Group: Special Indications
Veterinary Oncology
Electrochemotherapy has long been studied clinically in veterinary oncology, on spontaneously arising tumours in client-owned animals. These records are not evidence for human indications; they do, however, form a translational bridge, since they generate dose, electrode and response data in large animals bearing spontaneous tumours.
158publication records157 unique studies once versions are merged
27clinical publication records
107preclinical publication records
19reviews
1997–2026publication span
Clinical publications: randomized, prospective and retrospective studies, case series and case reports. Preclinical publications: animal, in vitro, modelling and experimental biophysics studies.
Clinical and Technical Data Reported in the Publications
The sum of the fields reported in the full text of 157 of the 158 publications in this area. The numbers are summed, not interpreted.
Sum of the patient counts reported across publications172 (reported in 5 publications)
Total lesions reported1,213 (in 70 publications)
Devices used (112 publications naming a device)Onkodisruptor (20) · Cliniporator (19) · BTX ECM830 (13) · Chemopulse (7) · LC BK-100 (4) · Chemipulse III (4)
Agent delivered and route (145 publications reporting an agent)bleomycin · intravenous (66) · cisplatin · intratumoural (22) · bleomycin · intratumoural (16) · bleomycin · both intravenous and intratumoural (9) · plasmid DNA · intratumoural (9) · bleomycin (7)
Approach (123 publications report it)transcutaneous surface (47) · percutaneous (45) · open surgical (21) · intraoperative (7) · endoscopic (2)
Image guidance (81 publications report it)direct vision (59) · ultrasound (14) · computed tomography (8) · magnetic resonance imaging (3) · endoscopy (2)
Response criteria (7 publications report it)histological (3) · RECIST (2) · clinical examination (1) · other (1)
Combination therapy (97 publications report it)systemic chemotherapy (49) · other combination (29) · surgery (28) · other immunotherapy (21) · targeted therapy (3)
Publications reporting retreatment95 of 126 publications (31 do not report it)
Field strength200–15000 V/cm (97 records, median 1200)
Applied voltage110–2250 V (19 records, median 910)
Number of pulses2–800 (109 records, median 8)
Pulse duration0.015–100000 µs (115 records, median 100)
The totals are not a count of unique patients: the same cohort may have been reported in more than one publication.
Literature Status by Method
Publication count, clinical and preclinical split, literature volume and publication span for each clinical method. The badge at the top of the page summarises the ECT record only; the full split by method is here.
Electrochemotherapy (ECT)
122publication records
26clinical publication records
80preclinical publication records
Exploratory / low-volume literaturethreshold 2/122 records
Clinical and preclinical split of that figure: 0 clinical, 1 preclinical.
1997–2026
Irreversible electroporation (IRE)
4publication records
0clinical publication records
4preclinical publication records
Exploratory / low-volume literaturethreshold 0/4 records
No record for this method feeds the volume label.
2015–2024
Calcium electroporation
4publication records
0clinical publication records
4preclinical publication records
Exploratory / low-volume literaturethreshold 0/4 records
No record for this method feeds the volume label.
2019–2026
Gene electrotransfer
18publication records
1clinical publication records
14preclinical publication records
Exploratory / low-volume literaturethreshold 3/18 records
Clinical and preclinical split of that figure: 0 clinical, 2 preclinical.
2011–2026
Other electroporation applications
7publication records
0clinical publication records
3preclinical publication records
This set does not name a single clinical method; no literature volume is assigned.
2009–2024
Records with no determined method
3publication records
0clinical publication records
2preclinical publication records
This set does not name a single clinical method; no literature volume is assigned.
2013–2025
Mechanisms Mentioned in Abstracts
The figure is the number of abstracts mentioning the mechanism. A mention does not mean it was demonstrated in that study.
Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation 71
Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation 37
Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement 23
Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) 22
Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation 18
Electrode Geometry and Placement 16
Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation 16
Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response 14
Necrosis and Necroptosis 13
Optimisation of Pulse Parameters 12
Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability 8
Apoptosis Induction 8
Study Type Distribution
The percentage gives the share of the whole area.
| Study type | Publications | Share within this area |
|---|---|---|
| Case Report | 27 | 17% |
| Guideline / Consensus | 1 | <1% |
| Review | 19 | 12% |
| Animal Study | 105 | 66% |
| In Silico / Modelling | 2 | 1% |
| Editorial / Letter | 2 | 1% |
| Correction / Erratum | 2 | 1% |
Publication Table
158 publication records sorted by study design. Click a title to open the citation, mechanism and full abstract drawer.
Classifications are generated automatically and can be wrong for individual records. Methodology
| Regime | Publication | Year | Study type | Model | Mechanism | Patients / lesions | Device | Agent and route | Reported outcome | Abstract |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ECT | Maggi et al · Front Vet Sci | 2026 | Case Report | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electrode Geometry and Placement | – / 2 | Cliniporator VITAE | bleomycin · intravenous | tumour volume change 81% (1 lesions) | Electrochemotherapy is a local anticancer treatment used for selected cutaneous tumors, but its application in veterinary medicine for nasal neoplasms is only rarely reported. Two dogs with … |
| ECT | Peña et al · Vet Ophthalmol | 2026 | Case Report | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – / 2 | Cavity electrode (Leroy Biotech) | bleomycin · both intravenous and intratumoural | complete response 100% (2 patients) | Background: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the most common malignant eyelid tumors in cats, especially in white-haired individuals chronically exposed to sunlight. Electrochemothera… |
| Gene ET | Lampreht Tratar et al · Front Vet Sci | 2026 | Case Report | Animal (In Vivo) | Electrode Geometry and Placement, Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation | – / 1 | Cliniporator | cisplatin · intratumoural | complete response 180 days (1 lesions) | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) combined with gene electrotransfer of interleukin-12 (IL-12 GET) has shown promising results in the treatment of canine mast cell tumors (MCTs). However, when tumor… |
| ECT | Akiyoshi et al · Front Vet Sci | 2026 | Case Report | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | – / 1 | ELECTROVET EZ | bleomycin · intravenous | overall survival 120 days (1 patients) | A 14-year-old spayed female Persian cat with lingual feline oral squamous cell carcinoma (FOSCC) was treated with bleomycin-based electrochemotherapy (ECT), resulting in sustained preservati… |
| ECT | Ruanova et al · Open Vet J | 2025 | Case Report | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – | Onkodisruptor | bleomycin · intravenous | complete response 4 count (4 patients) | Background: Cutaneous mast cell tumor (MCT) is one of the most common skin neoplasms in cats and typically exhibits clinically benign behavior. Multiple MCTs, recurrent tumors, or infiltrate… |
| ECT | Andrade et al · Braz J Vet Med | 2024 | Case Report | Animal (In Vivo) | Necrosis and Necroptosis | – / 1 | ePORE | bleomycin · intravenous | – | An 8-year-old male rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) presented with a subcutaneous mass in the proximal region of the fourth and accessory digit measuring 5.5 x 3.5 x 5.2cm. The mass was non-… |
