Group: Head, Neck & Orbit
Head & Neck Tumours
Tumours in the head and neck lie close to critical anatomical structures, and in recurrent disease the surgical and radiotherapy options are often exhausted. In this context electrochemotherapy is considered for palliative local control and symptom control; mucosal sites form a separate group of technical difficulty.
77publication records
44clinical publication records
11preclinical publication records
20reviews
1998–2026publication span
Clinical publications: randomized, prospective and retrospective studies, case series and case reports. Preclinical publications: animal, in vitro, modelling and experimental biophysics studies.
Clinical and Technical Data Reported in the Publications
The sum of the fields reported in the full text of the 77 publications in this area. The numbers are summed, not interpreted.
Sum of the patient counts reported across publications1,272 (reported in 47 publications)
Publications relating their cohort to other publicationssame cohort (2)
Total lesions reported614 (in 22 publications)
Devices used (46 publications naming a device)Cliniporator (22) · MedPulser (5) · NanoKnife (4) · BTX T820FE generator (2) · Onkodisruptor (2) · ELECTRO Cell B10 (2)
Agent delivered and route (67 publications reporting an agent)bleomycin · intravenous (33) · bleomycin · intratumoural (12) · bleomycin (9) · bleomycin · both intravenous and intratumoural (5) · cisplatin · intravenous (3) · plasmid DNA · intratumoural (2)
Approach (49 publications report it)percutaneous (37) · transcutaneous surface (9) · endoscopic (2) · open surgical (1)
Image guidance (39 publications report it)direct vision (23) · computed tomography (9) · ultrasound (8) · magnetic resonance imaging (8) · PET-CT (3)
Response criteria (54 publications report it)RECIST 1.1 (19) · clinical examination (16) · RECIST (9) · other (5) · WHO criteria (2)
Combination therapy (44 publications report it)systemic chemotherapy (27) · other combination (10) · radiotherapy (8) · checkpoint inhibitor (7) · surgery (5)
Publications reporting retreatment30 of 54 publications (23 do not report it)
Field strength50–3000 V/cm (26 records, median 1100)
Applied voltage110–1500 V (8 records, median 565)
Number of pulses2–512 (32 records, median 8)
Pulse duration99–100000 µs (37 records, median 100)
The totals are not a count of unique patients: the same cohort may have been reported in more than one publication.
Literature Status by Method
Publication count, clinical and preclinical split, literature volume and publication span for each clinical method. The badge at the top of the page summarises the ECT record only; the full split by method is here.
Electrochemotherapy (ECT)
63publication records
37clinical publication records
8preclinical publication records
Limited clinical publication volumethreshold 12/63 records
Clinical and preclinical split of that figure: 5 clinical, 3 preclinical.
1998–2026
Irreversible electroporation (IRE)
6publication records
2clinical publication records
3preclinical publication records
Exploratory / low-volume literaturethreshold 0/6 records
No record for this method feeds the volume label.
2015–2026
Calcium electroporation
1publication records
1clinical publication records
0preclinical publication records
Exploratory / low-volume literaturethreshold 1/1 records
Clinical and preclinical split of that figure: 1 clinical, 0 preclinical.
2019–2019
Gene electrotransfer
1publication records
0clinical publication records
0preclinical publication records
Exploratory / low-volume literaturethreshold 0/1 records
No record for this method feeds the volume label.
2022–2022
Other electroporation applications
6publication records
4clinical publication records
0preclinical publication records
This set does not name a single clinical method; no literature volume is assigned.
1999–2024
Mechanisms Mentioned in Abstracts
The figure is the number of abstracts mentioning the mechanism. A mention does not mean it was demonstrated in that study.
Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation 33
Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation 11
Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation 9
Necrosis and Necroptosis 7
Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death 6
Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement 5
Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) 4
Electrode Geometry and Placement 4
Electric Field Distribution and Modelling 4
Apoptosis Induction 4
Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability 3
Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response 3
Study Type Distribution
The percentage gives the share of the whole area.
| Study type | Publications | Share within this area |
|---|---|---|
| Randomized Clinical Trial | 2 | 3% |
| Prospective Clinical Study | 6 | 8% |
| Clinical Study | 18 | 23% |
| Retrospective Clinical Study | 3 | 4% |
| Case Series | 3 | 4% |
| Case Report | 12 | 16% |
| Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | 5 | 6% |
| Review | 15 | 19% |
| Animal Study | 10 | 13% |
| In Vitro Study | 1 | 1% |
| Protocol | 1 | 1% |
| Not reported | 1 | 1% |
Publication Table
77 publication records sorted by study design. Click a title to open the citation, mechanism and full abstract drawer.
Classifications are generated automatically and can be wrong for individual records. Methodology
| Regime | Publication | Year | Study type | Model | Mechanism | Patients / lesions | Device | Agent and route | Reported outcome | Abstract |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ECT | Perri et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2021 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination | 96 | Cliniporator | bleomycin · intravenous | – | Background: A significant proportion of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have advanced-stage disease (stages III to IVB) that do not respond to therapy despite agg… |
| ECT | Perri et al · Cancers | 2021 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | – | – | – | bleomycin | – | Comments: We have some additional considerations about the recent published article by Perri et al [...] |
| Calcium EP | Plaschke et al · Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol | 2019 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Necrosis and Necroptosis | 6 | Cliniporator | calcium chloride · intratumoural | – | Background: Calcium electroporation is a novel cancer treatment, which combines temporary cell permeability from electroporation with a high influx of calcium intracellularly resulting in ca… |
| ECT | Al-Hadithy et al · Int J Surg | 2018 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | – | 48 | EPSO2 | bleomycin · intravenous | local control 35 count (35 patients) | Metastatic spread of malignant tumours to skin is a well described phenomenon with incidence of approximately 0.7-9% of all metastases depending on histological type of primary cancer. Elect… |
| ECT | Plaschke et al · Eur J Cancer | 2017 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | 43 | Cliniporator | bleomycin · intravenous | objective response 56% (43 patients) | Aim: Electrochemotherapy is an effective local treatment for cutaneous tumours and metastases. In this prospective trial, six European institutions investigated electrochemotherapy in recurr… |
| ECT | Bertino et al · Eur J Cancer | 2016 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – | Cliniporator | bleomycin · both intravenous and intratumoural | objective response 56% (43 patients) | Electrochemotherapy is an effective and safe method for local treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous tumours, where electric pulses cause increased permeability of cell membranes in the tum… |
| ECT | Bertino et al · http://isrctn.com/ | 2015 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | 105 / 105 | IGEA electroporator | bleomycin · intravenous | objective response 97% (34 lesions) | Electrochemotherapy is an effective and safe method for local treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous tumours, where electric pulses cause increased permeability of cell membranes in the tum… |
| ECT | Grau et al · Annals of Oncology | 2012 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | 18 | – | bleomycin | complete response 3 count (18 patients) | ECT is the administration of electrical pulses in the tumour during perfusion of chemotherapy allowing the introduction of the drug in neoplastic cell. H&N regional relapse no suitable for l… |
| ECT | Bertino et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2024 | Clinical Study | Human | – | 71 / 84 | – | bleomycin · intravenous | complete response 33% | The aim of this multicenter study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of electrochemotherapy (ECT) for the treatment of mucosal tumors in the head and neck. A total of 71 patients w… |
| ECT | Maglitto et al · Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci | 2022 | Clinical Study | Human | – | 131 / 93 | Cliniporator | bleomycin · intravenous | complete response 5 count (131 patients) | Objective: The aim of this study was to identify features mainly involved in determining the partial response (PR) to the Electrochemotherapy (ECT) in patients with recurrent and/or metastat… |
