Group: Deep Organ Tumours
Pancreatic Cancer
In locally advanced pancreatic cancer, the publications describe encasement of the coeliac and mesenteric vessels as what limits eligibility for surgery and thermal ablation. Most publications in the corpus concern irreversible electroporation, and this literature rests largely on single-arm series. Randomized comparisons are a minority; some of them compare the method against stereotactic ablative radiotherapy.
274publication records
136clinical publication records
60preclinical publication records
60reviews
1997–2026publication span
Clinical publications: randomized, prospective and retrospective studies, case series and case reports. Preclinical publications: animal, in vitro, modelling and experimental biophysics studies.
Health Technology Assessments in This Area
This portal counts the volume of the literature; it does not assess whether a procedure is effective. The bodies below do make that assessment, and their conclusions are independent of how large the literature is: a large literature does not mean the evidence was found sufficient.
- LBI-HTA · 2019 · IRE in liver and pancreatic cancer
- NICE · 2017 · IRE in pancreatic cancer (HealthTech htg437, formerly IPG579-IPG442)
- ACIS_avalia-t · 2014 · IRE in pancreatic and liver cancer
The full set with citations is on the Regulatory Documents page. The portal does not interpret these reports on its own behalf; for the current decision consult the issuing body’s own publication.
Clinical and Technical Data Reported in the Publications
The sum of the fields reported in the full text of the 274 publications in this area. The numbers are summed, not interpreted.
Sum of the patient counts reported across publications20,468 (reported in 157 publications)
Publications relating their cohort to other publicationssame cohort (5) · possible cohort overlap (4)
Total lesions reported1,912 (in 40 publications)
Devices used (148 publications naming a device)NanoKnife (89) · BTX ECM830 (20) · Cliniporator (9) · OmniPorator (3) · Accusync 42 (2) · BTX electroporator (2)
Agent delivered and route (45 publications reporting an agent)bleomycin (15) · bleomycin · intravenous (14) · other (3) · cisplatin (3) · gemcitabine · intravenous (3) · bleomycin · intratumoural (1)
Approach (221 publications report it)percutaneous (111) · open surgical (97) · intraoperative (5) · laparoscopic (5) · transcutaneous surface (2)
Image guidance (205 publications report it)ultrasound (140) · computed tomography (85) · direct vision (22) · magnetic resonance imaging (11) · fluoroscopy (3)
Response criteria (121 publications report it)RECIST (38) · RECIST 1.1 (30) · other (27) · clinical examination (12) · mRECIST (8)
Combination therapy (185 publications report it)systemic chemotherapy (125) · other combination (29) · checkpoint inhibitor (26) · other immunotherapy (24) · radiotherapy (21)
Publications reporting retreatment36 of 178 publications (96 do not report it)
Field strength15–3000 V/cm (114 records, median 1500)
Applied voltage16–3000 V (43 records, median 1250)
Number of pulses6–2160 (148 records, median 90)
Pulse duration2–100000 µs (131 records, median 100)
The totals are not a count of unique patients: the same cohort may have been reported in more than one publication.
Literature Status by Method
Publication count, clinical and preclinical split, literature volume and publication span for each clinical method. The badges at the top of the page summarise the IRE and ECT records separately; the full split by method is here.
Electrochemotherapy (ECT)
34publication records
13clinical publication records
11preclinical publication records
Exploratory / low-volume literaturethreshold 3/34 records
Clinical and preclinical split of that figure: 2 clinical, 1 preclinical.
1997–2025
Irreversible electroporation (IRE)
229publication records
121clinical publication records
46preclinical publication records
High clinical publication volumethreshold 55/229 records
Clinical and preclinical split of that figure: 37 clinical, 2 preclinical.
2010–2026
Calcium electroporation
3publication records
2clinical publication records
1preclinical publication record
Exploratory / low-volume literaturethreshold 0/3 records
No record for this method feeds the volume label.
2021–2026
Other electroporation applications
8publication records
0clinical publication records
2preclinical publication records
This set does not name a single clinical method; no literature volume is assigned.
2016–2026
Mechanisms Mentioned in Abstracts
The figure is the number of abstracts mentioning the mechanism. A mention does not mean it was demonstrated in that study.
Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation 243
Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death 240
Apoptosis Induction 27
Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation 19
Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability 16
Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response 16
Necrosis and Necroptosis 13
Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement 12
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination 12
Thermal Effect and Joule Heating 12
Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation 11
Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD) 10
Study Type Distribution
The percentage gives the share of the whole area.
| Study type | Publications | Share within this area |
|---|---|---|
| Randomized Clinical Trial | 6 | 2% |
| Prospective Clinical Study | 31 | 11% |
| Clinical Study | 60 | 22% |
| Retrospective Clinical Study | 20 | 7% |
| Case Series | 6 | 2% |
| Case Report | 13 | 5% |
| Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | 15 | 5% |
| Guideline / Consensus | 3 | 1% |
| Review | 45 | 16% |
| Animal Study | 47 | 17% |
| In Vitro Study | 11 | 4% |
| In Silico / Modelling | 2 | <1% |
| Conference Abstract | 1 | <1% |
| Editorial / Letter | 8 | 3% |
| Correction / Erratum | 1 | <1% |
| Not reported | 2 | <1% |
| Protocol | 3 | 1% |
Publication Table
274 publication records sorted by study design. Click a title to open the citation, mechanism and full abstract drawer.
Classifications are generated automatically and can be wrong for individual records. Methodology
| Regime | Publication | Year | Study type | Model | Mechanism | Patients / lesions | Device | Agent and route | Reported outcome | Abstract |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IRE | Geboers · J Immunother Cancer | 2025 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 40 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 14.2 months (40 patients) | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) and stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR) are cytoreductive therapies for locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). Both may signify … |
| IRE | Timmer et al · Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol | 2024 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 68 | NanoKnife | – | local control 10.2 months (34 patients) | Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is an aggressive disease with a dismal prognosis. Stage III locally advanced pancreatic cancer is considered unresectable and current palliative … |
| ECT | Izzo et al · J Clin Med | 2021 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | – | 90 | Cliniporator | bleomycin · intravenous | – | Background: Eighty percent of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma present a locally advanced or metastatic disease at diagnosis and are not eligible for surgery if not with palliative in… |
| Calcium EP | Rudno-Rudzińska et al · Adv Clin Exp Med | 2021 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | – | other | – | Background According to the National Cancer Registry, 3486 people (1744 men and 1742 women) were diagnosed with pancreatic adenocarcinoma in Poland in 2018, resulting in 4908 deaths (2396 me… |
| IRE | Lin et al · Signal Transduct Target Ther | 2020 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 62 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 14.5 months (30 patients) | Immunotherapy has limited efficacy against locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) due to the presence of an immunosuppressive microenvironment (ISM). Irreversible electroporation (IRE) ca… |
| IRE | Martin et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2017 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 71 | – | – | – | Background: Improved preoperative immunonutrition has been shown to decrease the length of stay (LOS) and complications among patients undergoing elective gastrointestinal cancer surgeries. … |
| IRE | He et al · Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int | 2026 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 129 | – | – | overall survival 35.2 months (72 patients) | Background: Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) is an aggressive gastrointestinal tumor with a dismal prognosis. Conventional resection is only suitable for nearly 30% of patients. Irr… |
| IRE | Kwon · Korean J Radiol | 2026 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 13 | EPO-IRE system | – | overall survival 20.1 months (13 patients) | Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and oncologic outcomes of irreversible electroporation (IRE) using a clustered electrode in patients with locally advanced pa… |
| IRE | Martin et al · – | 2026 | Prospective Clinical Study | – | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 137 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 18 months (99 patients) | Background Emerging evidence suggests irreversible electroporation (IRE) with standard-of-care (SOC) chemotherapy may improve survival in patients with Stage 3 pancreatic ductal adenocarcino… |
| ECT | Čebron et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2024 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electrode Geometry and Placement | 7 | Cliniporator VITAE | – · intravenous | – | Background: Despite extensive research in recent decades, pancreatic cancer continues to be among the most lethal forms of cancer, with no substantial increase in survival rates. Local recur… |
| IRE | Martin et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2024 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 114 | NanoKnife | – | – | Background/objectives: Overall survival for patients with Stage 3 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains limited, with a median survival of 12 to 15 months. Irreversible electropora… |
| IRE | Davis et al · Surg Innov | 2023 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 5 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 21.6 months (5 patients) | Background: A significant number of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer are unable to undergo resection due to vascular involvement. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has shown promise… |
| IRE | Filson et al · J Surg Oncol | 2023 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 127 | NanoKnife | – | – | Background: Intraoperative bile cultures (IOBCs) taken during pancreatic surgery are commonly performed and there has been limited evidence that a positive IOBC could aid in perioperative ad… |
| IRE | Martin et al · Surgery | 2023 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 75 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 34.2 months | Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the rates of local recurrence and margin positivity in patients with borderline resectable pancreatic cancer after pancreatectomy with o… |
| ECT | Cutolo et al · European Journal of Surgical Oncology | 2022 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | 25 | IGEA electroporator, IGEA electroporation system | bleomycin | local control 56% (25 patients) | Adenocarcinoma, which originates in the ducts that carry digestive enzymes, is the most common and aggressive type of pancreatic cancers. Surgical resection is a potentially curative option … |
| ECT | Izzo et al · J Clin Med | 2021 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | – | Cliniporator, Accusync 42, N-30-4B, N-30-HG, I-40-HG, H-30-ST, VGD1230, VGD1240 | – · intravenous | local control 96% (25 patients) | Objective: To assess local disease control rates (LDCR) and overall survival (OS) in locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) treated with electrochemotherapy (ECT). Methods: Electrochemoth… |
| IRE | Flak et al · Pancreatology | 2021 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 41 | NanoKnife | – | quality of life 11 score (41 patients) | Background: Most pancreatic cancer (PC) patients are incurable and may need palliative treatment at some point in time. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel ablative treatment, whic… |