| ECT | Larsen et al · Vet Ophthalmol | 2024 | Case Report | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electrode Geometry and Placement | – / 2 | CLINIVET VEP02 | bleomycin · intratumoural | complete response 100% (2 lesions) | Objective: To describe the procedure and outcome of electrochemotherapy (ECT) with bleomycin as a first-line treatment for bilateral ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) in the eye of a … |
| ECT | Pimentel et al · Top Companion Anim Med | 2024 | Case Report | Animal (In Vivo) | – | – | VetCP125 | bleomycin · intravenous | overall survival 707 days | Apocrine sweat gland adenocarcinoma (ASGAC) is a rare skin carcinoma in cats. In some cases, this tumor occurs in anatomical sites of challenging wide surgical resection, which increases the… |
| ECT | Salmoral et al · JFMS Open Rep | 2024 | Case Report | Animal (In Vivo) | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion | – | Onkodisruptor | bleomycin · intravenous | complete response 3 count (3 patients) | Case series summary: Malignant basal cell tumours may be seen on or near the nasal planum in cats, and include basal cell carcinomas, which are common, and basosquamous carcinomas, which are… |
| ECT | Sena et al · Front Vet Sci | 2024 | Case Report | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – / 5 | VETCP 125, ePORE | bleomycin · intravenous | complete response 1 count (1 patients) | Feline histiocytic diseases are uncommon and rarely reported. Feline progressive histiocytosis (FPH) is the most common histiocytic disease in cats, predominantly affecting middle-aged anima… |
| ECT | Dos Santos da Luz et al · Vet Res Forum | 2023 | Case Report | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – / 1 | VetCP 125 | bleomycin · intravenous | – | Melanocytoma and malignant melanoma are the most typical eye tumors in dogs and cats. Due to the presence of melanin, the general appearance is often highly pigmented in a nodular formation … |
| ECT | Little et al · JFMS Open Rep | 2022 | Case Report | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – / 1 | Onkodisruptor | bleomycin · intravenous | – | Case summary: A 4-year-old domestic shorthair cat presented to North Downs Specialist Referrals for treatment of a 7 mm melanoma of the nasal planum. Two treatments of electrochemotherapy us… |
| ECT | Dos Anjos et al · Vet Res Forum | 2020 | Case Report | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | – | Onkodisruptor | bleomycin · intravenous | – | Electroporation is a technique that increases the uptake of chemotherapeutic drugs by tumors. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) has been successfully used to treat solid tumors. Recently, novel appl… |
| ECT | Martins Taques et al · Artif Organs | 2020 | Case Report | Animal (In Vivo) | Electrode Geometry and Placement, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | – / 1 | VetCp 125 | bleomycin · intravenous | – | Osteosarcoma is a bone cancer considered rare to humans, but common in dogs. Dogs and humans share genetic homology and environmental risk factors. Improving the treatment of osteosarcoma in… |
| ECT | Santos dos Anjos et al · Top Companion Anim Med | 2020 | Case Report | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | – | – | – · both intravenous and intratumoural | – | Plasma cell tumors can occur as solitary collections referred as extramedullary plasmocytoma (EMP). The present report describes four cases of EMP treated with a local nonthermal ablative ap… |
| ECT | Tunikowska et al · Animals (Basel) | 2020 | Case Report | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Necrosis and Necroptosis | – | PPG-20 generator | bleomycin · intratumoural | complete response 1 count (1 animals) | Background: The aim of this study was to present the first domestic animal trial of nanosecond electroporation with chemotherapy and CO 2 laser surgery. Methods: sixteen-year-old domestic ca… |
| ECT | Racnik et al · Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine | 2019 | Case Report | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | – / 1 | Cliniporator | bleomycin · intratumoural | complete response 100% (1 lesions) | A 12-year-old female cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) was presented with a squamous cell carcinoma involving the uropygial gland. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) as a minimally invasive treatment… |
| ECT | Torrigiani et al · Vet Comp Oncol | 2019 | Case Report | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – / 54 | Cytopulse PA4000, Cytopulse Oncovet | bleomycin · intravenous | overall survival 75% (4 lesions) | Canine soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are locally invasive mesenchymal neoplasms. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is an antitumour local ablative treatment that uses electric pulses to enhance the in… |
| ECT | Spugnini et al · Open Vet J | 2017 | Case Report | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electrode Geometry and Placement | – / 1 | Onkodisruptor | bleomycin · intravenous | tumour volume change 50% (1 patients) | A twelve-year-old male castrated domestic shorthair cat was presented for rapidly progressing respiratory distress. The cat was depressed, tachypneic and moderately responsive. Ultrasonograp… |
| ECT | Spugnini et al · Open Vet J | 2016 | Case Report | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | – / 1 | Onkodisruptor | cisplatin · intratumoural | disease-free survival 12 months (1 patients) | An eleven-year-old stallion was referred for adjuvant treatment of an incompletely excised, recurring penile fibrosarcoma. The horse was bright, alert and responsive with a 15 x 12 cm ulcera… |
| ECT | Spugnini et al · Can Vet J | 2013 | Case Report | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – / 1 | Chemipulse III | other · both intravenous and intratumoural | complete response 1 months (1 patients) | This paper reports the clinical findings, histopathology, and clinical outcome of a rare case of aponeurotic fibromatosis in a dog. The dog was treated with 4 courses of electrochemotherapy … |
| ECT | Spugnini et al · J Small Anim Pract | 2010 | Case Report | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | – | Chemopulse electroporator, Chemopulse | cisplatin · intratumoural | complete response 100% (1 animals) | A 13-year-old male neutered cat was presented for the sudden growth of two nodular lesions close to the upper eyelid of both eyes. Fine-needle aspiration cytology was suggestive of mesenchym… |
| ECT | Spugnini et al · In Vivo | 2008 | Case Report | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | – / 1 | – | cisplatin · intratumoural | complete response 18 months (1 patients) | Canine anal sac gland carcinoma (ASGC) is a frequently described neoplasm that is highly aggressive and can frequently lead to metastatic spread. In this paper, we describe the successful tr… |
| ECT | Spugnini et al · In Vivo | 2008 | Case Report | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | – | – | cisplatin | – | Electrochemotherapy is gaining popularity for the treatment of malignancies of companion animals due to its efficacy and low cost. In this paper, we describe the successful treatment of a re… |
| ECT | Spugnini et al · Vet J | 2008 | Case Report | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | – / 1 | modified calliper electrodes | bleomycin · intratumoural | complete response 1 count (1 patients) | An 8-year-old male castrated cat was referred for sudden onset of lameness. Physical examination revealed a 1x2x1cm mass originating from a footpad of the right hind leg. A diagnosis of gang… |
| ECT | Spugnini et al · Vet Rec | 2008 | Case Report | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – / 1 | – | bleomycin · intratumoural | complete response 1 days (1 lesions) | Short Communications Surgery and electrochemotherapy of a high-grade soft tissue sarcoma in a dog E. P. Spugnini, B. Vincenzi, G. Betti, F. Cordahi, I. Dotsinsky, N. Mudrov, G. Citro, A. Bal… |
| ECT | Spugnini et al · In Vivo | 2007 | Case Report | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response | – / 1 | – | cisplatin · intratumoural | tumour volume change 50% (1 lesions) | Canine anal melanoma is an aggressive neoplasm that rapidly leads to constipation in dogs, thus mimicking the behavior of their human counterpart. In this paper, the successful local palliat… |
