Group: Basic Science
Devices & Clinical Trials
Device and system descriptions, practice networks and pulse-generator measurement studies are gathered under this heading. The area is not an indication: the records do not report outcomes in a given disease but describe the hardware and the methodological frame of the application. The clinical trial registry itself is kept on a separate page.
Clinical publications: randomized, prospective and retrospective studies, case series and case reports. Preclinical publications: animal, in vitro, modelling and experimental biophysics studies.
Literature Status by Method
Publication count, clinical and preclinical split, literature maturity and publication span for each clinical method. The badges at the top of the page summarise the Other EP and IRE records separately; the full split by method is here.
Electrochemotherapy (ECT)
Exploratory literaturethreshold 0/4
No record for this method entered the maturity calculation; the records are marked in the validation ledger as conflicting, insufficient or out of scope.
2017–2020
Irreversible electroporation (IRE)
Exploratory literaturethreshold 0/5
No record for this method entered the maturity calculation; the records are marked in the validation ledger as conflicting, insufficient or out of scope.
2007–2021
Gene electrotransfer
Exploratory literaturethreshold 0/1
No record for this method entered the maturity calculation; the records are marked in the validation ledger as conflicting, insufficient or out of scope.
2011–2011
Other electroporation applications
This set does not name a single clinical method; no literature maturity is assigned.
2003–2025
Records with no determined method
This set does not name a single clinical method; no literature maturity is assigned.
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Mechanisms Mentioned in Abstracts
Mechanism names are detected by automatic matching over publication abstracts; the figure is the number of publications containing the name. A mention does not mean the mechanism was demonstrated in that study.
Study Type Distribution
Bar length is scaled to the most common study type; the percentage gives the share of the whole area. Colour marks the study-type band, on the same scale as the literature map.
| Study type | Publications | Share within this area |
|---|---|---|
| Randomized Clinical Trial | 1 | 3% |
| Prospective Clinical Study | 1 | 3% |
| Clinical Study | 3 | 8% |
| Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | 1 | 3% |
| Review | 5 | 13% |
| Animal Study | 5 | 13% |
| In Vitro Study | 4 | 10% |
| In Silico / Modelling | 2 | 5% |
| Technical / Device Study | 6 | 15% |
| Experimental Biophysics Study | 3 | 8% |
| Thesis | 1 | 3% |
| Conference Abstract | 3 | 8% |
| Not reported | 3 | 8% |
| Protocol | 1 | 3% |
Literature Evidence Table
39 publications listed in order of evidence strength. Click a title to open the citation, mechanism and full abstract drawer.
The study type, model and mechanism columns are assigned automatically and can be wrong for individual records; the abstract column is taken either from the publication's own abstract or from the opening text of the source PDF. The labels are there for scanning and filtering, not as record-level verified data; consult the full text before acting on any single publication. The classification rules and known errors are on the Literature Map.
| Regime | Publication | Year | Study type | Model | Mechanism | Abstract |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other EP | El-Kamary et al · Mol Ther | 2012 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | DNA vaccines are cost-effective and versatile, though intracellular delivery has been challenging in humans. Alternative delivery modalities such as electroporation have demonstrated improve… |
| ECT | Mascherini et al · European Journal of Surgical Oncology | 2020 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | – | Melanoma patients with Breslow thickness greater than 4mm (AJCC 8th edition T4) have a 20-70% risk of metastases depending on histological features and nodal status. T4 melanoma patients tre… |
| Other EP | Alshahat et al · Applied Sciences | 2023 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Patients diagnosed with cancer receive different types of treatments based on the type and the level of the tumour. An emerging treatment that differs from well-developed systematic therapie… |
| Other EP | Lucia et al · EEE Ind. Electron. Mag. | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | This article reviewed the application of IEs to biomedicine, with an emphasis on the practice's potential benefits and necessary collaboration between specialist engineers and medical practi… |
| IRE | Bertacchini et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2007 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Irreversible electroporation is an ablation modality in which microseconds, high-voltage electrical pulses are applied to induce cell necrosis in a target tissue. To perform irreversible ele… |
| Other EP | Abadi et al · IEEE Access | 2022 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | – | In recent years, the use of electroporation process has attracted much attention, due to its application in various industrial and medical fields. Electroporation is a microbiology technique… |
| IRE | Granata et al · Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci | 2021 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electroporation (EP) techniques, used alone (Irreversible Electroporation, IRE) or in combination with anti-cancer drugs (Electrochemotherapy, ECT), have been shown to be effective in the tr… |