| IRE | Flak et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2021 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 41 | NanoKnife | – | – | (1) Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a nonthermal ablation technique that is being studied in nonmetastatic pancreatic cancer (PC). Most published studies use imaging outcom… |
| Calcium EP | Rudno-Rudzińska et al · Surg Oncol | 2021 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 13 | NanoKnife | cisplatin · intravenous | overall survival 16 months | In this study, irreversible electroporation (IRE), electrochemotherapy (ECT), and calcium electroporation (CaEP) techniques were investigated as new strategies for human pancreatic cancer. Q… |
| IRE | Ma et al · World J Clin Cases | 2020 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 68 | – | – | overall survival 19.8 months (33 patients) | Background: Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) is a common malignant digestive system tumor that ranks as the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in the world. The prognosis … |
| IRE | Ruarus et al · Radiology | 2020 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 50 | – | – | overall survival 17 months | Background Patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer have a dismal prognosis, with a median overall survival (OS) of 12-14 months with systemic therapies. Irreversible electroporation… |
| IRE | Field et al · Am J Surg | 2019 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 84 | – | – | – | Background: IRE is a non-thermal ablative modality that has been shown to be safe and efficacious in LAPC and liver tumors, but few studies have shown its effects on patients' (QOL). The goa… |
| IRE | Holland et al · HPB (Oxford) | 2019 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 152 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 30.7 months (152 patients) | Background: The optimal treatment and management of locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) remains unclear and controversial. This study aimed to report the initial outcomes of the AHPBA … |
| IRE | Liu et al · Onco Targets Ther | 2019 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 54 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 16.2 months (54 patients) | Objective: We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of irreversible electroporation (IRE) combined with chemotherapy for unresectable pancreatic carcinoma (stage III/IV). Methods: We pr… |
| IRE | Pandit et al · Ann Surg Oncol | 2019 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 15 | – | – | – | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has been demonstrated as an effective local method for locally advanced (stage 3) pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Immune regulatory T cells (Tregs) … |
| IRE | Leen et al · J Gastrointest Oncol | 2018 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 75 | NanoKnife | – | local control 31% (75 lesions) | Background: The prognosis for unresectable locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma (LAPC) remains poor. There is increasing interest in modern ablative techniques to improve outcomes. We … |
| IRE | Sugimoto et al · Intern Med | 2018 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 8 | NanoKnife | – | local control 12 months (8 patients) | Objective To evaluate irreversible electroporation (IRE) for locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). Methods This study was approved by our local review board. Eight patients with histolo… |
| IRE | Marsanic et al · Med Biol Eng Comput | 2017 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 7 / 7 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 0 count (2 patients) | In recent years, many local ablation technologies based on thermal damage have been used in the treatment of locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma (LAPC) and borderline resectable pancreatic… |
| IRE | Scheffer et al · Radiology | 2017 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 25 | NanoKnife | – | local control 12 months (25 patients) | Purpose To (a) investigate the safety of percutaneous irreversible electroporation (IRE) for locally advanced pancreatic cancer and (b) evaluate the quality of life (QOL), pain perception, a… |
| IRE | Akinwande et al · J Oncol | 2015 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 5 | NanoKnife | – | – | Introduction. In patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC), IRE has been shown to be safe for local disease control and palliation. As IRE continues to gain acceptance it is im… |
| IRE | Kluger et al · Ann Surg Oncol | 2015 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 50 / 50 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 12.03 months (47 patients) | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) for treatment of locally advanced pancreatic tumors is garnering increasing attention. This study was conducted to determine perioperative morb… |
| IRE | Martin et al · Anesth Pain Med | 2015 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | 78 | – | – | – | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a relatively new approach to the management of multiple types of locally advanced soft tissue tumors. Unique peri-procedural anesthetic mana… |
| IRE | Martin et al · Ann Surg | 2015 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 200 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 24.9 months (200 patients) | Objectives: Ablative therapies have been increasingly utilized in the treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is an energy delivery system,… |
| IRE | Paiella et al · Dig Surg | 2015 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 10 | NanoKnife | – | tumour volume change 40% (10 patients) | Purpose: To evaluate the safety of the NanoKnife Low Energy Direct Current (LEDC) System (Irreversible Electroporation, IRE) in order to treat patients with unresectable pancreatic adenocarc… |
| ECT | Granata et al · Eur J Inflamm | 2014 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | 11 / 11 | Cliniporator, Accusync 42 | bleomycin · intravenous | tumour volume change 10% (5 patients) | Electrochemotherapy is an effective treatment for various cutaneous tumors and could be translated into treatment of deep-seated tumors. With this aim, a prospective clinical phase I/II stud… |
| IRE | Dunki-Jacobs et al · J Am Coll Surg | 2014 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 65 | NanoKnife | – | local recurrence 17 count (65 patients) | Background: Intraoperative evaluation of successful pancreatic tumor ablation using irreversible electroporation (IRE) is difficult secondary to lack of visual confirmation. The IRE generato… |
| IRE | Martin et al · Ann Surg Oncol | 2012 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 54 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 20.2 months (54 patients) | Background: Locally advanced unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma (LAC) is characterized by poor survival despite chemotherapy and conventional radiation therapy. We have recently reported… |
| IRE | Brys · J Clin Med | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 5 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 15.2 months (5 patients) | Background : Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) presents a challenge due to its poor prognosis. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) shows promise in improving margin clearance and increa… |
| IRE | Li et al · World J Gastrointest Surg | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | NanoKnife | – | – | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel non-thermal ablation technology for unresectable tumors. Hypertension and tachycardia usually occur during the IRE. To date, there h… |
| IRE | Oliveira et al · Ann Case Rep Med Images | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 10 | NanoKnife | – | technical success 100% (10 patients) | The objective of our study is to present our experience in Irreversible Electroporation (IRE) in the treatment of unresectable pancreas cancer in elderly patients. |
| IRE | Patel · Ann Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 18 | NanoKnife | – | complete response 33% (18 patients) | Backgrounds/aims: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) may have a potential application as either a "back-up therapy" or for margin accentuation during trial dissection of locally advanced pan… |
| IRE | Smith et al · HPB | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 23 | – | – | overall survival 15 months (23 patients) | The mainstay treatment for pancreatic adenocarcinoma is surgery, followed by chemotherapy as the second pillar of treatment. Despite this, half of the patients experience local or systemic r… |
| IRE | Flak · iScience | 2024 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination | 8 | – | – | objective response 0% (8 patients) | Preclinical studies suggest that irreversible electroporation (IRE) increases the effect of immune checkpoint inhibition in pancreatic cancer (PC). Patients with PC received PD-1 inhibitor p… |
| IRE | Jiang et al · Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr | 2024 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 1 / 1 | INTRABEAM radiation system | – | overall survival 47 other (1 patients) | This publication has no abstract. |
| IRE | Tasu et al · Eur Radiol | 2024 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 17 | Angiodynamics generator | – | overall survival 21.2 months (17 patients) | Objectives: The aim of the IRECAP study was to evaluate the rate of locally advanced pancreas cancer patients (LAPC) who could undergo R0 or R1 surgery after irreversible electroporation (IR… |
| IRE | Zeng et al · J Cancer Res Ther | 2024 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 20 | – | – | overall survival 14 months (20 patients) | Purpose: This study evaluates the clinical efficacy and safety of irreversible electroporation (IRE) therapy combined with chemotherapy in patients with stage IV pancreatic cancer. Methods: … |
| ECT | Kovalev · Modern Medical Technology | 2022 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | – | – | bleomycin · intravenous | – | Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a malignant tumor with a poor prognosis and an extremely low 5-year survival rate. No more than 10% of patients have local cancer of the pancreas; in the rest, at t… |
| IRE | Ma et al · J Oncol | 2022 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 60 | – | gemcitabine · intravenous | objective response 93.3% (30 patients) | Background Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a new local ablation technique for pancreatic cancer. The aim of this study is to analyse the safety and effectiveness of simultaneous gemcit… |
| IRE | Woeste et al · Front Oncol | 2022 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 187 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 25.5 months (187 patients) | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has emerged as a viable consolidative therapy after induction chemotherapy, in which this combination has improved overall survival of locally … |
| IRE | He et al · J Inflamm Res | 2021 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 31 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 92.9% (31 patients) | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel treatment for locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC), but the predictive factors, based on cytokines and immunocytes of survival,… |
| IRE | He et al · Front Oncol | 2021 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 140 | – | – | overall survival 96.8% (64 patients) | Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) is a lethal disease and neoadjuvant chemotherapy and conversional resection is shown to provide the best survival for LAPC patients. Irreversible el… |
| IRE | Heger et al · Pancreatology | 2021 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 11 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 20 months (11 patients) | Background/objectives: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is an emerging treatment for locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) which in some cohorts has been associated with severe complic… |
| IRE | Kundalia et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2021 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 20 / 20 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 19 months (20 patients) | Introduction: Margin accentuation (MA) using Irreversible electroporation (IRE) offers an unique opportunity to reduce the R1 resections in resectable pancreatic cancer (RPC). This study aim… |