| ECT | Riva et al · J Clin Med | 2021 | Clinical Study | Human | Haemostasis and Bleeding Control | 27 | Cliniporator | bleomycin · intravenous | objective response 48% (27 patients) | Background: Primary or recurrent head and neck cancer of skin or mucosa represents a challenge for clinicians and could be debilitating for the patient. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) emerged as … |
| ECT | Zimmermann et al · Acta Otolaryngol | 2021 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Haemostasis and Bleeding Control | 21 | – | bleomycin · intratumoural | overall survival 71.4% (21 patients) | Background: The role of electrochemotherapy (ECT) using intratumoral bleomycin and electroporation as a first line treatment for oral tongue carcinoma has not been defined. Aims/objectives: … |
| ECT | Longo et al · Oral Oncol | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | – | – | Cliniporator | bleomycin · intravenous | objective response 54.5% (55 patients) | Purpose: To describe outcomes of Electrochemotherapy as palliative treatment in patients with advanced head and neck (H&N) tumours. Methods: Ninety-three patients (120 treatment sessions) wi… |
| ECT | Pichi et al · J Craniomaxillofac Surg | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | – | 36 | Cliniporator | bleomycin · intravenous | complete response 8.3% (36 patients) | Background: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a well established treatment strategy for skin tumors of different histology. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of e… |
| ECT | Pichi et al · Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital | 2018 | Clinical Study | Human | – | 24 / 24 | Cliniporator | bleomycin · intravenous | complete response 2 count (24 patients) | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a well established treatment strategy for skin tumuors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of electrochemotherapy in the palliati… |
| ECT | Plaschke et al · Head Neck | 2018 | Clinical Study | Human | Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | 26 | Cliniporator | bleomycin · intravenous | overall survival 58% (26 patients) | Background: Electrochemotherapy is an established treatment for cutaneous tumors. This study aimed at determining efficacy of electrochemotherapy in recurrent head and neck cancer. Methods: … |
| ECT | Landström et al · Acta Otolaryngol | 2015 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | 19 | MedPulser | bleomycin · intratumoural | local control 100% (12 patients) | Conclusion: ECT can be a safe curative mono modality treatment, especially in tongue cancer. The future role for ECT in head and neck cancer needs to be further investigated. Introduction: E… |
| ECT | Landström et al · Acta Otolaryngol | 2014 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response | 5 / 5 | MedPulser | bleomycin · intratumoural | complete response 100% (5 patients) | Conclusion: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is an efficacious treatment. It should, however, be used with some caution in the treatment of head and neck cancer. Objectives: To assess local tumor c… |
| ECT | Rossi et al · European Journal of Surgical Oncology (EJSO) | 2013 | Clinical Study | Human | – | 17 / 27 | Cliniporator | bleomycin · both intravenous and intratumoural | objective response 100% (18 lesions) | This publication has no abstract. |
| ECT | Gargiulo et al · Ann Surg | 2012 | Clinical Study | Human | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | 52 | Cliniporator | bleomycin · intravenous | – | Objective: To evaluate and confirm the efficacy and safety of electrochemotherapy (ECT) using bleomicyn in a large series of non-melanoma head and neck cancers. Background: ECT combines chem… |
| ECT | Mevio et al · Tumori | 2012 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 15 / 33 | Cliniporator | bleomycin · intravenous | objective response 94% (31 lesions) | Aims and background: Electrochemotherapy is a tumor ablation modality providing delivery into the cell interior of impermeant or poorly permeant chemotherapeutic drugs such as cisplatin and … |
| ECT | Gargiulo et al · Annals of Surgery | 2010 | Clinical Study | Human | – | 15 / 15 | Cliniporator | bleomycin · intravenous | complete response 80% (15 patients) | This publication has no abstract. |
| Other EP | Landström et al · Acta Otolaryngol | 2010 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | 15 / 15 | MedPulser, Inovio 1 cm hexagonal array needle applicator | bleomycin · intratumoural | local control 100% (15 patients) | Conclusion: Electroporation therapy appears to be a safe treatment achieving excellent local tumor control and very good functional results in our study and it should be further clinically e… |
| ECT | Burian et al · Oral Oncology Supplement | 2007 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | 26 | – | bleomycin · intratumoural | complete response 22 count (26 patients) | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) consisting of intratumoral local injection of bleomycin and subsequent application of defined electrical pulsea has proven to be effective in the treatment of OSCC b… |
