renal masses (SRMs) have been traditionally managed with surgical resection. Minimally invasive nephron-sparing treatment methods are preferred to avoid harmful consequences of renal i… |
| IRE | Arbeitskreis für fokale und Mikrotherapie der Akademie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Urologie e.V. et al · Urologe A | 2015 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE), a new tissue ablation procedure available since 2007, could meet the requirements for ideal focal therapy (FT) with its postulated features, e… |
| IRE | Valerio et al · Tech Vasc Interv Radiol | 2015 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Focal therapy is a novel strategy that attempts to enhance the therapeutic ratio of standard radical treatment in prostate cancer. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has some inherent charac… |
| IRE | Xia et al · J Immunother Cancer | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE), a non-thermal focal therapy, employs high-frequency electrical pulses to create tumor cell membrane nanopores, inducing immunogenic cell death. By trigger… |
| IRE | Kim · Sci Rep | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal ablation technique for local tumor treatment known to be influenced by pulse duration and voltage settings, affecting its efficacy. This s… |
| IRE | Xing et al · Transl Androl Urol | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Background: Ablation procedures have garnered significant attention as a minimally invasive treatment of prostate diseases. However, the feasibility and safety of applying high-frequency irr… |
| ECT | Rangel et al · Sci Rep | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response | Local treatment of canine urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the bladder is a challenge. More than 90% of the cases invade the muscular layer, more than 50% develop on bladder sites with a difficu… |
| IRE | Rojo et al · Int J Hyperthermia | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Metastatic prostate cancer in bone is difficult to treat as the tumor cells are relatively resistant to hormonal or chemotherapies when compared to primary prostate cancer. Irrev… |
| ECT | Hisayasu Suzuki · BJSTR | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Open Access Electrochemotherapy on Bladder - Preliminary Results Marcelo Monte Mor Rangel1, Krishna Duro de Oliveira1, Jennifer Ostrand Freytag1, Priscila Gil Quadros1 and Daniela Ota Hisaya… |
| Calcium EP | Frandsen · PLoS One | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Necrosis and Necroptosis | Background: Calcium electroporation is a new experimental anti-cancer treatment where calcium is internalized into cells by application of short, high voltage pulses. Calcium electroporation… |
| Calcium EP | Hansen et al · PLoS One | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Background: Electroporation, a method for increasing the permeability of membranes to ions and small molecules, is used in the clinic with chemotherapeutic drugs for cancer treatment (electr… |
| ECT | Vásquez et al · J Urol | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Apoptosis Induction | Purpose: Electrochemotherapy is widely performed to treat solid tumors but experience with bladder cancer is limited. We investigated mitomycin C and cisplatin administered with electrochemo… |
| IRE | Neal et al · Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2013 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Purpose: Electroporation-based therapies deliver brief electric pulses into a targeted volume to destabilize cellular membranes. Nonthermal irreversible electroporation (IRE) provides focal … |
| IRE | Qin et al · Ann Biomed Eng | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has been proposed to destroy large amounts of tumorous tissue and shows advantages over thermal therapies. Unfortunately, carefully constructed studies ass… |
| IRE | Deodhar et al · Urology | 2011 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Preservation of Extracellular Matrix and Tissue Scaffold | Objectives: To evaluate the histopathologic and computed tomography imaging features associated with irreversible electroporation (IRE) ablation performed in normal porcine kidneys. IRE is a… |
| Other EP | Goepfert et al · Prostate | 2010 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Apoptosis Induction | Background: Current therapies to treat prostate cancer are often limited. Since it has been shown that very low concentrations of diphtheria toxin A (DT-A) result in abrogation of protein sy… |
| Gene ET | Gothelf et al · Gene Ther | 2010 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | In development of novel vaccines, attention is drawn to DNA vaccinations. They are heat stable and can be easily produced. Gene electrotransfer is a simple and nonviral means of transferring… |
| Other EP | Ahmad et al · Mol Ther | 2009 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) is a cell surface antigen expressed in normal human prostate and over expressed in prostate cancer. Elevated levels of PSCA protein in prostate cancer corre… |
| ECT | Ueki et al · BJU Int | 2008 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Apoptosis Induction | Objective: To investigate the antitumour effect of electroporation (EP), a drug delivery system that has been shown to be effective synergistically with antitumour drugs, with bleomycin on t… |
| IRE | Onik et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2007 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Percutaneous prostate cryo-ablation has become an accepted treatment for primary prostate cancer. Thermal tissue ablation based on cold, however, does have some distinct limitations. These i… |
| Other EP | Yanai et al · BJU Int | 2002 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objective: To assess in vitro and in vivo the potential utility of electropermeabilization (EP) as an anticancer drug delivery system for the treatment of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). … |
| ECT | K Yoshikawa, K Mitsui · Journal of Japan Society for Oral Tumors | 2000 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Apoptosis Induction | Treatment bleomycin of renal cell carcinoma (BLM) resulted in great An application of high-voltage resulted in their disappearance complete regression drugs. efficacy electrical of tumor pul… |
| ECT | Mitsui et al · Int J Clin Oncol | 2000 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Background. We aimed to assess a new approach to cancer therapy, using pulsed electric fields to facilitate the delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs. Methods. We investigated the cytotoxic eff… |
| Other EP | Kubota et al · Eur Urol | 1998 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the usefulness of an electropermeabilization method in the administration of a chemotherapeutic agent in bladder cancer in the rat. Materials … |
| Other EP | Kubota et al · Cancer Chemother Pharmacol | 1996 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Purpose: Electropermeabilization has been used for the introduction of genes into cells. Using this technique, we introduced the cytotoxic drug bleomycin (BLM) into cells and examined whethe… |