| IRE | Oikonomou et al · Am J Clin Oncol | 2021 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 40 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 24.2 months (40 patients) | Objectives: Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) is found in about 40% of patients with pancreatic cancer. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a nonthermal ablative technique that pro… |
| ECT | Alberici et al · Pancreatology | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | – | 5 | – | – | overall survival 4 count (5 patients) | This publication has no abstract. |
| IRE | Bhutiani et al · Ann Surg Oncol | 2020 | Clinical Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Apoptosis Induction | – | NanoKnife, Gene Pulser | other · intravenous | – | Background: Previously published work has demonstrated that combining gemcitabine with irreversible electroporation (IRE) results in increased drug delivery to pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell… |
| ECT | Casadei et al · Updates Surg | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | – | – | Cliniporator VITAE | bleomycin | – | Background: Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) is usually treated with chemoradiotherapy with poor results. The aim of the study was to assess whether intraoperative electrochemothera… |
| IRE | He et al · Front Oncol | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 3647 | – | – | overall survival 16 months (100 not reported) | Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) has a dismal prognosis even after standard chemotherapy, and local progression contributes to nearly one-third of the deaths of these patients. As a… |
| IRE | He et al · Cancer Med | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 58 | – | – | overall survival 71.4% (36 patients) | Background: Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) remains a challenge for current treatments. Local destructive therapies, such as irreversible electroporation (IRE) and radiofrequency a… |
| IRE | He et al · Pancreatology | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 132 | NanoKnife | – | – | Background: Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) is a devastating disease and irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal ablation method that is especially suitable for the tre… |
| IRE | Lei et al · J Nanosci Nanotechnol | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 40 | NanoKnife | – | progression-free survival 120 days (40 patients) | To summarize the experience of 40 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma treated with irreversible electroporation ablation (IRE), their experiences with surgical nurses, and to explore the… |
| IRE | MÅNSSON et al · Anticancer Res | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 10 | AngioDynamics IRE machine | – | complete response 5 count (10 patients) | Background/aim: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has recently been used as an experimental treatment for cancers including locally advanced pancreatic cancer. There is very limited data on… |
| IRE | O’Neill et al · Surgery | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 10 | NanoKnife | – | complete response 100% (10 patients) | Background: Combining immune checkpoint blockade therapy with operative disruptive immunomodulation using irreversible electroporation may overcome the resistance to systemic therapy found i… |
| IRE | Yang et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 74 | NanoKnife | – | complete response 100% (74 patients) | Introduction: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a modality that utilizes high electric voltage to cause cell apoptosis. IRE has been used to treat locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAP… |
| IRE | van Veldhuisen et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 52 | – | – | local control 17.1 months (30 patients) | Purpose: To compare survival after CT-guided percutaneous irreversible electroporation (IRE) and folinic acid, fluorouracil, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin (FOLFIRINOX) chemotherapy versus FOLF… |
| ECT | Granata et al · Radiol Oncol | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | – | 21 | Cliniporator | bleomycin · intravenous | – | Background The aim of the study was to evaluate diagnostic performance of functional parameters derived by conventional mono-exponential approach of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and by d… |
| IRE | Beitel-White · Sci Rep | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 8 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 0 months (8 patients) | Immunotherapies have demonstrated limited efficacy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients despite their success in treating other tumor types. This limitation is largely due to … |
| IRE | Flak et al · Scand J Gastroenterol | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 33 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 10.7 months (33 patients) | Objectives: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel non-thermal ablative technique applied in the treatment of unresectable locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). This paper report… |
| IRE | He et al · J Oncol | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 34 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 69.9% (34 patients) | Purpose Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has been demonstrated to be a safe and effective method for locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the im… |
| IRE | He et al · BMC Cancer | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 76 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 53.5% (36 patients) | Background: Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) represents more than one third of pancreatic cancers and owns poor survival after the standard chemotherapy. Irreversible electroporatio… |
| IRE | MÅNSSON et al · Anticancer Res | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 35 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 13.1 months (35 patients) | Background/aim: Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) is a tumor marker for pancreatic cancer. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is an experimental treatment modality for pancreatic cancer. Th… |
| IRE | Månsson et al · Anticancer Res | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 24 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 13.3 months (24 patients) | Background/aim: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has recently been used as an experimental ablation treatment following systemic chemotherapy in locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). … |
| IRE | Scheffer et al · Oncoimmunology | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 10 | NanoKnife | – | – | Purpose : Local tumor ablation through irreversible electroporation (IRE) may offer a novel therapeutic option for locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). It may also serve as a means of … |
| IRE | Huang et al · J Surg Oncol | 2018 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 70 | AngioDynamics IRE system | – | complete response 100% (70 patients) | Background and objectives: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal focal therapy that utilizes high voltage electric pulses to permanently rupture the cellular membrane and induc… |
| IRE | Lin et al · Cell Physiol Biochem | 2018 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 65 | – | – | overall survival 11.4 months (65 patients) | Background/aims: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is often diagnosed at an advanced stage, resulting in extremely poor 5-year survival. Late diagnosis of PDAC is mainly due to lack of… |
| IRE | Tartaglia et al · Int J Surg Case Rep | 2018 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 1 / 1 | NanoKnife | – | complete response 1 months (1 patients) | Introduction: Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal cancers worldwide, with 5-years survival rate as low as 6%. The majority of pancreatic cancer patients present locally advanced or m… |
| ECT | Granata et al · World J Gastroenterol | 2017 | Clinical Study | Human | – | 19 | Cliniporator | bleomycin · intravenous | progression-free survival 1 count (10 patients) | Aim: To report early imaging assessment of ablated area post electrochemotherapy (ECT) in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). Methods: ECT was performed in 19 LAPC patie… |
| IRE | Belfiore et al · Med Oncol | 2017 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 29 / 29 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 14 months (29 patients) | Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is one of the most fatal cancers, characterized by aggressive tumor growth and a short patient survival time between diagnosis and death. Safe and effective treatme… |
| IRE | Lin et al · Oncotarget | 2017 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 71 | – | – | overall survival 12.2 months (32 patients) | Purpose: To study the safety and clinical efficacy on combination of irreversible electroporation and allogeneic natural killer cell therapy for treating Stage III/IV pancreatic cancer, eval… |
| IRE | Lin et al · J Cancer Res Clin Oncol | 2017 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | – | Purpose: This study was attempted to investigate the safety and clinical efficacy of percutaneous irreversible electroporation combined with allogeneic natural killer cell therapy for treati… |
| IRE | Lin et al · Immunol Lett | 2017 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 40 | – | – | overall survival 63.16% (19 patients) | This study was to determine how the short-term clinical efficacy of irreversible electroporation (IRE) combined with allogeneic natural killer (NK) cell therapy for treating metastatic pancr… |
| IRE | Bhutiani et al · CSurgeries | 2016 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 92 | – | – | overall survival 11.8 months (46 patients) | Purpose: To explore the efficacy and safety of irreversible electroporation (IRE) ablation combined with natural killer (NK) cells in the treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAP… |
| IRE | Lambert et al · Neoplasma | 2016 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | NanoKnife | – | – | The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of irreversible electroporation (IRE) and the outcome of patients undergoing IRE of locally advanced pancreatic cancer (PC). Twenty-one patie… |
| IRE | Li et al · Biomed Res Int | 2016 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 22 / 22 | NanoKnife | – | pain response 4.95 score (22 patients) | The aim of this article is to evaluate and compare the postprocedure pain in patients with pancreatic carcinoma treated with irreversible electroporation (IRE) and cryoablation (CRYO). We co… |
| IRE | Månsson et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2016 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 24 / 200 | NanoKnife | – | local control 9 count (24 patients) | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal based tumor ablation method used close to vessels and ducts and has the potential of treating locally advanced pancreatic canc… |
| IRE | Papamichail et al · Korean J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg | 2016 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 3 | NanoKnife | – | disease-free survival 3 months (3 patients) | Backgrounds/aims: Resection or enucleation is currently the treatment of choice for small pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Irreversible electroporation is a novel ablative method tha… |
| IRE | Stillström et al · Surg Endosc | 2016 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 3 | – | – | – | Background: Palliative irreversible electroporation of pancreatic adenocarcinomas is rapidly gaining in interest since a large proportion of these patients cannot be radically resected. Meth… |
| IRE | Vroomen et al · Eur Radiol | 2016 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 25 / 25 | NanoKnife | – | local recurrence 5 count (25 patients) | Objectives: To assess specific imaging characteristics after irreversible electroporation (IRE) for locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma (LAPC) with contrast-enhanced (ce)MRI and ceCT, and … |
| IRE | Wichtowski et al · Contemp Oncol (Pozn) | 2016 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 3 | NanoKnife | – | local control 100% (3 patients) | Aim of the study: Irreversible electroporation is a new, non-thermal ablation technique in the treatment of parenchymal organ tumors which uses short high voltage pulses of electricity in or… |