| ECT | Tellado et al · Front Vet Sci | 2022 | Guideline / Consensus | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | – | – | bleomycin · intravenous | – | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) consists in the application of electric pulses to increase chemotherapeutic drug intake (bleomycin, cisplatin, or calcium) into the tumor cells. It has become a ver… |
| ECT | Ertürk ve Özsoy · – | 2026 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | – | – | – | bleomycin · intratumoural | complete response 100% (1 patients) | ( ) * Corresponding author: Esma Hande Ertürk Phone: +90 535 015 23 61 E-mail: esmahande.sevis@ogr.iuc.edu.tr How to cite this article? Ertürk EH, Özsoy S: Electrochemotherapy as an Emerging… |
| ECT | Ramos et al · Vet Comp Oncol | 2024 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | – | – | – | – · both intravenous and intratumoural | – | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a treatment modality that combines the electroporation of cell membranes with chemotherapy to facilitate the transport of non-permeant molecules into cells. Seve… |
| Other EP | Spugnini et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2024 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | – | – | – | Electroporation (EP) is a broadly accepted procedure that, through the application of electric pulses with appropriate amplitudes and waveforms, promotes the delivery of anticancer molecules… |
| Other EP | Pazzi et al · Vet Sci | 2022 | Review | Literature Analysis | – | – | – | bleomycin · intravenous | overall survival 225 days (67 patients) | Critical appraisal of the available literature for the treatment of canine oral malignant melanoma (OMM) is lacking. This critical review aimed to evaluate the current literature and provide… |
| Gene ET | Maglietti et al · Vaccines (Basel) | 2020 | Review | Literature Analysis | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | bleomycin | – | Electroporation is a technology that increases cell membrane permeability by the application of electric pulses. Electrochemotherapy (ECT), the best-known application of electroporation, is … |
| Other EP | Nemec et al · Front Vet Sci | 2020 | Review | Literature Analysis | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | – | – | bleomycin · intravenous | – | Electroporation is a method of inducing an increase in permeability of the cell membrane through the application of an electric field and can be used as a delivery method for introducing mol… |
| ECT | Rangel et al · Austral j. vet. sci. | 2019 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | – | – | bleomycin | – | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a technique that combines chemotherapy with local application of specific electric pulses with the aim of increasing the permeability of the plasma membrane in a… |
| ECT | Tunikowska J, Kulbacka J, Michel O, Kiełbowicz Z · Weterynaria w Praktyce | 2018 | Review | belirsiz | Antivascular Effect and Vessel Disruption | – | – | bleomycin · both intravenous and intratumoural | – | The modern treatment of veterinary oncologic patients often relies on polytherapy which combines standard surgical excision with additional treatment modality. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is t… |
| Undetermined | Cramp P · – | 2017 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | – | – | – | cisplatin | – | Melanomas are a well-known problem of the grey horse population, with grey horses having an 80% probability of developing melanomas in their life [1]. There seems to be no sex predilection, … |
| ECT | Goanta et al · AGROLIFE | 2017 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – | – | bleomycin · both intravenous and intratumoural | – | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a recent anticancer treatment used for solid tumours in which square wave electric pulses are combined with a chemotherapeutic drug administered either intraveno… |
| Gene ET | Pavlin et al · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation | – | – | bleomycin · intratumoural | complete response 100% | Veterinary medicine has become an important translational bridge from in vitro and preclinical studies to human medicine, offering invaluable model for research in naturally occurring diseas… |
| ECT | Tozon et al · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – | – | bleomycin · intravenous | objective response 79% | In veterinary oncology, the clinical studies on electrochemotherapy are not numerous. Electrochemotherapy in veterinary oncology is used with two chemotherapeutic drugs, cisplatin and bleomy… |
| Other EP | Impellizeri et al · Vet J | 2016 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | – | – | – | bleomycin · intravenous | – | Cancer treatments in veterinary medicine continue to evolve beyond the established standard therapies of surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. New technologies in cancer therapy inclu… |
| ECT | Spugnini et al · J Cell Physiol | 2016 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | – | – | – | – | – | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a medical strategy that allows an increased efficacy of chemotherapy agents after the application of permeabilizing electric pulses having appropriate characteri… |
| ECT | Spugnini et al · Curr Cancer Drug Targets | 2015 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | – | – | – | bleomycin · intratumoural | – | Tumor microenvironment is one of the major obstacles to the efficacy of chemotherapy in cancer patients. The abnormal blood flow within the tumor results in uneven drug distribution. Electro… |
| Gene ET | Pavlin · J Transl Med | 2012 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | – | – | plasmid DNA · intratumoural | – | The use of large animals as an experimental model for novel treatment techniques has many advantages over the use of laboratory animals, so veterinary medicine is becoming an increasingly im… |
| ECT | Spugnini et al · Future Oncol | 2012 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | – | – | – | bleomycin · both intravenous and intratumoural | – | Electrochemotherapy is a tumor treatment that adapts the systemic or local delivery of anticancer drugs by the application of permeabilizing electric pulses with appropriate amplitude and wa… |
| ECT | Spugnini et al · J Exp Clin Cancer Res | 2009 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | – | – | – | bleomycin | – | The treatment of soft tissue tumors needs the coordinated adoption of surgery with radiation therapy and eventually, chemotherapy. The radiation therapy (delivered with a linear accelerator)… |
| ECT | Cemazar et al · J Vet Intern Med | 2008 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – | – | other · both intravenous and intratumoural | – | Electropermeabilization is a method that uses electric field pulses to induce an electrically mediated reorganization of the plasma membrane of cells. Electrochemotherapy combines local or s… |
| ECT | Tozon Mask et al · BMC Vet Res | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | – / 138 | Cliniporator | bleomycin · intravenous | complete response 74% (110 lesions) | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a local ablative treatment and in veterinary oncology, evidence supporting ECT efficacy is mainly derived from case reports and small case series, underscoring t… |
| ECT | Franchini et al · – | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Preservation of Extracellular Matrix and Tissue Scaffold | – | Onkodisruptor | bleomycin · intravenous | overall survival 1012 days (39 patients) | Tumors are complex microenvironments in which uncontrolled cell proliferation alters biochemical pathways as well as the physical and electrical properties of tissues. Electrochemotherapy (E… |
| ECT | Franchini et al · Sci Rep | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Preservation of Extracellular Matrix and Tissue Scaffold | – / 39 | Onkodisruptor | bleomycin · intravenous | overall survival 1012 days (39 patients) | Tumors are complex microenvironments in which uncontrolled cell proliferation alters biochemical pathways as well as the physical and electrical properties of tissues. Electrochemotherapy (E… |