| Other EP | Tijink et al · Clin Otolaryngol | 2006 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | 7 / 17 | MedPulser | bleomycin · intratumoural | local control 82.4% (17 lesions) | Keypoints * Chemo-electroporation therapy with bleomycin is a locoregional treatment modality for head and neck and skin cancer, with the potential to preserve function. * In our institution… |
| Other EP | Hofmann et al · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng | 1999 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | T-820, MedPulser | bleomycin · intratumoural | – | Electroporation can deliver exogenous molecules like drugs and genes into cells by pulsed electric fields through a temporary increase in cell membrane permeability. This effect is being use… |
| ECT | Barca et al · Int J Environ Res Public Health | 2023 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | – | 25 | – | – | – | Advanced oral squamous cell carcinomas represent a major challenge for maxillofacial surgeons, oncologists and radiation therapists. They also account for a large share of healthcare costs. … |
| ECT | Bonadies et al · Acta Derm Venereol | 2019 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | – | 33 | Cliniporator | bleomycin · intravenous | complete response 82% (33 patients) | Skin malignancies of the head and neck inflict significant structural, functional, and cosmetic burdens upon those affected. We retrospectively addressed electrochemotherapy anti-tumour effi… |
| ECT | Campana et al · Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg | 2014 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | 25 | Cliniporator | bleomycin · intravenous | – | Electrochemotherapy increases the permeability of tumours to drugs by electric voltages applied locally. Its value in tumours of the head and neck is unknown. We retrospectively reviewed a 2… |
| ECT | Sampate et al · IJARS | 2025 | Case Series | Human | – | 9 | PERMEOS electro-chemotherapy device | bleomycin · intravenous | complete response 3 count (9 patients) | Introduction: Head and Neck Carcinomas (HNC) are a significant cancer burden in India and worldwide, often necessitating palliative care due to their locoregional relapse. Electrochemotherap… |
| ECT | McCaffer et al · J Laryngol Otol | 2021 | Case Series | Human | – | 5 | – | bleomycin · intratumoural | – | Objectives: Electrochemotherapy uses electric fields to facilitate the influx of chemotherapy into cancer cells, producing a targeted effect. For head and neck cancer, it is mainly used for … |
| ECT | Campana et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2014 | Case Series | Human | – | 3 | – | bleomycin | partial response 3 count (3 patients) | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) holds promise as a minimally invasive palliative tool for selected patients with peristomal tumors. We present the favorable short-term outcome of three patients (t… |
| ECT | Chiari et al · J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg | 2026 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Necrosis and Necroptosis | 1 / 1 | Cliniporator | bleomycin · intravenous | complete response 1 count (1 patients) | Background: Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (FDCS) is a rare neoplasm arising from follicular dendritic cells, with a predilection for extranodal sites. FDCS of the tonsil is exceptionally… |
| ECT | Barca et al · Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Cases | 2023 | Case Report | Human | – | 1 / 1 | Cliniporator | – | objective response 1 count (1 patients) | Treatment of advanced-stage head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is a challenge for maxillofacial surgeons, oncologists, and radiotherapists. These carcinomas respond with difficu… |
| ECT | Bonadies et al · Biomedicines | 2023 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | 1 | Cliniporator | bleomycin · intravenous | complete response 25% | Background: Brooke-Spiegler syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the continuous development of multiple benign skin appendage tumors. It is treated usually by repe… |
| IRE | Xu et al · QJM | 2022 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 1 / 2 | NanoKnife | – | complete response 2 count (2 lesions) | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel non-thermal ablation modality and has unique advantages for the treatment of tumors adjacent to vital structures. Our case highlights that IRE m… |
| ECT | Landström et al · Anticancer Res | 2021 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | 4 / 4 | Cliniporator, SENNEX | bleomycin · intratumoural | overall survival 3 count (4 patients) | Background/aim: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a cancer treatment modality where the efficacy of a chemotherapeutic agent is enhanced by an electrical field. It is an established palliative tr… |