| ECT | Granata et al · Int J Surg | 2015 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | 13 / 13 | Cliniporator | bleomycin · intravenous | objective response 0% (13 patients) | Objective: Report the preliminary results on electrochemotherapy (ECT) in the treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer of a phase I/II study and described the new functional imaging t… |
| IRE | Belfiore et al · Int J Surg | 2015 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 20 | NanoKnife | – | local control 90% (20 patients) | Introduction: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal ablation technique recently used in pancreatic cancer. In our prospective study we evaluated safety, feasibility and efficac… |
| IRE | Kwon et al · Surgery | 2014 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 48 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 22.4 months (48 patients) | Introduction: Complete tumor extirpation (R0 resection) remains the best possibility for long-term survival in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Unfortunately, approximately 80% of pa… |
| IRE | Martin · J Gastrointest Surg | 2013 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 54 / 54 | – | – | overall survival 20 months (54 patients) | Irreversible electroporation of locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma has been used to palliate appropriate patients with locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The setting was at … |
| IRE | Philips et al · PLoS One | 2013 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 150 | NanoKnife | – | local recurrence 31% (150 patients) | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel technology that uses peri-target discrete probes to deliver high-voltage localized electric current to induce cell death without the… |
| IRE | Bagla et al · Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology | 2012 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 4 / 5 | NanoKnife | – | local control 0% (4 patients) | No. 128 Percutaneous irreversible electroporation (IRE) of surgically unresectable pancreatic carcinoma: single center safety experience MONDAY: Scientific Sessions S. Bagla, D. Papadouris, … |
| IRE | Martin et al · J Am Coll Surg | 2012 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 27 | NanoKnife | – | ablation volume 100% (27 patients) | Background: Locally advanced pancreatic cancer patients have limited options for disease control. Local ablation technologies based on thermal damage have been used but are associated with m… |
| IRE | Narayanan et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2012 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 14 | NanoKnife | – | stable disease 3 count (14 patients) | Purpose: Treatment of unresectable locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) usually includes chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy in an attempt to downstage these tumors to the extent of r… |
| IRE | Liu et al · Cancer Biol Med | 2026 | Retrospective Clinical Study | – | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 26 | Tianjin IRE system | – | overall survival 14.1 months (26 patients) | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the deadliest solid tumors. Patients who develop PDAC with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) or metastases have an especially poor pr… |
| IRE | Gordon et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2025 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 50 | – | – | overall survival 33.3 months (50 patients) | Purpose: To investigate if radiomics signatures generated from longitudinal CT scans could predict IRE treatment effectiveness and outcomes in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cance… |
| IRE | Hendrikx · Curr Oncol | 2025 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 35 | NanoKnife | – | complete response 63.6% (22 patients) | Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a poor prognosis, with a 5-year survival rate of 10%. Irreversible electroporation (IRE), a non-thermal ablative technique, may improv… |
| IRE | Narayanan et al · Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2025 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 25 / 30 | – | – | complete response 36.7% (30 lesions) | Purpose: To evaluate the safety and local efficacy of irreversible electroporation (IRE) for soft tissue lesions near or involving gastrointestinal structures. Material and methods: This sin… |
| IRE | Xi et al · Front Immunol | 2025 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 108 | – | – | overall survival 35.03 months | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has shown promise in improving survival outcomes and activating the immune response in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC).… |
| IRE | Lim et al · Ann Surg Oncol | 2024 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 36 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 746 days (15 patients) | Background: Margin accentuation using irreversible electroporation (MA-IRE) improves recurrence and overall survival (OS) in pancreatic cancer patients; however, there have been limited outc… |
| IRE | Stephens et al · Surgery | 2024 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 201 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 25% (201 patients) | Background: Irreversible electroporation is a novel approach for treating locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma. However, this ablative technique is not without risk and has the potenti… |
| IRE | Ma et al · Front Immunol | 2023 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 103 | – | gemcitabine · intravenous | objective response 64% (25 patients) | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel local tumor ablation approach with the potential to stimulate an antitumor immune response. However, it is not effective in preventi… |
| IRE | Shen · Cancers (Basel) | 2022 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 63 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 13 months (63 patients) | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has emerged as a promising treatment for patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). Therefore, in this study, we evaluate the safety and effi… |
| IRE | Thomas et al · J Surg Oncol | 2022 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 100 | – | – | – | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) expands the surgical options for patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer. This study evaluated for differences in survival stratified by t… |
| IRE | Fang et al · Clin Radiol | 2021 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 95 / 100 | NanoKnife | – | complete response 65% (20 lesions) | Aim: To report initial experience with irreversible electroporation (IRE) in a single tertiary oncology centre and to describe its role in the management of liver and pancreatic tumours. Mat… |
| IRE | He et al · Journal of Pancreatology | 2021 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 64 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 24.63 months (64 patients) | Objective: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is emerging as a new therapy for locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). We aimed to conduct survival and safety analyses in LAPC patients af… |
| IRE | He et al · J Inflamm Res | 2021 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 85 | – | – | overall survival 44.33 months (15 patients) | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is shown to not only improve the prognosis of patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) but also activate the immune system. Cons… |
| IRE | He et al · Front Oncol | 2020 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 312 | – | – | complete response 66.7% (312 patients) | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel method which was especially suitable for the treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). The purpose of this study was to evaluate p… |
| IRE | Simmerman et al · J Surg Res | 2020 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 40 | NanoKnife | – | local recurrence 7.5% (40 patients) | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a relatively new ablation technique utilized as focal therapy to target areas of significant tumor burden to ablate tumors in situ or improv… |
| IRE | Xu et al · J Cancer Res Ther | 2020 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 42 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 18.19% (22 patients) | Context: The safety and efficacy of irreversible electroporation (IRE) for locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma (LAPC) are well established. However, whether adjuvant chemoradiotherapy afte… |
| IRE | Amin et al · Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology | 2018 | Retrospective Clinical Study | – | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Necrosis and Necroptosis | 47 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 9.9 months | No. 184 Using FDG PET/CT to predict response to IRE in nonresectable pancreatic cancer: a retrospective analysis of 50 patients Purpose: To assess the ability of FDG PET/CT to predict outcom… |
| IRE | Narayanan et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2017 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 50 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 27 months | Purpose: To describe safety and effectiveness of percutaneous irreversible electroporation (IRE) for treatment of unresectable, locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma (LAPC). Materials a… |
| IRE | Yan et al · Chin Med J (Engl) | 2016 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 25 | NanoKnife | – | partial response 36% (25 patients) | Background: Locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma (LAPC) is characterized by poor prognosis despite recommended concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has emerged a… |
| IRE | Braucci et al · Pancreatology | 2013 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 1 / 1 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 15 months (1 patients) | Pancreaticoduodenectomy is treatment of choice for periampullary tumors. This procedure carry a significant risk and morbidities. Most of them are related to pancreatic anastomotic failure. F… |
| ECT | Lauzana et al · European Journal of Surgical Oncology | 2023 | Case Series | Human | – | 1 | IGEA S.p.A. | bleomycin · intravenous | – | Studies that include long-term follow-up of endocrine function including serial volume of pancreas in patients with pancreaticoduodenectomy for peri-ampullary neoplasm are very rare due to t… |
| IRE | Rudno-Rudzińska et al · Applied Sciences | 2020 | Case Series | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion | 2 / 2 | NanoKnife | calcium chloride · intratumoural | overall survival 9 months (2 patients) | (1) Background: In the last two decades, anticancer treatment has been extensively developed based on various physical methods, including electroporation (EP). On the basis of many in vitro … |
| ECT | Belli et al · HPB | 2019 | Case Series | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | 12 | – | bleomycin | – | Electrochemotherapy(ECT) is effective in treatment of various cutaneous tumors and could be translated into treatment of deep seated tumors. A prospective phase I/II study was conducted to e… |
| IRE | Vogel et al · Ann Surg Oncol | 2017 | Case Series | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 132 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 34 months (14 patients) | Background: Following induction chemotherapy, both resection or irreversible electroporation (IRE) may further improve survival in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). Ho… |
| IRE | Gonzalez-Beicos et al · Tech Vasc Interv Radiol | 2015 | Case Series | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 11 / 12 | NanoKnife | – | complete response 25% (12 lesions) | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel therapy that has shown to be a feasible and promising alternative to conventional ablative techniques when treating tumors near vital structures… |
| IRE | Martin · J Vis Surg | 2015 | Case Series | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 54 | – | – | local control 14 months (54 patients) | Objective: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) of stage 3 pancreatic adenocarcinoma has been used to provide quality of life time in patients who have undergone appropriate induction therapy.… |