| Other EP | Pirc et al · Applied Sciences | 2020 | Review | Literature Analysis | Electrode Geometry and Placement, Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | Electroporation is an emerging technology, with great potential in many different medical and biotechnological applications, food engineering and biomass processing. Large variations of biol… |
| Other EP | Bertacchini · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | The development of the medical device Cliniporator™ started in 2000 with the homonymous European project, and, at its end, the prototype of the device was ready to be certified. The work done… |
| ECT | Brizio et al · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | In this chapter we will present the International Network for Sharing Practices on Electrochemotherapy group, founded to answer the need of discussing issues and share experience on the use … |
| Other EP | Puc et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2004 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electropermeabilization is a phenomenon that transiently increases permeability of the cell plasma membrane. In the state of high permeability, the plasma membrane allows ions, small and lar… |
| Other EP | Pastori et al · PLoS One | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD) | Chemo-immunotherapy uses combined systemic therapies for resectable and unresectable tumors. This approach is gaining clinical momentum, but survival increases leave considerable room for im… |
| Other EP | Simon et al · Pharmaceutics | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Delivery of hydrophilic molecules through the skin using electroporation is a promising alternative approach to intradermal injection. Recently, we developed a two-in-one electrode/reservoir… |
| Other EP | Kulbacka et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | A new type of ultrathin fiber microprobe for selective electroporation is reported. The microprobe is 10 cm long and has a diameter of 350 µm. This microprobe is a low cost tool, which allow… |
| ECT | Cunha et al · Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Necrosis and Necroptosis | Electrochemotherapy is a local anticancer treatment in which non-permeant chemotherapeutic drugs are associated with electric pulses of well-established parameters. The electric pulses cause… |
| Other EP | Flisar et al · IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag | 2003 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | We present a detailed design of a system for in vitro electropermeabilization with arbitrary waveforms. A low-voltage signal is generated by a programmable function generator and amplified b… |
| Other EP | Dijk et al · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng | 2022 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Objective: Monitoring of impedance changes during electroporation-based treatments can be used to study the biological response and provide feedback regarding treatment progression. However,… |
| Other EP | Kim et al · Adv Fiber Mater | 2022 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Microscale electroporation devices are mostly restricted to in vitro experiments (i.e., microchannel and microcapillary). Novel fiber-based microprobes can enable in vivo microscale electrop… |
| Other EP | Stankevic et al · Symmetry | 2020 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | The design and development of a compact square-wave pulse generator for the electroporation of biological cells is presented. This electroporator can generate square-wave pulses with duratio… |
| Other EP | Adamo et al · Anal Chem | 2013 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | – | We present a microfluidic electroporation device with a comb electrode layout fabricated in polydimethylsiloxane (PMDS) and glass. Characterization experiments with HeLa cells and fluorescen… |
| Other EP | Gao et al · Int J Hyperthermia | 2022 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Introduction: This study aims to investigate the feasibility of a noninvasive handheld electroporation pulses delivery device (EPDD) for electroporation-based treatment (EBT) of skin superfi… |
| IRE | YOSHIMATSU et al · JTST | 2017 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has been studied as a less invasive method for tumor treatment. Since the mechanism of the treatment is based on the fatal perforation of the cell membrane… |
| Other EP | Chole et al · Ann Biomed Eng | 2023 | Technical / Device Study | – | – | In this paper, a new application of Piezoelectric Transformer (PT)-based power converters to generate high-voltage (HV) bipolar pulses for medical electroporation therapy is proposed. In par… |
| Other EP | Banaei et al · IET Power Electronics | 2020 | Technical / Device Study | – | – | High‐voltage (HV) pulses are widely used in many applications. This study proposes a new HV unipolar pulse generator based on Single‐Ended Primary‐Inductance Converter (SEPIC) for electropor… |
| Other EP | Jiang et al · IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. | 2020 | Technical / Device Study | – | – | Research on the effect of pulsed electric field in cell electroporation attracts more attention, especially tumor ablation. This puts forward higher requirements for pulsed electric field pa… |
| Other EP | Elgenedy et al · IEEE Trans. Power Electron. | 2017 | Technical / Device Study | – | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | High-voltage (HV) pulses are used in electroporation to subject pulsed electric field (PEF) onto a sample under treatment. Pulse-waveform shape, voltage magnitude, pulse duration, and pulse … |