| ECT | Pichi et al · JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | 2020 | Case Report | Human | – | 1 / 1 | Cliniporator | bleomycin · intravenous | partial response 1 count (1 lesions) | Response to Electrochemotherapy in a Patient With Advanced Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Figure 1. Axial T1 With Gadolinium Sequence Magnetic Resonance Imaging Showing an Infiltrativ… |
| ECT | Salehi et al · Vet Res Forum | 2018 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – | Onkodisruptor | bleomycin | – | A five-year-old female African hedgehog ( Atelerix albiventris ) was referred for a one month growing oral mass. The hedgehog was quiet, alert and responsive, with a 1.00 × 1.50 cm ulcerated… |
| ECT | Vitfell-Rasmussen et al · Acta Oncol | 2017 | Case Report | Human | – | 1 / 1 | Cliniporator | bleomycin · intravenous | – | Aggressive fibromatosis also known as desmoid tumors constitute 3% of soft tissue tumors and 0.03% of all cancers [1]. They most commonly occur in women after childbirth and the gender ratio… |
| ECT | Groselj et al · Biomed Eng Online | 2015 | Case Report | Human | Electrode Geometry and Placement, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | 1 / 2 | Cliniporator VITAE | bleomycin · intravenous | objective response 1 count (2 lesions) | Background: Electrochemotherapy provides highly effective local treatment for a variety of tumors. In deep-seated tumors of the head and neck, due to complex anatomy of the region or inabili… |
| ECT | Holdsworth et al · JPRAS Open | 2015 | Case Report | Human | – | 1 | – | bleomycin · intravenous | local recurrence 0% | A 65-year-old man presented with an uncontrolled Merkel cell carcinoma on his chest that originated from his forearm. He previously had an amputation at the shoulder joint, but his disease r… |
| IRE | Meijerink et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2015 | Case Report | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 1 / 1 | NanoKnife | – | – | A 74-year-old man presented with a small locoregional, histopathologically proven, fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography-avid recurrence of follicular thyroid c… |
| Other EP | Panje et al · Am J Rhinol | 2000 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 2 / 2 | Electrosquare porator, 820 RN, Electrosquare porator, 820 RN | bleomycin · intratumoural | complete response 1 count (2 patients) | The purpose of this article is to introduce the concept of endoscopic and electroporation therapy for the treatment of sinonasal carcinomas. Electroporation therapy is a technique that combi… |
| ECT | Chiari et al · Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol | 2025 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response | 120 | – | bleomycin · both intravenous and intratumoural | complete response 74% (77 patients) | Objective: The primary objective of this review is to assess the survival outcomes of patients affected by oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) treated with electroche… |
| Other EP | Jiménez-Labaig et al · Cancer Treat Rev | 2024 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Haemostasis and Bleeding Control | – | – | bleomycin | overall survival 61.4 months (948 patients) | Background: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) presents an ideal scenario for intratumoral therapies (IT), due to its local recurrence pattern and frequent superficial extension. … |
| ECT | Strojan et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2021 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 164 / 164 | – | bleomycin · intravenous | objective response 73.1% (106 patients) | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a local ablative treatment that is based on the reversible electroporation and intracellular accumulation of hydrophilic drug molecules, which greatly increases … |
| ECT | Lenzi et al · Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol | 2017 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Necrosis and Necroptosis | – | – | bleomycin | – | Electroporation, also known as electrochemotherapy, combines an antineoplastic agent with electroporation, causing localized progressive necrosis in the treated area. Today it is primarily u… |
| ECT | Plaschke et al · Acta Oncol | 2016 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | – | – | – | bleomycin · both intravenous and intratumoural | – | Background: Electrochemotherapy, the combination of electroporation and chemotherapy, is mainly used in the palliative setting for treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous metastases; however… |
| ECT | Mahendra Prabu · – | 2026 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – | – | bleomycin · both intravenous and intratumoural | objective response 94.2% | Background: Head and Neck Cancer (HNC) is still considered a major global health problem because it usually presents itself with a high incidence of recurrence and associated disabilities [1… |
| ECT | Cariti et al · Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital | 2024 | Review | Human | – | – | – | bleomycin · intravenous | – | Head and neck cancers are mostly represented by squamous cell carcinoma. Despite effective treatment of primary tumours, local recurrences and metastases are frequent, with up to a 60% risk … |