| ECT | Franchini et al · Vet Comp Oncol | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Necrosis and Necroptosis | – | Onkodisruptor | bleomycin · intravenous | overall survival 640 days (18 patients) | Electrochemotherapy is increasingly used as a locoregional treatment for feline squamous cell carcinoma, but its role in advanced nasal planum disease remains poorly defined. This retrospect… |
| ECT | Frigerio et al · Case Rep Vet Med | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | – / 1 | ePORE | bleomycin · intravenous | local recurrence 0 count (1 patients) | Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant epithelial neoplasm commonly affecting the skin and oral cavity of dogs, whereas laryngeal involvement is considered rare. Neoplasms arising in t… |
| ECT | Holanda et al · Vet J | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Necrosis and Necroptosis | 35 | – | – | – | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) has emerged as a valuable therapeutic option for feline cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, the influence of clinicopathological variables on treatmen… |
| Calcium EP | Holst et al · J Am Vet Med Assoc | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | – / 4 | Cliniporator, linear array probe N-20-4B | calcium chloride · intratumoural | – | Objective: To evaluate the clinical outcome of calcium electroporation in treating canine superficial solid tumors using 1 or 2 treatment sessions and to assess the associated adverse events… |
| ECT | D LESCAI, B BAROIU, A COTIȚOSU, A CRISTEA · Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Veterinary Medicine | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – / 1 | Leroy Biotech veterinary electroporation device | bleomycin · both intravenous and intratumoural | complete response 1 count (1 lesions) | Mast cell tumors (MCT) in anatomically complex periocular regions of cats often preclude curative surgery. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) offers local control while preserving function. A 17-year… |
| Gene ET | Lisjak et al · Vet Sci | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | – | – | bleomycin · intravenous | complete response 16 count (24 patients) | Cancer is a major health concern, with its incidence rate continuing to increase. There is growing interest in the microbiota and its role in carcinogenesis, as it significantly influences p… |
| ECT | Martins et al · Braz J Vet Med | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – / 1 | Onkodisruptor | bleomycin · intravenous | complete response 1 count (1 patients) | Multilobular Bone Tumor (MBT) is a rare, slow-growing, and locally invasive neoplasm in middle-aged to older dogs, occurring predominantly in flat bones of the skull, pelvis, or ribs. This w… |
| ECT | Milevoj et al · Vet Q | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | – | Cliniporator | bleomycin · intravenous | complete response 6 count (14 lesions) | Bleomycin (BLM) is a cytotoxic antibiotic used in veterinary oncology, primarily in electrochemotherapy (ECT), a local ablative therapy where electric pulses increase drug uptake in tumours.… |
| ECT | Ojeda et al · J Vet Intern Med | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | – | Cellporator VetCP 125 | bleomycin · intravenous | – | Background Mast cell tumors (MCTs) in dogs pose therapeutic challenges that vary with histopathological grade. Hypothesis/objectives Electrochemotherapy (ECT) alone would result in a clinica… |
| ECT | Regadas et al · Top Companion Anim Med | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – | BK100 | bleomycin · intravenous | – | In cats, the high incidence of malignant mammary neoplasms with elevated rates of metastasis and recurrence underscores the need for more effective therapies to prevent disease progression. … |
| ECT | Silva et al · Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – | ELECTROvet EZ® | bleomycin · intravenous | local recurrence 35% (20 patients) | Feline application sarcoma (FAS) is a mesenchymal malignancy associated with chronic inflammation caused by subcutaneous or intramuscular applications. Surgical resection is the most recomme… |
| ECT | Sofia et al · Vet Comp Oncol | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | – | Onkodisruptor | bleomycin · intravenous | local recurrence 68.2% (22 patients) | The predominant challenge in canine soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) is achieving local tumour control, for which surgical excision remains the standard treatment. When complete margins are not a… |
| ECT | Spadari et al · Vet Sci | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | – / 23 | ELECTRO vet S13, CLINIVET | cisplatin · intratumoural | local control 69.6% (23 lesions) | Despite the wide range of therapeutic options currently available for equine sarcoids, recurrence of these lesions remains a major clinical challenge. Consequently, the identification of eff… |
| ECT | Ciccarelli et al · Sci Rep | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Necrosis and Necroptosis | 21 | Onkodisruptor | bleomycin · intravenous | – | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) presents an effective alternative for local tumor management, particularly valuable when surgery is not feasible. The side effects are generally mild, including loc… |
| ECT | Amato et al · Open Vet J | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response | – | Onkodisruptor | bleomycin · intravenous | overall survival 70 days (9 patients) | Background: Canine prostatic carcinoma (PC) is an uncommon neoplasia characterized by aggressive biological behavior. Treatment options include surgery (partial or total prostatectomy), radi… |
| Gene ET | Camerino et al · Vet Q | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | – | Cliniporator | plasmid DNA · intratumoural | overall survival 37.7 months (80 patients) | Canine oral malignant melanoma (OMM) is an aggressive, spontaneously occurring tumor carrying a poor to guarded prognosis and relatively limited therapeutic strategies. In this landscape, ch… |
| ECT | Costa et al · Cad. Pedagógico | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response | – / 2 | – | bleomycin · intravenous | – | Canine cutaneous mast cell tumors represent a significant clinical challenge due to the wide variability in biological behavior and the risk of recurrence or metastasis, requiring individual… |
| ECT | Foo et al · J Feline Med Surg | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – | Electrovet S13 | bleomycin · intravenous | complete response 15 count (23 patients) | ObjectivesFeline cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a malignant tumour arising from squamous epithelium and accounts for 15% of all skin tumours, commonly involving the nasal planum… |
| ECT | Machado et al · Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response | – / 1 | – | bleomycin · intravenous | complete response 3 count (4 patients) | Squamous cell carcinoma is a common neoplasm in felines that mainly affects the face, an area that is difficult to treat. Due to its high frequency, it is a challenge in the Oncology Clinic.… |
| ECT | Peña et al · Vet Record Case Reports | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – / 1 | Electrovet EZ V3.0 | bleomycin · intravenous | complete response 1 count (1 patients) | In recent years, electrochemotherapy has gained relevance in veterinary oncology for the treatment of locally invasive superficial tumours in dogs, such as mast cell tumours, perianal neopla… |
| Undetermined | Rodrigues Soares et al · RVZ | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | – / 1 | VetCP | bleomycin · intravenous | – | O neurofibrossarcoma é descrito como um sarcoma de tecidos moles, caracterizado por um tumor maligno originado das bainhas de nervos periféricos. Atendeu-se no Hospital Veterinário da Univer… |
| Gene ET | Vilfan et al · Animals (Basel) | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Necrosis and Necroptosis, Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation | 48 / 86 | Cliniporator | cisplatin | – | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) in combination with the gene electrotransfer of interleukin 12 (IL-12 GET) has been successfully used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of mast cell tumours … |