| Other EP | Connolly et al · IEEE Trans. Dielect. Electr. Insul. | 2009 | Technical / Device Study | – | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | Electroporation is commonly performed to deliver drugs and genes to cells comprising tissues. A possible way to control and confirm delivery is through the use of impedance spectroscopy. Ide… |
| Undetermined | IGEA S.p.A. · – | – | Technical / Device Study | – | – | This publication has no abstract. |
| IRE | Folprecht et al · Electronics | 2021 | Experimental Biophysics Study | Experimental System | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | This paper is focused on a design of a high-voltage (HV) generator, which is proposed for a high-frequency irreversible electroporation (H-FIRE). The generator produces bursts of bipolar sym… |
| Other EP | Morshed et al · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng | 2014 | Experimental Biophysics Study | Human | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Electroporation (EP) of biological cells leads to the exchange of materials through the permeabilized cell membrane, while electrical lysis (EL) irreversibly disrupts the cell membrane. We r… |
| Gene ET | Reberšek et al · Automatika | 2011 | Experimental Biophysics Study | Experimental System | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Electroporator is a generator of electric pulses that is used for permeabilization of cells. There are five major concepts of electroporation design. Capacitor discharge, square wave generat… |
| Other EP | Morshed · – | 2018 | Thesis | – | – | This publication has no abstract. |
| Other EP | Hsia et al · 2025 MicroTAS Book of Abstracts | 2025 | Conference Abstract | Cell Culture | – | The device employs laser engraving technology to create micro-pore arrays, which generate nonuniform electric fields. This device can successfully perform cell electroporation and transfecti… |
| Other EP | López-Alonso et al · IECON 2025 – 51st Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society | 2025 | Conference Abstract | Cell Culture | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Electroporation is an emerging biomedical technique that enables non-thermal tissue ablation and enhanced molecular transport through the application of high-voltage pulsed electric fields. … |
| Other EP | Shershunova · 2025 23rd International Symposium on Power Electronics (Ee) | 2025 | Conference Abstract | – | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | A MOSFET-based voltage generator of negative pulses with DC offset for electroporation of cell membranes is described in the paper. The formation of pulses and offset current is provided ind… |
| Other EP | ESKİ et al · Balkan Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering | 2023 | Not reported | – | – | After a short historical background and mentioning common application areas and different clinical modalities of pulsed electric fields and the phenomena such as electro permeabilization and… |
| ECT | Pirc et al · SlovMedJour | 2018 | Protocol | Human | – | Final goal of the study is to estimate the cost-e ectiveness of electrochemotherapy for the tre- atment of basal-cell carcinoma and skin melanoma. Paper consists of two parts: the first part… |
| IRE | Sarnago et al · IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron. | 2016 | Not reported | – | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Electroporation is an effective technique based on applying an electric field to cells, commonly used to increase the effectivity of drug and gene delivery. When the applied electric field i… |
| Other EP | Sack et al · Acta Phys. Pol. A | 2009 | Not reported | – | Electrode Geometry and Placement | For the production of synthetic bio-fuel the use of green biomass enables additional resources of raw material supplementary to the commonly used dry material. An electroporation assisted dr… |
No publication matches these filters.
Limitations
The counts on this page are bounded by the scope of the source PDF archive and are not a systematic review of the area's literature.
A literature maturity label reflects the number of publications, not their methodological quality: it describes how much literature exists in the area and of what kind, not how strongly the treatment is supported. It does not indicate clinical use, guideline endorsement, reimbursement coverage or regulatory status, and it is not a formal GRADE assessment. The definitions and thresholds of the four tiers are on the Literature Map.
The “clinical publications” figure on this page (5) uses the portal's single definition: primary clinical studies, case series and case reports. Systematic reviews and guidelines are not included. The count feeding the badge threshold is narrower and does not count case reports; no publication in this area enters that threshold count under any method, and the badge at the top of the page rests on the ECT count alone. The two counts are not the same and cannot stand in for one another; the full threshold table is on the Literature Map.
0 of the 39 records in this area enter the threshold count. The remaining 39 are marked in the validation ledger as conflicting, insufficient or out of scoring; they appear in the table below but affect no threshold and no badge. That share (0%) is not equal across areas: it is 13% portal-wide and ranges from 0% to 42% by area. Two areas' badges therefore cannot be compared directly; a lower badge can reflect narrower verification coverage as much as a narrower literature.
Literature maturity on this page is given separately for each clinical method. The methods present in this area are: Electrochemotherapy (ECT), Irreversible electroporation (IRE), Gene electrotransfer, Other electroporation applications, Records with no determined method. Methods may share the same biophysical basis but they are distinct treatments; evidence gathered for one method cannot be generalised to another.