| IRE | Ong · Diagnostics (Basel) | 2023 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 1 / 1 | – | – | overall survival 53 months (1 patients) | Pancreatic cancer is a lethal disease, with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) having a dismal prognosis. For patients with LAPC, gemcitabine-based regimens, with or without radiation… |
| IRE | Ma et al · World J Clin Cases | 2020 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 1 / 2 | – | – | complete response 1 count (1 patients) | Background: Pancreatic cancer has a poor prognosis; 40%-50% of patients have liver metastases at the time of initial diagnosis and only 15%-20% undergo surgical resection. Irreversible elect… |
| IRE | Wang et al · Radiol Case Rep | 2020 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 1 / 1 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 12 months (1 patients) | A 44-year-old gentleman with stage III (T4N1M0) unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma at the uncinate process underwent percutaneous image guided Irreversible Electroporation (IRE). At day-… |
| IRE | Lundy et al · The American Surgeon™ | 2019 | Case Report | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 1 / 1 | – | – | – | A 69-year-old female with a complex past medical history notable for hypertension, vascular disease with history of bilateral aortoiliac bypass and renal endarterectomy, 49-year smoking hist… |
| IRE | Papalampros et al · World J Surg Oncol | 2019 | Case Report | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 1 | – | – | progression-free survival 12 months (1 patients) | Background: Primary pancreatic leiomyosarcoma is an extremely rare entity that needs high clinical suspicion in order to diagnose it at an early stage. Clinical characteristics, diagnosis, a… |
| IRE | Papoulas et al · J Surg Case Rep | 2018 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 1 / 1 | – | – | overall survival 12 months | Achieving clear microscopic resection margins following pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is challenging particularly in borderline resectable pancreatic carcinoma (BRPC). Positive resection marg… |
| IRE | Tarantino et al · Ann Med Surg (Lond) | 2018 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 1 / 1 | NanoKnife | – | tumour volume change 0% (1 patients) | Introduction: Solid pseudopapillary Carcinoma (SPC) is a rare pancreatic Tumor with variable, usually low, malignancy potential. Howewer, several SPC are associated with aggressive behavior,… |
| IRE | Deiters et al · Liver Pancreat Sci | 2017 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | NanoKnife | – | – | Background: Isolated local recurrence after surgical resection for pancreatic cancer is rare. Current common therapies for recurrence include chemotherapy or chemoradiation. There are few, i… |
| IRE | Orcutt et al · Int J Surg Case Rep | 2017 | Case Report | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 1 / 1 | NanoKnife | – | disease-free survival 1 count (1 patients) | Introduction: For patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma who are not candidates for surgical resection, long-term survival is poor, even with currently available systemic and radiation ther… |
| IRE | Su et al · World J Gastroenterol | 2017 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 1 / 1 | – | – | – | Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a rare but serious postoperative complication associated with irreversible electroporation (IRE). We report a case of postoperative PVT in a 54-year-old woman… |
| IRE | Trueba-Arguiñarena et al · Medicine (Baltimore) | 2015 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 1 / 1 | – | – | complete response 1 months (1 patients) | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a new nonthermal tumor ablation modality that induces apoptosis in the treated tissue without affecting collagen. Its use is particularly indicated for … |
| IRE | Scheffer et al · Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2014 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 1 / 1 | NanoKnife | – | tumour volume change 1 other (1 patients) | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel image-guided ablation technique that is increasingly used to treat locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma (LAPC). We describe a 67-year-old male … |
| IRE | Bagla et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2012 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 1 / 1 | NanoKnife | – | – | The present report describes a case of percutaneous irreversible electroporation (IRE) in a 78-year-old man with surgically unresectable stage III (tumor/node/metastasis stages, T4N0M0) panc… |
| IRE | Mariussi · Einstein (Sao Paulo) | 2026 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | – | other | overall survival 0.52 months | Objective The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine the efficacy and safety of percutaneous irreversible electroporation combined with immunotherapy compared with irreversible electropo… |
| IRE | Marcellier et al · Clin Transl Gastroenterol | 2025 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | 2245 | – | – | – | Introduction: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Electroporation-based therapies, such as electroche… |
| ECT | Rompianesi et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2025 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | – | – | – | bleomycin · intravenous | overall survival 11.5 months (25 patients) | Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most difficult cancers to treat, with a dismal 5-year survival rate of only 8-10%. This challenging prognosis highlights the… |
| IRE | Shuiqing et al · Health Sciences Review | 2022 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 984 | – | – | overall survival 6.1 months | Background/objectives To evaluate the safety and efficacy of irreversible electroporation (IRE) for treating local advanced pancreatic carcinoma. Methods Relevant literature published from J… |
| IRE | Sugumar et al · HPB (Oxford) | 2022 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 2768 | – | – | overall survival 99% (1420 patients) | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is used as a locoregional treatment modality for patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC), but is non-curative and is associated… |
| IRE | Al-Leswas et al · British Journal of Surgery | 2021 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | other 73% (105 patients) | Background The present systematic review aimed to summarise the available evidence on indications and oncological outcomes after MA IRE for stage III pancreatic cancer (PC). Methods A litera… |
| IRE | Ratnayake et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2021 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | complete response 73% (187 patients) | The present systematic review aimed to summarise the available evidence on indications and oncological outcomes after MA IRE for stage III pancreatic cancer (PC). A literature search was per… |
| IRE | Granata et al · Front Oncol | 2020 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | – | This article provides an overview of imaging assessment of ablated pancreatic cancer. Only studies reporting radiological assessment on pancreatic ablated cancer were retained. We found 16 c… |
| IRE | Charalambous et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2020 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | – | Background: Irreversible Electroporation (IRE) is a novel non-thermal ablation technique used in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC), in the proximity of sensitive struct… |
| IRE | Lafranceschina · Cancers (Basel) | 2019 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | overall survival 27 months | Background: Ablative techniques provide in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) symptomatic relief, survival benefit and potential downsizing. Irreversible Electroporation… |
| IRE | Moris et al · Ann Surg Oncol | 2019 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | complete response 16% (25 patients) | Objective: The aim of the present systematic review was to collect, analyze, and critically evaluate the role of irreversible electroporation (IRE) in locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAP… |
| IRE | Tian et al · Biomed Res Int | 2018 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 200 | – | – | complete response 12.5% (535 patients) | Background Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a deadly disease with poor prognosis in the general population. We aimed to quantitate overall survival of patients with PC after irreversible electropor… |
| IRE | Ansari et al · Scand J Gastroenterol | 2017 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | – | Objectives: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a new modality for tumor ablation. Electrodes are placed around the tumor, and a pulsed, direct current with a field strength of 2000 V/cm i… |
| IRE | Moir et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2014 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | – | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel procedure to combat pancreatic cancer, whereby high voltage pulses are delivered, resulting in cell death. This represents an ideal … |
| IRE | Scheffer et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2014 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 16 / 325 | – | – | complete response 67% (185 lesions) | Purpose: To provide an overview of current clinical results of irreversible electroporation (IRE), a novel, nonthermal tumor ablation technique that uses electric pulses to induce cell death… |
| IRE | He et al · Journal of Pancreatology | 2024 | Guideline / Consensus | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | – | Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies, with increasing morbidity and mortality. Only 20% of all cases are candidates for surgical resection. Most locally advanced pancreat… |
| IRE | Vos et al · Semin Intervent Radiol | 2024 | Guideline / Consensus | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | – | Since no uniform treatment protocol for pancreatic irreversible electroporation (IRE) exists, the heterogeneity throughout literature complicates the comparison of results. To reach agreemen… |
| IRE | Martin et al · J Surg Oncol | 2016 | Guideline / Consensus | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | – | Irreversible Electroporation (IRE) is used to treat locally advanced cancers, commonly of the pancreas, liver, kidney, and other soft tissues. Precise eligibility for IRE should be establish… |
| Other EP | Vos et al · Journal of Clinical Interventional Radiology ISVIR | 2026 | Review | Human | Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD) | – | – | bleomycin | overall survival 14.27 months | Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) and oligometastatic pancreatic cancer (OMPC) remain associated with poor prognosis despite advances in systemic therapy. In carefully selected patie… |
| Other EP | Vemulapalli · Cancers (Basel) | 2025 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | – | – | – | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the most challenging malignancies to treat, largely due to late diagnosis, limited surgical options, and profound resistance to systemi… |
| IRE | Zhang · Ann Transl Med | 2024 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | – | Background and objective: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is 3 rd most lethal cancer in the USA leading to a median survival of six months and less than 5% 5-year overall survival (O… |
| Other EP | De Grandis et al · Int J Mol Sci | 2023 | Review | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | – | – | – | Despite the advances made in treatment, the prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains dismal, even in the locoregional and locally advanced stages, with high relapse rates… |
| IRE | Gajewska-Naryniecka · Int J Mol Sci | 2023 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – · intravenous | overall survival 20.2 months | Pancreatic cancer has no symptoms until the disease has advanced and is aggressive cancer with early metastasis. Up to now, the only curative treatment is surgical resection, which is possib… |
| IRE | Li et al · J Interv Med | 2023 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | – | Recently, interventional ablation techniques have gained prominence in tumor treatment guidelines and complement traditional approaches, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Conv… |
| Other EP | Oei et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2023 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | – | – | – | Numerous clinical studies have been conducted to improve the outcomes of patients suffering from pancreatic cancer. Different approaches using targeted therapeutic strategies and precision m… |