| ECT | Diop et al · Vet Comp Oncol | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – | ELECTROvetEZ | other · both intravenous and intratumoural | overall survival 669 days (44 patients) | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) with intravenous (IV) and/or intratumoral (IT) bleomycin has shown considerable efficacy in the treatment of non-resectable feline cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma… |
| ECT | Ferrer-Jorda et al · J Feline Med Surg | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | – | Onkodisruptor | bleomycin · intravenous | complete response 19 count (21 patients) | Objectives: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common tumour in the nasal planum of cats. Surgery has traditionally been the treatment of choice but might not be feasible in locally a… |
| ECT | dos Santos et al · Front Vet Sci | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response | – / 30 | VETCP 125 | bleomycin · intravenous | – | Introduction: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant neoplasm that accounts for approximately 15-25% and 70-80% of all feline cutaneous and oral tumors, respectively. Similar to that i… |
| IRE | Hay · Biomedicines | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – / 7 | custom built H-FIRE generator, AngioDynamics bipolar electrodes | – | progression-free survival 100% (5 patients) | In this study, the feasibility of treating canine primary lung tumors with high-frequency irreversible electroporation (H-FIRE) was investigated as a novel lung cancer treatment option. H-FI… |
| IRE | Fesmire · Front Vet Sci | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – / 45 | – | – | complete response 8 count (10 lesions) | Introduction: Integrated time nanosecond pulse irreversible electroporation (INSPIRE) is a novel tumor ablation modality that employs high voltage, alternating polarity waveforms to induce c… |
| ECT | Rangel et al · – | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – / 21 | VETCP 125 | bleomycin · intravenous | objective response 86% (21 patients) | Local treatment of canine urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the bladder is a challenge. More than 90% of cases arise as muscle-invasive tumors, with more than 50% developing on bladder sites with… |
| ECT | Freitas et al · RSD | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | – / 1 | – | other · intravenous | local recurrence 0 count (1 patients) | Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant epithelial neoplasm derived from keratinocytes, commonly preceded by actinic (solar) keratosis, with unclear etiology but associated with host an… |
| ECT | Gokulakrishnan et al · IJAR | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | – / 12 | ELECTRO vet S13 | other · intratumoural | complete response 6 count (6 patients) | Background: Mammary neoplasms are the most common tumours in the bitch. Even though surgery remained the treatment of choice for mammary gland tumours except those with inflammatory carcinom… |
| Gene ET | Lampreht Tratar et al · Int Immunopharmacol | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | – | – | cisplatin · intratumoural | objective response 67% (27 lesions) | The combined treatment of electrochemotherapy (ECT) and interleukin-12 (IL-12) gene electrotransfer (GET) has already been used in clinical studies in dogs to treat various histological type… |
| ECT | Ribeiro et al · Pesq. Vet. Bras. | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Apoptosis Induction | – / 18 | LC BK100, LC BK100 electroporator | bleomycin · intravenous | complete response 8 count (13 patients) | : Determining cell proliferation rates and tumor apoptosis through immunohistochemistry allows the evaluation of the biological behavior of the tumor, optimizing the patient’s clinical cours… |
| ECT | de Castro Cunha et al · Vet Comp Oncol | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | – | VetCP 125 | bleomycin · intravenous | objective response 90.9% (33 patients) | Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is an important malignancy in dogs, due to its incidence and clinical presentation, which can be of locally aggressive single or multiple lesions with a metasta… |
| ECT | Doneley et al · Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine | 2022 | Animal Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – / 1 | ElectroVET EZ | cisplatin · intratumoural | complete response 1 count (1 lesions) | Background: Bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) are one of the most popular reptile pets globally. As their longevity increases with better care and nutrition, conditions common to many older… |
| ECT | Moretti et al · Front Vet Sci | 2022 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – | Cliniporator | bleomycin · intravenous | – | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a highly developed treatment for many solid tumours that provides good local control in 80% of neoplasms in dogs. ECT can be used to treat different types of tum… |
| ECT | Tellado et al · Cancer Drug Resist | 2022 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Electrode Geometry and Placement, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – | EPV-200 | bleomycin · intravenous | objective response 80% (15 patients) | Aim: Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a common disease in patients exposed to UV-light and human papillomavirus. Electrochemotherapy, a well-established treatment modality with mi… |
| ECT | Dos Anjos et al · Life (Basel) | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | – / 18 | Electroporator LC BK-100 | bleomycin · intravenous | – | Canine cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common type of skin cancer in tropical countries and is generally associated with exposure to solar ultraviolet light. It has a low… |
| ECT | Valenti et al · Open Vet J | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | – | Onkodisruptor | bleomycin · both intravenous and intratumoural | objective response 60% (10 patients) | Background: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) combines the administration of anticancer drugs with the delivery of electric pulses, thus increasing the drug uptake through the cell membranes, result… |
| ECT | Brloznik et al · Front Vet Sci | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation | – / 12 | – | bleomycin · intravenous | complete response 7 count (12 lesions) | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) and/or gene electrotransfer of plasmid DNA encoding interleukin-12 (GET pIL-12) are effective treatments for canine cutaneous, subcutaneous, and maxillofacial tumor… |
| Gene ET | Pavlin et al · SVR | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | – | Cliniporator | bleomycin · intravenous | – | A 15-year- old male castrated English setter was presented for evaluation of a rapidly growing oral mass. Patient’s history was otherwise unremarkable, except of moderate proteinuria of 5 ye… |
| ECT | Simčič et al · Vet Sci | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | 61 | – | – | – | Feline squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is currently treated with surgery, radiation therapy and electrochemotherapy (ECT). Both the efficacy and/or safety of ECT were evaluated as a sole thera… |
| ECT | Spugnini et al · Open Vet J | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | – / 16 | Onkodisruptor | cisplatin · intratumoural | – | Background: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) promotes the increased uptake of antitumor agents through the administration of permeabilizing electric pulses, thus enhancing chemotherapy effectivenes… |
| ECT | Spugnini et al · Open Vet J | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | – | Onkodisruptor | bleomycin · intravenous | overall survival 985 days | Background: fFeline injection-site sarcomas (FISSs) are mesenchymal tumors that can occur in cats after injections of different medical agents and are easily prone to recurrence. Aim: The ai… |
| ECT | Dos Anjos et al · Sci Rep | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – / 66 | Onkodisruptor | bleomycin · intravenous | complete response 10 count (24 lesions) | Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is one of the most common skin tumors in cats due to chronic exposure to ultraviolet light. Local treatments such as electrochemotherapy (ECT) promot… |