| ECT | Morozas et al · Front Oncol | 2024 | Review | Literature Analysis | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – | – | bleomycin | – | Head and neck cancer continues to be among the most prevalent types of cancer globally, yet it can be managed with appropriate treatment approaches. Presently, chemotherapy and radiotherapy … |
| ECT | Pisani et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2022 | Review | Literature Analysis | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | 6 | – | – | – | Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignancy that arises in the head-and-neck district. Traditional treatment could be insufficient in case of recurrent and/or metastatic cancers; f… |
| ECT | Enokida et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2021 | Review | Literature Analysis | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination | – | – | bleomycin · intravenous | complete response 46.6% (100 lesions) | Despite recent advances in the development of chemotherapeutic drug, treatment for advanced cancer of the head and neck cancer (HNC) is still challenging. Options are limited by multiple fac… |
| ECT | Longo et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2020 | Review | Human | – | – | – | bleomycin · intravenous | – | Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (SCCHN) are not rare malignancies and account for 7% of all solid tumors. Prognosis of SCCHN patients strongly depends on tumor extension, site of onse… |
| ECT | de Bree et al · Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | 2020 | Review | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – | – | bleomycin · intravenous | objective response 84.1% (1894 lesions) | Purpose of review: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is increasingly used in different settings in head and neck cancer patients when conventional treatment options are not available. Recent finding… |
| ECT | Gopal et al · Rese. Jour. of Pharm. and Technol. | 2019 | Review | Literature Analysis | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | – | – | bleomycin | – | Electrochemotherapy is a therapeutic modality that combines the effect of electroporation with chemotherapy. It is currently being used for the clinical management of cutaneous and subcutane… |
| ECT | De Virgilio et al · Oncol Lett | 2018 | Review | Literature Analysis | – | – | – | bleomycin · intravenous | objective response 85% | Patients affected by aggressive neoplasms with a high propensity to metastasize to the skin, including some types of head and neck cancer, may benefit from electrochemotherapy, a modality th… |
| ECT | Benazzo et al · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Electrode Geometry and Placement, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – | – | bleomycin · intravenous | objective response 97% | In the head and neck area, electrochemotherapy (ECT) is currently implemented for the treatment of recurrent and/or metastatic cutaneous, subcutaneous, mucosal, or deep-seated tumors of any … |
| ECT | Ribero et al · Radiol Oncol | 2016 | Review | Literature Analysis | – | 1 / 16 | – | bleomycin · intravenous | bleeding control 16 days (16 lesions) | Background: Metastatic extraorbital sebaceous carcinoma is a rare event that could involve the head and neck. The treatment of choice for the initial stage of the disease is surgery and/or r… |
| ECT | Landström FJ · – | 2015 | Review | Literature Analysis | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Antivascular Effect and Vessel Disruption | 26 | – | bleomycin · intratumoural | – | Fredrik Landström (2015): Curative Electrochemotherapy in the Head and Neck Area. Örebro Studies in Medicine 117. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a local cancer treatment modality in which the … |
| ECT | Soni · Ecancermedicalscience | 2015 | Review | Literature Analysis | – | 1 / 1 | – | other | – | Hidradenocarcinoma is a rare malignant adnexal tumour which arises from the intradermal duct of eccrine sweat glands. The head and neck are the most common sites of hidradenocarcinoma, but r… |
| ECT | De Virgilio et al · Tumori | 2013 | Review | Human | – | 7 | – | bleomycin | complete response 100% (4 patients) | We would like to take the opportunity to comment on the paper by Mevio et al.1 in the May-June 2012 issue of Tumori titled “Electrochemotherapy for the treatment of recurrent head and neck c… |
| Other EP | Quaglino et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2011 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | – | – | plasmid DNA · intratumoural | tumour volume change 72% (7 animals) | DNA vaccination exploits a relatively simple and flexible technique to generate an immune response against microbial and tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). Its effectiveness is enhanced by th… |
| IRE | Tao et al · Acta Otolaryngol | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | IRE ablation system, NanoKnife | – | – | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE)/nanoknife is a nonthermal technique for ablating solid tumors. Objectives: To investigate the application of IRE for ablating tonsil tissues in… |