| Other EP | YAMAGUCHI et al · Tohoku J Exp Med | 1994 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | C3H mice bearing subcutaneously transplanted mouse bladder carcinoma (MBT-2) were treated with intramuscular injection of bleomycin followed by local delivery of electric pulses at the tumor… |
| ECT | Vizcarra-Ramos et al · Pharmaceutics | 2024 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Prostate cancer is a significant global health problem, being the second most common cancer and the fifth leading cause of death in men worldwide. Standard chemotherapy, though effective, of… |
| Calcium EP | Kiełbik · Molecules | 2020 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Electroporation, applied as a non-thermal ablation method has proven to be effective for focal prostate treatment. In this study, we performed pre-clinical research, which aims at exploring … |
| Other EP | Vásquez et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2012 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Intravesical mitomycin instillation combined with electric pulses is being used experimentally for the treatment of T1 bladder tumors, in patients unfit for surgery. Electroporation may enha… |
| IRE | Rubinsky et al · J Urol | 2008 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: Irreversible electroporation is a new tissue ablation technique that consists of applying musecond pulses of direct current to create permanent defects in the cell membrane. Irrever… |
| ECT | Sauer et al · Br J Cancer | 1999 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a new approach to the treatment of tumours. In the present study, multicellular prostate tumour spheroids were treated with non-lethal direct current (DC) electr… |
| IRE | Neal et al · Prostate | 2014 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) delivers brief electric pulses to attain non-thermal focal ablation that spares vasculature and other sensitive systems. It is a promising pros… |
| IRE | van Gemert et al · Prostate | 2014 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is (virtually) always called non-thermal despite many reports showing that significant Joule heating occurs. Our first aim is to validate with … |
| IRE | Wendler et al · Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2016 | Experimental Biophysics Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | This publication has no abstract. |
| IRE | Tomihama et al · Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology | 2015 | Conference Abstract | – | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | No. 264 Use of cone beam CT for complex biliary interventions J. Lopera, G. Kroma, A. Garza-Berlanga, R. Suri, M. wholey; Radiology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX Abstract No. 26… |
| IRE | Scheltema et al · Eur Urol | 2026 | Editorial / Letter | – | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | This publication has no abstract. |
| IRE | Gebauer et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2017 | Editorial / Letter | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Prostate Cancer following Radical Prostatectomy and Salvage Radiation Therapy From: Bernhard Gebauer, MD Judith Enders, MD Alexander D.J. Baur, MD Bernd Hamm, MD Federico Collettini, MD B.G.… |
| IRE | Fenner · Nat Rev Urol | 2014 | Editorial / Letter | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS PROSTATE CANCER Irreversible electroporation is a safe and feasible option for focal therapy A small clinical study from groups in London and Sydney has shown that irreve… |
| IRE | Yaxley · Investig Clin Urol | 2022 | Correction / Erratum | – | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | This corrects the article on p. 285 in vol. 63, PMID: 35534217. |
| IRE | Marra · Front Surg | 2022 | Protocol | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: Currently, the majority of prostate cancer (PCa) recurrences after non-surgical first-line treatment are managed with androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT). Salvage radical prosta… |
| IRE | He et al · Front Oncol | 2021 | Protocol | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: The classical pathway for the therapy of low- to intermediate-risk localized prostate cancer is radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy, which has shown a high incidence of … |
| IRE | Wagstaff et al · BMC Cancer | 2015 | Protocol | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Electroporation is a novel treatment technique utilizing electric pulses, traveling between two or more electrodes, to ablate targeted tissue. The first in human studies have pro… |
| IRE | van den Bos et al · BMJ Open | 2014 | Protocol | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: Current surgical and ablative treatment options for prostate cancer have a relatively high incidence of side effects, which may diminish the quality of life. The side effects a… |
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Limitations
The counts on this page are bounded by the scope of the source PDF archive and are not a systematic review of the area's literature.
A literature maturity label reflects the number of publications, not their methodological quality: it describes how much literature exists in the area and of what kind, not how strongly the treatment is supported. It does not indicate clinical use, guideline endorsement, reimbursement coverage or regulatory status, and it is not a formal GRADE assessment. The definitions and thresholds of the four tiers are on the Literature Map.
The “clinical publications” figure on this page (79) uses the portal's single definition: primary clinical studies, case series and case reports. Systematic reviews and guidelines are not included. The count feeding the badge threshold is narrower and does not count case reports; in this area 29 publications enter that threshold count across every method together (ECT 1 · IRE 28 · Calcium EP 0 · Gene ET 0 · Other EP 0), whereas the badge at the top of the page rests on the ECT count alone. The two counts are not the same and cannot stand in for one another; the full threshold table is on the Literature Map.
39 of the 152 records in this area enter the threshold count. The remaining 113 are marked in the validation ledger as conflicting, insufficient or out of scoring; they appear in the table below but affect no threshold and no badge. That share (26%) is not equal across areas: it is 13% portal-wide and ranges from 0% to 42% by area. Two areas' badges therefore cannot be compared directly; a lower badge can reflect narrower verification coverage as much as a narrower literature.
Literature maturity on this page is given separately for each clinical method. The methods present in this area are: Electrochemotherapy (ECT), Irreversible electroporation (IRE), Calcium electroporation, Gene electrotransfer, Other electroporation applications. Methods may share the same biophysical basis but they are distinct treatments; evidence gathered for one method cannot be generalised to another.