| Calcium EP | Frandsen · Animals (Basel) | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | – / 32 | Cliniporator | calcium chloride · intratumoural | complete response 22% (27 lesions) | Sarcoids are common equine skin tumors where the risk of recurrence after treatment is high, and better treatment options are warranted. Calcium electroporation is a novel anti-cancer treatm… |
| Gene ET | Milevoj et al · Vet Med Sci | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | – | – | other | quality of life 7.4 score (44 patients) | The aim of this study was to evaluate the owners' perception of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of dogs after treatment with electrochemotherapy (ECT) alone or combined with interleuk… |
| ECT | Tellado et al · Radiol Oncol | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | – | BTX ECM830 | bleomycin · intravenous | objective response 70.1% (67 patients) | Background Oral malignant melanoma is the most common, but aggressive oral cancer in dogs with poor prognosis. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) has therapeutic potential in such tumors as effective… |
| ECT | dos Anjos et al · Data Brief | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | – | LC-BK100, Onkodisruptor | cisplatin · intratumoural | complete response 3 count (4 patients) | Over the past 15 years, lipophobic drugs, such as bleomycin and cisplatin, have been used combined with electroporation, which promotes their uptake through the cell membrane. The present da… |
| ECT | Boncea et al · Vet Record Case Reports | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | – / 24 | Electrovet S13 | cisplatin · intratumoural | complete response 100% (24 lesions) | Canine squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common cutaneous neoplasm in dogs. Treatment options are limited. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) has been proposed as an alternative treat… |
| Calcium EP | Dos Anjos et al · Acta Scientiae. Vet. | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Necrosis and Necroptosis | – / 3 | LC BK-100 | bleomycin · intravenous | complete response 1 count (3 lesions) | Background: Calcium electroporation (CaEP) is a novel therapeutic treatment that has been studied for cancer due to its selective killing cancer cells by necrosis and danger signals. Besides… |
| ECT | Dos Anjos et al · Sci Rep | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Apoptosis Induction | – / 18 | LC BK-100 | bleomycin · intravenous | – | Canine cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the most common skin cancer in dogs, and, due to its low metastatic rate, local treatments, such as electrochemotherapy (ECT), promote dise… |
| Calcium EP | Galant et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Necrosis and Necroptosis, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – / 16 | Electrovet S13 | calcium chloride · intratumoural | – | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is an anticancer bioelectrochemical therapy where electrical field pulses (electropermeabilization) increase intracellular concentration of antitumor drugs. The pro… |
| Gene ET | Milevoj et al · Res Vet Sci | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | – | Cliniporator, MEA | bleomycin · intravenous | objective response 67% (9 patients) | The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the combination of electrochemotherapy (ECT) with bleomycin and gene electrotransfer (GET) of plasmid encoding canine interle… |
| ECT | Moura et al · Revista Brasileira de Higiene e Sanidade Animal | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | – / 1 | – | – · intratumoural | – | O mastocitoma é uma neoplasia de células redondas frequentemente encontrado em cães, correspondendo entre 7% e 21% das neoplasias cutâneas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo relatar as altera… |
| ECT | Simčič et al · Vet Comp Oncol | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – | Cytopulse Oncovet, Cytopulse PA4000 | bleomycin · intravenous | complete response 8 count (11 patients) | Non-tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma (ntSCC) is a common and locally aggressive oral tumour in dogs. The treatments of choice are currently surgery and radiotherapy. Electrochemotherapy (EC… |
| ECT | Spugnini et al · Open Vet J | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | – | Onkodisruptor | bleomycin · both intravenous and intratumoural | complete response 26 count (30 patients) | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) couples the administration of anticancer drugs with the delivery of electric pulses that increase the drug uptake through the cell membranes, thus resulting in an i… |
| ECT | Tellado et al · – | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – | BTX ECM830 | bleomycin · intravenous | objective response 100% (11 patients) | Electrochemotherapy is a treatment modality which has been increasingly used in veterinary and human medicine for treating cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors. In this prospective work we eval… |
| Gene ET | Thalmensi · Oncotarget | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | – | Cliniporator, Agilepulse® in vivo system electroporator | plasmid DNA · intratumoural | – | Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is highly expressed in more than 90% of canine cancer cells and low to absent in normal cells. Given that immune tolerance to telomerase is easily bro… |
| ECT | Anjos et al · – | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Apoptosis Induction | – / 18 | LC BK-100 | other · intravenous | overall survival 180 days (11 patients) | Canine cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the most common skin cancer in dogs, and due to its low metastatic rate, local treatments such as electrochemotherapy (ECT) promote disease… |
| ECT | Dos Anjos et al · Vet Record Case Reports | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – / 1 | LC BK-100 | bleomycin · intravenous | complete response 1 days (1 patients) | Canine trichoblastoma is a benign tumour derived from the trichoblastic epithelium, commonly affecting the head and neck and, less commonly, the limbs and trunk. Herein, the authors report a… |
| Gene ET | Impellizeri et al · J Transl Med | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | – | Vet-ePorator™ | plasmid DNA · intratumoural | overall survival 64.5 weeks (17 patients) | Background: we have recently shown that Tel-eVax, a genetic vaccine targeting dog telomerase (dTERT) and based on Adenovirus (Ad)/DNA Electro-Gene-Transfer (DNA-EGT) technology can induce st… |
| IRE | Latouche et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – / 3 | VoltMed HFIRE-waveform generator, blunt-tip electrodes | – | – | High-frequency irreversible electroporation is a nonthermal method of tissue ablation that uses bursts of 0.5- to 2.0-microsecond bipolar electric pulses to permeabilize cell membranes and i… |
| ECT | Cunha et al · Cienc. Rural | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | – | – | bleomycin · intravenous | complete response 14 days (3 patients) | : Extramedullary plasmacytomas (EPs) are responsible for 2.5% of neoplasms in dogs. They are solitary, smooth, elevated, pink or red nodules, of 1 to 2cm in diameter. Cutaneous and oral extr… |
| Gene ET | Salvadori et al · Radiol Oncol | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation | – / 11 | Cliniporator | cisplatin · intratumoural | complete response 7 count (11 patients) | Background: The study was aimed to characterize tumor response after combined treatment employing electrochemotherapy with IL-12 gene electrotransfer in dogs with spontaneous mast cell tumor… |
| ECT | Kulbacka et al · SVR | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – / 1 | BTX ECM830 | bleomycin · both intravenous and intratumoural | tumour volume change 140.11 cm³ | Oral melanomas commonly occur in elderly dogs resulting in darkly pigmented areas of the mouth, tongue and gums. The main object of this study was a severe melanoma diagnosed in the jaw of a… |
| ECT | Maglietti et al · Radiol Oncol | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Electrode Geometry and Placement | – | BTX ECM830 | bleomycin · intravenous | objective response 91% (11 patients) | Background: Nasal cavity tumors are usually diagnosed late, when they already have infiltrated adjacent tissues thus requiring very aggressive treatments with serious side effects. Here we u… |