| IRE | Ong · J Interv Med | 2023 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | overall survival 10 months | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) employs the use of an electric field to cause irreversible permeability of the cell membrane, inducing apoptosis. The use of IRE for locally advanced pancr… |
| IRE | Spiliopoulos · World J Gastroenterol | 2023 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 200 | – | – | overall survival 30 months | Pancreatic cancer is currently the seventh leading cause of cancer death (4.5% of all cancer deaths) while 80%-90% of the patients suffer from unresectable disease at the time of diagnosis. … |
| IRE | Yun et al · Curr Oncol Rep | 2023 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | complete response 100% | Purpose of review: This review will describe the various applications, benefits, risks, and approaches of conventional irreversible electroporation (IRE), as well as highlight the new techno… |
| IRE | da Silva et al · Radiol Bras | 2023 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | – | – | – | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is one of the most aggressive malignant neoplasms, with a one-year survival rate below 20%. Axial methods (computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging… |
| ECT | Granata et al · Pol J Radiol | 2022 | Review | Literature Analysis | – | 18 | – | – | local control 100% (18 patients) | ENWEndNote BIBJabRef, Mendeley RISPapers, Reference Manager, RefWorks, Zotero AMA Granata V, Palaia R, Izzo F. Comments on "The beneficial role of electrochemotherapy in locally advanced pan… |
| ECT | Kozak et al · Pol J Radiol | 2022 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | bleomycin | overall survival 10 months (50 patients) | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) of locally advanced pancreatic cancer is an increasingly used method for unresectable pancreatic cancer that can be used in cytoreduction followed by surgi… |
| IRE | Gyftopoulos · Front Oncol | 2022 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | – | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a local ablative technique used in conjunction with chemotherapy to treat locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). The combination of IRE and chemothe… |
| IRE | Imran · Front Oncol | 2022 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | – | Advancements in medical sciences and technologies have significantly improved the survival of many cancers; however, pancreatic cancer remains a deadly diagnosis. This malignancy is often di… |
| IRE | Lambin et al · World J Gastroenterol | 2022 | Review | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | – | – | – | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is expected to become the second leading cause of death from cancer by 2030. Despite intensive research in the field of therapeutics, the 5-year overa… |
| IRE | Granata et al · World J Gastroenterol | 2021 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 1047 | – | bleomycin | overall survival 33 months | Background: Currently, the technologies most commonly used to treat locally advanced pancreatic cancer are radiofrequency ablation (RFA), microwave ablation, and irreversible (IRE) or revers… |
| Other EP | Bibok et al · World J Gastroenterol | 2021 | Review | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | – | – | – | Pancreatic cancer is a challenging malignancy with limited treatment options and poor life expectancy. The only curative option is surgical resection, but only 15%-20% of patients are resect… |
| IRE | Kwon et al · Semin Oncol | 2021 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 50 | – | – | – | Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) constitutes approximately one-third of all pancreatic cancer, with standard of care inconsistently defined and achieving modest outcomes at best. Wh… |
| IRE | Rai et al · J Clin Med | 2021 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 200 | – | – | – | Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) accounts for 30% of patients with pancreatic cancer. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel cancer treatment that may improve survival and qu… |
| IRE | Tian · Front Oncol | 2021 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | – | Emerging studies have showed irreversible electroporation (IRE) focused on pancreatic cancer (PC). However, the effects of IRE treatment on the immune response of PC remain unknown. Moreover… |
| IRE | Timmer et al · Tech Vasc Interv Radiol | 2020 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | – | Several minimally invasive image guided tumor ablation techniques have been added to the treatment spectrum for locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). Irreversible electroporation (IRE) … |
| ECT | Campana et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2019 | Review | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | – | – | bleomycin · intravenous | complete response 85% (16 patients) | The treatment of tumors with electrochemotherapy (ECT) has surged over the past decade. Thanks to the transient cell membrane permeabilization induced by the short electric pulses used by EC… |
| IRE | Aycock · Bioelectricity | 2019 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 34 | – | bleomycin | – | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has established a clinical niche as an alternative to thermal ablation for the eradication of unresectable tumors, particularly those near critical vascula… |
| IRE | Chan et al · Semin Intervent Radiol | 2019 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | overall survival 23.2 months (200 patients) | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a relatively recent method of ablation. In contrast to many ablation devices that use thermal methods to induce cell death, IRE employs the use of an el… |
| IRE | Frey et al · Semin Intervent Radiol | 2019 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | – | Efforts to improve mortality associated with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) have shown minimal gains despite advances in surgical technique, systemic treatments, and radiation the… |
| IRE | Wu et al · Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int | 2019 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 437 / 666 | – | – | complete response 57% (437 patients) | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel ablative technique for hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers. This review summarizes the data regarding the safety and efficacy of IR… |
| IRE | Paiella et al · Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol | 2018 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | – | Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a solid tumor with still a dismal prognosis. Diagnosis is usually late, when the disease is metastatic or locally advanced (LAPC). Only 20% of PC are amenable to su… |
| IRE | Ruarus et al · Can Assoc Radiol J | 2018 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | overall survival 24.9 months (200 patients) | Hepatopancreaticobiliary tumours are often diagnosed at an advanced disease stage, in which encasement or invasion of local biliary or vascular structures has already occurred. Irreversible … |
| IRE | de Liguori Carino et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2018 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | – | Background: The incidence of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is rapidly increasing. Up to 30% of patients present with locally advanced disease and therefore are not candidates for s… |
| ECT | Granata et al · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | – | – | – | bleomycin · intravenous | stable disease 100% (15 patients) | Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is currently one of the deadliest cancers with high mortality rate. This disease leads to an aggressive local invasion and early metastases and is poorly responsive… |
| IRE | Martin · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 107 / 2 | – | – | – | Initially diagnosed stage 3 (locally advanced) pancreatic adenocarcinoma (LAPC) remains an aggressive tumor with an overall poor prognosis (current median survival chemotherapy and radiation… |
| IRE | Martin · J Surg Oncol | 2017 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | overall survival 24.9 months (200 patients) | The essential diagnosis for LAPC is based on high-quality cross-sectional imaging, which demonstrates tumor invasion into the celiac/superior mesenteric arteries and/or superior mesenteric/p… |
| IRE | Rashid et al · Abdom Radiol (NY) | 2017 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | – | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is increasingly used for the ablation of unresectable locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Unlike other ablation technologies that cannot be safely … |
| ECT | Bimonte et al · Radiol Oncol | 2016 | Review | Literature Analysis | – | – | – | – | – | Background: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is currently one of the deadliest cancers with high mortality rate. This disease leads to an aggressive local invasion and early metastases, and is poor… |
| IRE | Martin · HPB (Oxford) | 2016 | Review | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 200 | – | – | – | This publication has no abstract. |
| IRE | Paiella et al · Gastroenterol Res Pract | 2016 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 200 | – | – | overall survival 24.9 months (200 patients) | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has still a dismal prognosis. Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) accounts for the 40% of the new diagnoses. Current treatment options are based… |
| IRE | Paiella et al · Updates Surg | 2016 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 265 | – | – | overall survival 19 months (200 patients) | Thanks to continuous research and investment in technology, the ablation of tumors has become common. Through the application of different types of energy is possible to induce cellular inju… |
| IRE | Tasu et al · Diagn Interv Imaging | 2016 | Review | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 200 / 200 | – | – | overall survival 20 months | Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is one of the solid cancers associated with the poorest prognosis; the only curative treatment remains surgical resection but in most cases, this treatment is not p… |
| ECT | Tafuto et al · Int J Surg | 2015 | Review | Human | – | – | – | bleomycin · intravenous | – | Electrochemotherapy is a local non-thermal treatment for cancer ablation. Currently, many studies and case report have investigated the differences in effectiveness of electrochemotherapy wi… |
| IRE | Al Efishat et al · BMJ | 2015 | Review | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 54 | – | – | – | About a third of patients with pancreatic cancer present with locally advanced disease that is not amenable to resection. Because these patients have localized disease, conventional ablative… |
| IRE | Martin · Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr | 2015 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | – | Irreversible electroporation is a non-thermal injury ablative modality that has been in clinical use since 2008 in the treatment of locally advanced soft tissue tumors. It has been reported … |
| IRE | Young · World J Gastrointest Surg | 2015 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | – | Pancreatic adenocarcinoma continues to have a poor prognosis with 1 and 5 years survival rates of 27% and 6% respectively. The gold standard of treatment is resection, however, only approxim… |
| IRE | Weiss et al · Adv Surg | 2014 | Review | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 54 | – | – | – | Approximately 43,000 new cases of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are identified yearly in the United States. Surgical resection offers the only chance for cure, with 5-year survival… |
| IRE | Weiss et al · Curr Probl Cancer | 2013 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | – | – | – | Approximately 43,000 new cases of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are identified yearly in the United States. Surgical resection offers the only chance for cure with 5-year survival r… |