| ECT | Zakelj et al · Oncol Rep | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – | ELECTRO Cell B10 | cisplatin · intravenous | – | Electrochemotherapy is an established local ablative method used for the treatment of different tumor types, including tumors of the head and neck area. Clinical studies have demonstrated a … |
| IRE | Lv et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | BTX ECM830 | – | – | Background: Nonthermal irreversible electroporation is a minimally invasive surgery technology that employs high and brief electric fields to ablate undesirable tissues. Nonthermal irreversi… |
| IRE | Tian · Molecules | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | BTX ECM830 | – | – | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) kills tumor cells by the delivery of short pulses of strong electric fields. However, the field strength decreases with distance from the treatment center.… |
| ECT | Prevc et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – | GT-01, ELECTRO Cell B10 | cisplatin · intravenous | complete response 85% | Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an important etiological factor in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Standard treatment of HPV-positive tumors with platinum-based radio(chemo)ther… |
| ECT | Fujimoto et al · J Int Med Res | 2005 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | – | CUY-21, CUY-21 electroporator | cisplatin · intravenous | overall survival 70% (10 animals) | The aim of this study was to determine the effects of low-voltage electrochemotherapy with intraperitoneal cisplatin on hamster oral fibrosarcoma. Oral fibrosarcoma was transplanted submucos… |
| ECT | Omura et al · International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery | 2000 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Necrosis and Necroptosis | – | BTX T820FE generator | bleomycin · intratumoural | complete response 3 count (6 animals) | This study evaluated the effects of electrochemotherapy (ECT) with intratumoral injection of bleomycin (BLM) on the chemically induced tongue cancer model in the hamster. Intratumoral inject… |
| ECT | Hasegawa et al · Jpn. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. | 1999 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – | – | – | – | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) or electrical impulse chemotherapy, proposed by Okino and Mohri and Mir et al., is a new technique that enhances the antitumor effect of various anticancer agents b… |
| ECT | Omura et al · J Oral Maxillofac Surg | 1999 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – | BTX T820FE generator | bleomycin · intravenous | objective response 5 count (5 patients) | Purpose: This study investigated the in vivo antitumor effects of electrochemotherapy (ECT) using electroporation and bleomycin in a hamster tongue cancer model to assess its clinical applic… |
| ECT | Hasegawa et al · J Oral Pathol Med | 1998 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – | Electro Square Porator T820 | bleomycin · intravenous | complete response 5 count (6 animals) | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a new technique that enhances the antitumor effect of various anticancer agents by delivering high-voltage electrical impulses to the tumor. A rat squamous cell … |
| ECT | Condello et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2021 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Apoptosis Induction, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | – | Onkodisruptor | other · intratumoural | – | We investigated the chemosensitizing effect of electroporation (EP), which, using electrical pulses, permeabilizes cancer cells to drugs. The study involved two human hypopharyngeal and tong… |
| IRE | Faiella et al · Diagn Interv Radiol | 2026 | Not reported | – | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | NanoKnife | – | – | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal ablative technique that preserves vessels and nerves, making it suitable for tumors in anatomically complex regions. We report the technic… |
| Gene ET | Groselj · Radiol Oncol | 2022 | Protocol | Human | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | 9 | – | plasmid DNA · intratumoural | – | Background: Immune therapies are currently under intensive investigation providing in many cases excellent responses in different tumors. Other possible approach for immunotherapy is a targe… |
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Limitations
Publication volume is not clinical efficacy or evidence quality. It describes how much literature exists in the area and of what kind; it does not indicate how strongly the treatment is supported, guideline endorsement or regulatory status.
Patient totals are not a count of unique patients. The same cohort may have been reported in more than one publication; the totals are not a meta-analysis.
How the corpus was assembled, the tier thresholds, the definition of a clinical publication and why methods are counted separately: Literature Map.