| Gene ET | Cemazar et al · Vet Comp Oncol | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | – / 18 | Cliniporator | other · intratumoural | objective response 83% (18 lesions) | Electrochemotherapy combined with peritumoral interleukin-12 (IL-12) gene electrotransfer was used for treatment of mast cell tumours in 18 client-owned dogs. Local tumour control, recurrenc… |
| Gene ET | Cicchelero et al · Vet Comp Oncol | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | – | Agile Pulse generator | plasmid DNA · intratumoural | – | Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is a powerful immunostimulatory cytokine with a strong antitumoural activity. In this work, the immunological, anti-angiogenic and clinical effects of three consecutiv… |
| Gene ET | Maglietti et al · European Journal of Cancer | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Apoptosis Induction, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | – | – | plasmid DNA · other route | local control 4 count (5 patients) | Immune checkpoint inhibitor Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) is upregulated in many malignancies which often correlates with unfavorable prognosis. PD-L1 on cancer cells can induce an “exha… |
| ECT | Lowe et al · Vet Comp Oncol | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | – | Cytopulse PA4000, Cytopulse Oncovet, Cliniporator, Gehl Needle electrodes | bleomycin · intravenous | complete response 80% (15 patients) | To describe the results of electrochemotherapy (ECT) in dogs with mast cell tumours (MCTs) either as first line therapy or as an adjuvant to surgery. The treatment combines administration of… |
| Other EP | Souza et al · J Vet Pharmacol Ther | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | – | BTX ECM830 | bleomycin | cell viability 12% | Electroporation is a method used to deliver poorly permeant chemotherapeutic drugs to tumor cells, potentiating the cytotoxic effects of drugs and overall clinical response. Despite existing… |
| ECT | Suzuki et al · Artif Organs | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Electrode Geometry and Placement, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – | BTX ECM830 | bleomycin · topical | – | Electrochemotherapy is a new modality of local cancer treatment that increases the delivery of chemotherapy drugs into tumor cells by applying intense electric fields. This novel electrochem… |
| ECT | Tozon et al · Vet Rec | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | – / 69 | Jouan GHT 1287, Cliniporator | cisplatin · intratumoural | complete response 92.3% (52 lesions) | The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy of electrochemotherapy (ECT) with cisplatin as a single or adjuvant treatment for sarcoids in equids. Different treatment options with diffe… |
| ECT | Tozon et al · J Vis Exp | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – | – | bleomycin · both intravenous and intratumoural | – | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a local approach which is used for treating solid tumors of different histologies. Its mechanism is based on cell membrane permeabilization by means of "electrop… |
| ECT | Spugnini et al · J Vet Intern Med | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | – | Chemipulse III | bleomycin · intravenous | – | Background: Advanced carcinoma of the head represents a substantial health problem in cats for local control and overall survival. Objectives: Evaluate the capability of electrochemotherapy … |
| IRE | Rossmeisl et al · J Neurosurg | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 7 / 7 | NanoKnife | – | – | Object: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel nonthermal ablation technique that has been used for the treatment of solid cancers. However, it has not been evaluated for use in brain… |
| ECT | F.H. Maglietti et al · J. Anal. Oncol. | 2014 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Haemostasis and Bleeding Control | – / 1 | BTX ECM830 | bleomycin · intravenous | tumour volume change 83% | Background: Electrochemotherapy is a novel tumor treatment routinely used for cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors in human patients in the European Union since 2006. Here we used it to treat a… |
| Other EP | Riccardo et al · Clin Cancer Res | 2014 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | – | Cliniporator | plasmid DNA · intratumoural | – | Purpose: Due to the many similarities with its human counterpart, canine malignant melanoma (cMM) is a valuable model in which to assess the efficacy of novel therapeutic strategies. The mod… |
| ECT | Tellado et al · Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine | 2014 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | – / 1 | BTX ECM830 | bleomycin · intravenous | complete response 100% | A case of a canine oral eosinophilic granuloma in a 14-year-old female crossbred is described. The dog was presented with a history of ptyalism, halitosis, local pain, decreased appetite, an… |
| ECT | Tozon et al · J Feline Med Surg | 2013 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – | Cliniporator | bleomycin · intravenous | – | The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of electrochemotherapy (ECT) with bleomycin for treatment of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in cats. Between March 2008 and Octob… |
| Undetermined | Gavazza et al · Hum Gene Ther | 2013 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | – | – | plasmid DNA · intratumoural | overall survival 76.1 weeks (21 patients) | Client-owned pet dogs represent exceptional translational models for advancement of cancer research because they reflect the complex heterogeneity observed in human cancer. We have recently … |
| ECT | Scacco et al · Journal of Equine Veterinary Science | 2013 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | – / 2 | Chemipulse III, Chemipulse III portable electroporator | cisplatin · intratumoural | – | A 25-year-old gelding sport horse was referred for the treatment of recurring bilateral anal amelanotic melanoma. On physical examination, the horse presented bilateral poorly delimited peri… |
| ECT | Spugnini et al · J Vet Intern Med | 2011 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | – | Chemopulse | cisplatin · intratumoural | disease-free survival 78% (37 patients) | Background: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) couples the administration of anticancer drugs with the delivery of electric pulses that increase the drug uptake through the cell membranes, resulting … |
| Gene ET | Pavlin · Radiol Oncol | 2011 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | – / 11 | – | plasmid DNA · intratumoural | – | Background: Mast cell tumors (MCT) are the most common malignant cutaneous tumors in dogs with extremely variable biological behaviour. Different treatment approaches can be used in canine c… |
| ECT | Spugnini et al · Journal of Equine Veterinary Science | 2011 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | – | Chemipulse III, Chemipulse III portable electroporator | cisplatin · intratumoural | tumour volume change 50% | A 22-year-old Camargue mare was referred for showing signs of discomfort during chewing, building up of food in the mouth, and foul odor from the mouth. On physical examination, the mare pre… |
| ECT | Tamzali et al · Equine Vet J | 2011 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – / 194 | BetaTech, PS 15 | cisplatin · intratumoural | complete response 0.979 ratio (48 animals) | Reasons for performing study: Sarcoids are the commonest form of equine skin tumour. Several therapeutic measures have been described but none is considered to be universally effective. Elec… |
| ECT | Reed et al · Cancer Gene Ther | 2010 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation | – | BTX ECM830, hexagonal array of six-needle electrodes | bleomycin · intratumoural | complete response 3 count (6 patients) | On the basis of superior outcomes from electrochemogene therapy (ECGT) compared with electrochemotherapy in mice, we determined the efficacy of ECGT applied to spontaneous canine neoplasms. … |