| Calcium EP | Ko et al · Sci Rep | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | – | Tweezertrodes, BTX ECM830 | calcium chloride | – | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) can be considered as an alternative therapy for pancreatic tumors. However, a previous study revealed that the difference in electrical conductivity betwee… |
| IRE | Jacobs · Research (Wash D C) | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | OmniPorator | – | overall survival 6 count (6 animals) | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a nonthermal ablation modality used clinically for treating unresectable tumors while preserving vital structures through controlled application of puls… |
| IRE | Li et al · Nat Commun | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | HW-E01 | plasmid DNA | – | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is an ablative treatment for pancreatic cancer. It utilizes high-intensity pulsed electric field (PEF) to eliminate cancer cells by irreversibly disrupting… |
| IRE | Zhang et al · Adv Mater | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | Curaway | – | – | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal malignancy, primarily attributable to its immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and limited responsiveness to conventional thera… |
| IRE | Xi et al · Front Immunol | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | BTX ECM830 | other · intratumoural | – | Background: Irreversible Electroporation (IRE) offers a promising treatment for pancreatic cancer by using high-voltage pulses to kill tumor cells. But variations in tumor size and shape can… |
| IRE | Cao et al · Magn Reson Med | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination | – | BTX ECM830 | – | complete response 7 mm (18 animals) | Purpose: To investigate contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRI and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) for early prediction of tumor response to combined irreversible electroporat… |
| IRE | Jacobs · BME Front | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – / 22 | OmniPorator | – | – | Objective: This study characterizes the effects of external conductivity on electroporation to develop methods to overcome potential patient-to-patient variability. Impact Statement: We demo… |
| IRE | Jacobs et al · bioRxiv | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | OmniPorator | – | tumour volume change 66.7% (6 lesions) | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal ablation modality used clinically for treating unresectable tumors while preserving vital structures through controlled application of pul… |
| IRE | Kim · Biomedicines | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | EPO1 | – | – | Background/Objectives : Traditional thermal ablation for pancreatic cancer is limited by collateral injury, often leading to complications such as pancreatitis. Irreversible electroporation … |
| IRE | Wu et al · Adv Sci (Weinh) | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | Nanosecond pulsed tumor ablation system | – | – | Minimally invasive irreversible electroporation ablation shows promise for pancreatic cancer (PCa), but the high recurrence and metastasis rates pose a therapeutic challenge for loco-regiona… |
| IRE | Xu et al · Sci Adv | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | – | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal malignancy with pronounced resistance to conventional therapies. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a promising therapy for PDAC… |
| IRE | Huang et al · Mol Pharm | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | – | Pancreatic cancer is a deadly disease with a five-year overall survival rate of around 11%. Chemotherapy is a cornerstone in the treatment of this malignancy, but the intratumoral delivery o… |
| IRE | Imran · Front Immunol | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | Harvard Apparatus irreversible electroporation generator | – | progression-free survival 26 days (7 animals) | Pancreatic cancer is a significant cause of cancer-related mortality and often presents with limited treatment options. Pancreatic tumors are also notorious for their immunosuppressive micro… |
| ECT | Stupan et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | Cliniporator | bleomycin · intravenous | stable disease 3.5 score (3 animals) | Electrochemotherapy (ECT 1 ) is used for treatment of unresectable abdominal malignancies. This study aims to show that ECT of porcine portal vein anastomosis is safe and feasible in order t… |
| IRE | Wang · Biochem Biophys Rep | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | CNP-III Steep Pulse Therapy System | – | – | The current study aimed to investigate the antitumor effects and potent mechanism of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells combined with irreversible electroporation (IRE) via Panc02 cell-bear… |
| Other EP | Liu · Nat Commun | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | BTX ECM830 | – | – | The response rate of pancreatic cancer to chemotherapy or immunotherapy pancreatic cancer is low. Although minimally invasive irreversible electroporation (IRE) ablation is a promising optio… |
| IRE | Shankara · J Immunother Cancer | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | BTX ECM830 | – | – | Background: Pancreatic cancer (PC) has a poor prognosis, and most patients present with either locally advanced or distant metastatic disease. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-the… |
| IRE | Woeste · J Immunother Cancer | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | BTX 830, Platinum tweezer trodes | – | overall survival 70.5 days | Background: Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a challenging diagnosis that is yet to benefit from the advancements in immuno-oncologic treatments. Irreversible electroporation (IRE), a non-thermal m… |
| IRE | Yan et al · World J Gastrointest Oncol | 2022 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – / 16 | NanoKnife | – | – | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a local non-thermal ablative technique which has been suggested as a potential cancer therapy. However, the specific anatomic characteristic… |
| IRE | Sun et al · Cancer Lett | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | BTX ECM830 | – | – | NanoKnife, a nonthermal ablation technique also termed irreversible electroporation (IRE), has been adopted in locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) treatment. However, reversible electr… |
| IRE | Yang et al · Oncoimmunology | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | BTX ECM830, BTX Harvard Apparatus Platinum Tweezertrode | – | overall survival 2.53 months (11 patients) | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is associated with highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) that can limit the efficacy of dendritic cell (DC) vaccine immunotherapy. Irr… |
| ECT | Dežman et al · Pancreas | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – | Cliniporator | bleomycin · intravenous | – | Objectives: The use of thermal ablative therapies in the pancreatic tumors is limited because of the risk of the vessel injury and potential pancreatitis or fistula formation. Electrochemoth… |
| IRE | Brock et al · Front Oncol | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | BTX pulse generator | – | – | New methods of tumor ablation have shown exciting efficacy in pre-clinical models but often demonstrate limited success in the clinic. Due to a lack of quality or quantity in primary maligna… |
| IRE | He et al · Clin Transl Med | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD) | – | BTX ECM830 | – | – | Background: Irreversible electroporation is shown to induce immune changes in pancreatic cancer while the histology evidences are still lacking. The aim of this study is to show the immune c… |
| ECT | Fernandes et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability, Apoptosis Induction | – | BTX electroporator | bleomycin | cell viability 37% (3 patients) | Pancreatic cancer represents a major challenge in oncology. Poor permeability of the pancreas and resistance to currently available therapies are impediments to improved patient survival. By… |
| IRE | Narayanan et al · Cancer Immunol Res | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – / 9 | BTX ECM830 | – | complete response 3 count (9 animals) | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a nonthermal ablation technique that is used clinically in selected patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer, but most patients develop recurren… |
| IRE | O’Brien et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Apoptosis Induction, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – / 18 | EPULSUS-FBM1-5, AngioDynamics 18-gauge bipolar electrode | – | ablation volume 3344 cm³ (6 animals) | Purpose: To investigate the feasibility of single-needle high-frequency irreversible electroporation (SN-HFIRE) to create reproducible tissue ablations in an in vivo pancreatic swine model. … |
| IRE | Zhao et al · Nat Commun | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | BTX ECM830, 2-needle array electrode | – | overall survival 31.5 days (11 animals) | Immunotherapy has only limited efficacy against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) due to the presence of an immunosuppressive tumor-associated stroma. Here, we demonstrate an effective… |
| IRE | Lee et al · Surg Endosc | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | BTX ECM830 | – | – | Background: Endoscopic irreversible electroporation (IRE) can be performed using a flexible, thin, needle-shaped electrode for an endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided procedure. This study aim… |
| IRE | Shankara Narayanan et al · J Vis Exp | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | BTX ECM830 | – | – | Pancreatic cancer (PC), a disease which kills approximately 40,000 patients each year in the US, has successfully evaded several therapeutic approaches including the promising immunotherapeu… |
| IRE | Su et al · World J Gastrointest Oncol | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Apoptosis Induction | – / 44 | NanoKnife | – | cell viability 93.71% (8 animals) | Aim: To determine changes in the morphology and function of pancreatic cancer cells after irreversible electroporation (IRE) treatment, and to explore the clinical significance of IRE treatm… |
| IRE | White et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | Perc-15 probe, BTX Electroporator, Tweezertrodes | – | – | Purpose: To investigate the differences in immune responses between cryoablation and irreversible electroporation (IRE) in a preclinical mouse model. Material and methods: A mouse pancreatic… |
| IRE | Edelblute et al · Sci Rep | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | BTX ECM830 | – | tumour volume change 5 count (9 animals) | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) as a non-thermal tumor ablation technology has been studied for the treatment of pancreatic carcinoma and has shown a significant survival benefit. We disc… |
| IRE | Shao et al · Ann Biomed Eng | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | BTX ECM830 | – | – | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) can be used to treat cancer by electrical pulses, with advantages over traditional thermal approaches. Here we assess for the first time the IRE response o… |
| IRE | Siddiqui et al · Surg Innov | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – / 9 | NanoKnife | – | – | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a nonthermal ablation modality employed to induce in situ tissue-cell death. This study sought to evaluate the efficacy of a novel high-frequency IRE (H… |
| ECT | Leongito et al · European Journal of Surgical Oncology (EJSO) | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | 12 | – | bleomycin · intravenous | tumour volume change 12 count (12 patients) | 59 Experimental study on hepatic vascular resistance S. Di Domenico1, R. Repetto2, A. Stocchino2, F. Barberis2, M. Capurro2, F. Grillo1, F. De Cian1 1 IRCCS IST S.MARTINO, Genova, Italy 2 De… |
| IRE | Bhutiani et al · J Surg Oncol | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | gemcitabine · intravenous | – | Introduction: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) utilizes short, high-voltage pulses to irreversibly permeabilize the cell membrane, resulting in apoptotic cell death. In addition to the irr… |
| IRE | Scheffer et al · PLoS One | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | – | Purpose: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) uses short duration, high-voltage electrical pulses to induce cell death via nanoscale defects resulting from altered transmembrane potential. The… |