| ECT | Reed et al · Cancer Gene Ther | 2010 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation | – / 6 | BTX ECM830 | bleomycin · intratumoural | complete response 3 count (6 patients) | On the basis of superior outcomes from electrochemogenetherapy (ECGT) compared with electrochemotherapy in mice, we determined the efficacy of ECGT applied to spontaneous canine neoplasms. I… |
| ECT | Tozon et al · Acta vet. (Beogr.) | 2010 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | – / 66 | Jouan GHT 1287, Cliniporator | cisplatin · intratumoural | objective response 93.9% (66 lesions) | Perianal tumors are common in older male dogs. The usefulness of electrochemotherapy in veterinary oncology has already been demonstrated by clinical studies on different malignancies in com… |
| Other EP | Chuang et al · Int J Cancer | 2009 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | – | BTX ECM830, Electro Square Porator ECM 830 pulse generator | plasmid DNA · intratumoural | – | Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is effective in treating many types of rodent tumors, but has been unsuccessful in most human clinical trials, suggesting that animal models of more clinical relevance… |
| ECT | Kodre et al · In Vivo | 2009 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | – / 12 | IGEA plate electrodes | cisplatin · intratumoural | complete response 62.5% (9 patients) | Unlabelled: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of local treatment electrochemotherapy (ECT) with cisplatin and to compare it with effectiveness of surgery for treatment … |
| ECT | Spugnini et al · Vet J | 2009 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – / 9 | chemopulse | bleomycin · intratumoural | complete response 7 count (9 patients) | Squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the skin are commonly described in cats. Reported treatments include surgery, radiation therapy and photodynamic therapy. This preliminary study reports on … |
| ECT | Spugnini et al · J Exp Clin Cancer Res | 2008 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electrode Geometry and Placement | – | Chemopulse | bleomycin · intratumoural | complete response 3 count (3 patients) | Sticker's sarcoma (also known as transmissible venereal tumor) is a horizontally transmitted neoplasm of the dog, that is passed with coitus. It is a locally aggressive tumor with a low tend… |
| ECT | Spugnini et al · In Vivo | 2007 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response | – | Chemopulse | bleomycin · intratumoural | – | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a new therapeutical technique that combines the administration of trains of biphasic pulses with the local application of poorly permeant anticancer molecules, t… |
| ECT | Spugnini et al · J Exp Clin Cancer Res | 2007 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electrode Geometry and Placement | – | Chemopulse | bleomycin | – | Perianal tumors (adenoma and carcinoma of the hepatoid glands) are frequently reported in veterinary literature. They are locally aggressive tumors with a low tendency to metastatic spread. … |
| ECT | Spugnini et al · J Exp Clin Cancer Res | 2007 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electrode Geometry and Placement | – | Chemopulse | bleomycin · intratumoural | complete response 6 count (6 patients) | Non Hogdkin's lymphoma is the commonest malignant neoplasm in humans and in pets. Treatments include systemic chemotherapy eventually combined with radiation therapy. Radiation therapy is al… |
| ECT | Spugnini et al · J Transl Med | 2007 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Apoptosis Induction, Necrosis and Necroptosis | – | CHEMOPULSE | bleomycin · intratumoural | – | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a novel anticancer therapy that is currently being evaluated in human and pet cancer patients. ECT associates the administration of an anti-tumor agent to the de… |
| ECT | Spugnini et al · Anticancer Res | 2006 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | – / 28 | Chemopulse, Chemopulse clinical electroporation equipment | bleomycin · intratumoural | overall survival 85% (28 patients) | Background: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a novel anticancer therapy that combines the delivery of trains of appropriate waveforms with the local administration of chemotherapy agents. The pu… |
| ECT | Tozon et al · Anticancer Res | 2005 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | – / 26 | Jouan GHT 1287 | cisplatin · intratumoural | objective response 82% (26 lesions) | Background: Electrochemotherapy is an antitumor therapy that utilizes locally-delivered, short intense direct current electric pulse to the tumor nodule plus chemotherapy. The aim of the pre… |
| ECT | Rols et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2002 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | – / 10 | Jouan Electropulsator, PS 15 | cisplatin · intratumoural | complete response 100% (10 lesions) | Sarcoids are skin spontaneous tumours detected in horses. It can be cured by chemotherapy by using cisplatin. A multisequence treatment must be performed. Problems are present due to the poo… |
| ECT | Tozon et al · Anticancer Res | 2001 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | – | – | – | – | The aim of this study was to introduce electrochemotherapy with cisplatin into veterinary medicine, where there is a need for inexpensive and effective treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneou… |
| ECT | Mir et al · Br J Cancer | 1997 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – | PS 15, CELTEM MKO generator | bleomycin · intravenous | overall survival 6.1 months (12 patients) | Electrochemotherapy combines bleomycin and local electric pulses that allow cell permeabilization and free access of bleomycin to its intracellular target. We report the first veterinarian c… |
| ECT | Suzuki et al · Artif Organs | 2017 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – / 1 | BTX ECM830 | bleomycin · intravenous | tumour volume change 0 cm³ (1 patients) | Electrochemotherapy (EQT) is a local cancer treatment well established to cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors. Electric fields are applied to biological tissue in order to improve membrane per… |
| ECT | Suzuki et al · Artif Organs | 2014 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Electrode Geometry and Placement | – | BTX ECM830 | bleomycin · intravenous | – | Electrochemotherapy is a combination of high electric field and anticancer drugs. The treatment basis is electroporation or electropermeabilization of the cell membrane. Electroporation is a… |
| ECT | Rangel · Artif Organs | 2018 | Editorial / Letter | Animal (In Vivo) | – | – | – | bleomycin | complete response 1 count (1 patients) | , First of all, thank you for your inquiries and your careful reading of our published article (1). The following is a response to valuable questions in our work: 1. Nasal carcinoma (TVT)—Ye… |
| ECT | Osorio‐Morales et al · Artif Organs | 2017 | Editorial / Letter | Animal (In Vivo) | – | – | – | – | – | , We refer you to the study entitled “Novel Application for Electrochemotherapy: Immersion of Nasal Cavity in Dog” in which, Suzuki et al. (1) report the successful chemotherapeutic treatmen… |
| ECT | Salmoral et al · JFMS Open Rep | 2025 | Correction / Erratum | Animal (In Vivo) | – | – | – | cisplatin · intratumoural | – | [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1177/20551169231213499.]. |
| ECT | Dos Anjos et al · Sci Rep | 2021 | Correction / Erratum | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | – | – | bleomycin | – | An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. |
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Limitations
Publication volume is not clinical efficacy or evidence quality. It describes how much literature exists in the area and of what kind; it does not indicate how strongly the treatment is supported, guideline endorsement or regulatory status.
Patient totals are not a count of unique patients. The same cohort may have been reported in more than one publication; the totals are not a meta-analysis.
How the corpus was assembled, the tier thresholds, the definition of a clinical publication and why methods are counted separately: Literature Map.