| ECT | Girelli et al · Radiol Oncol | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | – | Cliniporator | bleomycin | – | Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal disease generally refractory to standard chemotherapeutic agents; therefore improvements in anticancer therapies are mandatory… |
| IRE | Fritz et al · Pancreas | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | NanoKnife | – | – | Objectives: Use of thermal tumor ablation in the pancreatic parenchyma is limited because of the risk of pancreatitis, pancreatic fistula, or hemorrhage. This study aimed to evaluate the fea… |
| IRE | Philips et al · Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | NanoKnife | – | – | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a promising cell membrane ablative modality for pancreatic cancer. There have been recent concerns regarding local recurrence and the potential use of I… |
| IRE | Dunki-Jacobs et al · Br J Surg | 2014 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Thermal Effect and Joule Heating | – | NanoKnife | – | – | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a new technique for tumour cell ablation that is reported to involve non-thermal-based energy using high voltage at short microsecond pulse … |
| IRE | Zhang et al · Nanomedicine (Lond) | 2014 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | – | Aim: NanoKnife(®) (Angiodynamics, Inc., NY, USA) or irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a newly available ablation technique to induce the formation of nanoscale pores within the cell memb… |
| IRE | José et al · Cancer Lett | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | BTX ECM830 | – | – | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) therapies show limited success. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is an innovative loco-regional therapy in which high-voltage pulses are applied to … |
| IRE | Bower et al · J Surg Oncol | 2011 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | – | Background: The use of thermal tumor ablative techniques in the pancreas is limited due to the risk of pancreatitis and damage to major vascular structures. Irreversible electroporation (IRE… |
| IRE | Charpentier et al · HPB (Oxford) | 2010 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | NanoKnife | bleomycin | – | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel, non-thermal method of tissue ablation using short pulses of high-voltage DC current to ablate tissue. Methods: Irreversible electro… |
| ECT | Dev et al · Drug Deliv | 1997 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – | BTX T820 square wave pulse generator, BTX needle array electrode | bleomycin · intratumoural | complete response 17 mm (25 animals) | Electroporation therapy (EPT), also known as electrochemo-therapy (ECT), of a poorly differentiated human pancreatic carcinoma (Panc-3) implanted subcutaneously in nude mice significantly en… |
| IRE | Jiang et al · J Control Release | 2026 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | BTX ECM830 | – | – | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the most treatment-refractory malignancies, largely due to its dense stromal architecture and limited intratumoral drug penetration. He… |
| ECT | Jesenko et al · Int J Mol Sci | 2025 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – | Electro Cell B10 | bleomycin | cell viability 75% | Pancreatic cancer is among the deadliest malignancies, with limited treatment options and poor prognosis. Novel strategies are therefore urgently needed. Sotorasib, a KRAS G12C-specific inhi… |
| IRE | Agnass et al · J Therm Biol | 2023 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | – | – | – | cell viability 0.95 ratio | Introduction: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is an ablation modality that applies short, high-voltage electric pulses to unresectable cancers. Although considered a non-thermal technique… |
| ECT | Bosnjak et al · Radiol Oncol | 2022 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | – | Electro Cell B10 | bleomycin | cell viability 50% | Background: One of the new treatment options for unresectable locally advanced pancreatic cancer is electrochemotherapy (ECT), a local ablative therapy that potentiates the entry of chemothe… |
| ECT | Michel et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2022 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | – | BTX ECM830 | cisplatin | – | Catechin is a bioflavonoid known for its anti-cancer properties. In the present study, we combined theoretical and experimental approaches to reveal the potential of catechin application in … |
| IRE | He et al · Oncoimmunology | 2021 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | BTX ECM830 | – | – | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is an effective method for treating pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). It remains unclear whether IRE can induce a specific immune response by stimul… |
| IRE | Agnass et al · Sensors (Basel) | 2020 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | – | Electric permeabilization of cell membranes is the main mechanism of irreversible electroporation (IRE), an ablation technique for treatment of unresectable cancers, but the pulses also indu… |
| IRE | Mercadal et al · Ann Biomed Eng | 2020 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | BTX ECM830, EPULSUS FBM1-5, EPULSUS FBM1-5 pulse generation system | – | – | High-frequency irreversible electroporation (H-FIRE) has emerged as an alternative to conventional irreversible electroporation (IRE) to overcome the issues associated with neuromuscular ele… |
| ECT | Ali et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2018 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | – | BTX electroporator | bleomycin | disease-free survival 0 other (3 not reported) | Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal cancers with high metastatic potential and strong chemoresistance. The capability of a tumor to grow and propagate is dependent on a small subset … |
| Other EP | Michel et al · Biomed Res Int | 2018 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | – | BTX 830 square wave electroporator | cisplatin | cell viability 32% | Despite the rapid progression of cancer pharmacotherapy, the high drug resistance of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) makes it one of the most lethal malignancies. Therefore, there are… |
| ECT | Michel et al · Acta Biochim Pol | 2018 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress | – | BTX 830 square wave electroporator | cisplatin | – | Until recently, green tea polyphenols were considered strong antioxidants. However, the latest reports have revealed that bioflavonoids can play a multiple role in anticancer therapy, includ… |
| IRE | Geboers et al · J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol | 2023 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 6 / 6 | – | – | – | Visibility of the tumour and its surroundings during the ablative procedure is crucial for optimal treatment planning, needle placement, ablation zone coverage and postprocedural control. Th… |
| IRE | Latouche et al · J Surg Oncol | 2017 | In Silico / Modelling | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 3 | NanoKnife | – | – | Background and objectives: Irreversible Electroporation (IRE) is a focal ablation technique highly attractive to surgical oncologists due to its non-thermal nature that allows for eradicatio… |
| IRE | Kwon et al · Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology | 2019 | Conference Abstract | – | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 12 | NanoKnife | – | overall survival 24.5 months (12 patients) | Background: Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel technique that uses a non-thermal ablation to … |
| ECT | Coriat et al · J Clin Med | 2022 | Editorial / Letter | – | – | – | – | – | – | The pancreas plays an important role in the human body with its two main endocrine and exocrine functions [...]. |
| IRE | Granata et al · Front Oncol | 2022 | Editorial / Letter | – | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | bleomycin | – | We read with interest the article from Dr. Gyftopoulos and colleagues in Frontiers in Oncology (1) in which they assessed irreversible electroporation (IRE) as an interesting tool in the tre… |
| IRE | Liu et al · Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int | 2022 | Editorial / Letter | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 383 | – | – | – | This publication has no abstract. |
| IRE | Granata et al · Ann Surg Oncol | 2020 | Editorial / Letter | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | – | We read with interest the article from Dr. Bhutiani and colleagues in Annals of Surgical Oncology,1 which reports their assessment of irreversible electroporation (IRE) combined with chemoth… |
| ECT | He · Ann Surg Oncol | 2020 | Editorial / Letter | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | 200 | – | bleomycin | – | Ann Surg Oncol (2020) 27:4086–4087 https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-020-08791-1 EDITORIAL – PANCREATIC TUMORS Electrochemotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer: An Emerging Treatment Modality? Jin He,… |
| IRE | Tsilimigras et al · Ann Surg Oncol | 2019 | Editorial / Letter | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 498 | – | – | – | Ann Surg Oncol (2019) 26:S610–S611 https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-019-07436-2 ASO AUTHOR REFLECTIONS ASO Author Reflections: Irreversible Electroporation for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Canc… |
| Other EP | D’Onofrio et al · World J Gastroenterol | 2016 | Editorial / Letter | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | – | – | – | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a highly aggressive tumor with an overall 5-year survival rate of less than 5%. Prognosis and treatment depend on whether the tumor is resectable or not, … |
| ECT | Sundararajan · J Nanomedine Biotherapeutic Discov | 2014 | Editorial / Letter | Cell Culture | – | – | – | other | – | : The Answer the World is Looking For Raji Sundararajan* Professor Electrical & Computer Engineering Technology, Purdue University, USA The good news is that pancreatic cancer is relatively … |
| IRE | Figini · Am J Cancer Res | 2025 | Correction / Erratum | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | – | – | – | [This corrects the article on p. 1615 in vol. 8, PMID: 30210929.]. |
| IRE | Peng et al · Adv Sci (Weinh) | 2022 | Not reported | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | BTX ECM830, two-needle array electrode | – | – | Pancreatic cancer is a deadly disease with little response to standard therapies. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has emerged as a novel ablative technique for the clinical treatment of p… |
| IRE | Rai et al · BMJ Open | 2022 | Protocol | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 50 | – | – | – | Background: Approximately 30% of patients with pancreas cancer have unresectable locally advanced disease, which is currently treated with systemic chemotherapy. A new treatment option of ir… |
| IRE | Geboers et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2021 | Protocol | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination | 18 | NanoKnife | – | – | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel image-guided tumor ablation technique with the ability to generate a window for the establishment of systemic antitumor immunity. IRE transientl… |
| IRE | Narayanan et al · BMC Cancer | 2021 | Protocol | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 528 | – | – | – | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a local ablation technique utilizing high voltage, low energy direct current to create nanopores in cell membrane which disrupt homeostasis … |
| IRE | Zhang et al · Pancreas | 2017 | Not reported | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 21 | – | – | overall survival 2 count (15 patients) | Zhang, Yishi MD; Shi, Juanjuan MD; Zeng, Jianying MS; Alnagger, Mohammed MD; Zhou, Liang MD; Fang, Gang MD; Long, Xin'an MD; Pan, Zhongbao MD; Li, Yanhong BN; Chen, Jibing PhD; Xu, Kecheng M… |
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Limitations
Publication volume is not clinical efficacy or evidence quality. It describes how much literature exists in the area and of what kind; it does not indicate how strongly the treatment is supported, guideline endorsement or regulatory status.
Patient totals are not a count of unique patients. The same cohort may have been reported in more than one publication; the totals are not a meta-analysis.
How the corpus was assembled, the tier thresholds, the definition of a clinical publication and why methods are counted separately: Literature Map.