Group: Non-Oncological Applications
Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF)
This heading gathers records using pulses on the nanosecond scale, thousands of times shorter than microsecond pulses and at far higher field strengths. At this scale the pulse acts on intracellular membranes rather than the plasma membrane; the themes reported in the literature are permeabilisation of the mitochondrial membrane, calcium release, caspase-dependent and caspase-independent cell death pathways, and the immune response following ablation in tumour models. Most records in the corpus are cell culture and animal studies, alongside measurement papers on pulse generators and exposure systems. The area falls outside the electrochemotherapy and irreversible electroporation scope of the portal and does not appear in the indication directory: nanosecond pulsing is a separate technology line, applied neither for drug delivery nor within standard IRE protocols. It is kept in the corpus to show how far the same biophysical family has been taken. The number of publications here does not indicate that a treatment is approved or in clinical use.
Clinical publications: randomized, prospective and retrospective studies, case series and case reports. Preclinical publications: animal, in vitro, modelling and experimental biophysics studies.
Literature Status by Method
Publication count, clinical and preclinical split, literature maturity and publication span for each clinical method. The badges at the top of the page summarise the Other EP and IRE records separately; the full split by method is here.
Electrochemotherapy (ECT)
Exploratory literaturethreshold 0/4
No record for this method entered the maturity calculation; the records are marked in the validation ledger as conflicting, insufficient or out of scope.
2023–2026
Irreversible electroporation (IRE)
Exploratory literaturethreshold 0/7
No record for this method entered the maturity calculation; the records are marked in the validation ledger as conflicting, insufficient or out of scope.
2011–2026
Pulsed-field ablation (PFA)
Exploratory literaturethreshold 0/1
No record for this method entered the maturity calculation; the records are marked in the validation ledger as conflicting, insufficient or out of scope.
2024–2024
Calcium electroporation
Exploratory literaturethreshold 0/1
No record for this method entered the maturity calculation; the records are marked in the validation ledger as conflicting, insufficient or out of scope.
2021–2021
Gene electrotransfer
Exploratory literaturethreshold 0/2
No record for this method entered the maturity calculation; the records are marked in the validation ledger as conflicting, insufficient or out of scope.
2008–2013
Other electroporation applications
This set does not name a single clinical method; no literature maturity is assigned.
2003–2026
Records with no determined method
This set does not name a single clinical method; no literature maturity is assigned.
2017–2018
Mechanisms Mentioned in Abstracts
Mechanism names are detected by automatic matching over publication abstracts; the figure is the number of publications containing the name. A mention does not mean the mechanism was demonstrated in that study.
Study Type Distribution
Bar length is scaled to the most common study type; the percentage gives the share of the whole area. Colour marks the study-type band, on the same scale as the literature map.
| Study type | Publications | Share within this area |
|---|---|---|
| Prospective Clinical Study | 1 | 2% |
| Clinical Study | 1 | 2% |
| Review | 9 | 15% |
| Animal Study | 31 | 51% |
| In Vitro Study | 16 | 26% |
| In Silico / Modelling | 1 | 2% |
| Experimental Biophysics Study | 2 | 3% |
Literature Evidence Table
61 publications listed in order of evidence strength. Click a title to open the citation, mechanism and full abstract drawer.
The study type, model and mechanism columns are assigned automatically and can be wrong for individual records; the abstract column is taken either from the publication's own abstract or from the opening text of the source PDF. The labels are there for scanning and filtering, not as record-level verified data; consult the full text before acting on any single publication. The classification rules and known errors are on the Literature Map.
| Regime | Publication | Year | Study type | Model | Mechanism | Abstract |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other EP | Li et al · J Clin Endocrinol Metab | 2026 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Context Nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) ablation has gradually been applied in clinical practice. However, no studies have reported its application in low-risk papillary thyroid mic… |
| Other EP | Xu et al · Int J Surg | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Background: Preclinical studies have shown that nanosecond pulsed electric field ablation (nsPEF) is a novel nonthermal ablation modality that can eradicate tumors near critical structures. … |
| Other EP | Zhou et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2023 | Review | Human | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Thermal Effect and Joule Heating | Background: Nanosecond pulsed electric field, with its unique bioelectric effect, has shown broad application potential in the field of tumor therapy, especially in malignant tumors and skin… |
| Other EP | Pakhomov et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2020 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Transmembrane Potential Change | Conventional electric stimuli of micro- and millisecond duration excite or activate cells at voltages 10-100 times below the electroporation threshold. This ratio is remarkably different for… |
| Undetermined | Beebe · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF) | Nanosecond pulses have been used for over a decade to treat tumors in preclinical studies in mice and rats. The technology based on pulsed power refocuses cancer treatment from chemistry and… |
| Other EP | Beebe · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Apoptosis Induction, Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF) | This chapter will focus on how nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) induce apoptosis and regulated cell death (RCD) in cells in vitro. When studies analyzing nsPEF-induced cell death (C… |
| Undetermined | Leveque et al · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | – | This chapter summarizes the experimental dosimetry techniques developed for exposures to high-intensity, ultrashort pulses in the nanosecond domain. The dosimetry or characterization of the … |
| Other EP | Mi et al · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF) | In order to explore the biomedical application of nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs), researchers have used numerous methods to develop nanosecond pulse generators. Transmission line-… |
| Other EP | Nuccitelli · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Apoptosis Induction | Nanosecond electric pulses were first applied to mice for tumor ablation in 2002. Since that time this technology has been used in dozens of laboratories in the USA, Europe, and Asia (Batista… |
| IRE | Breton et al · Bioelectromagnetics | 2011 | Review | Human | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | New local treatments based on electromagnetic fields have been developed as non-surgical and minimally invasive treatments of tumors. In particular, short electric pulses can induce importan… |
| Gene ET | Sundararajan · Mol Biotechnol | 2008 | Review | Human | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | As the medical field moves from treatment of diseases with drugs to treatment with genes, safe and efficient gene delivery systems are needed to make this transition. One such safe, non-vira… |
| IRE | Guo · PLoS One | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF) is an intense electrical pulse technology with ultra-short duration (nanoseconds), capable of generating electric field intensities up to several kV/… |
| IRE | Sano et al · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of electrical dose on in vivo INSPIRE treatments which administer high voltage ultrashort alternating polarity electrical… |
| IRE | Fong · Cancers (Basel) | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objectives: There is a critical need for effective focal therapies for patients with inoperable or anatomically complex tumors where conventional ablation techniques pose high risk or are in… |
| ECT | Malakauskaitė et al · Sci Rep | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electroporation can be successfully employed for controlled molecular delivery and therefore has found clinical applications for treatment of cancer. However, it’s a pulse-dependent phenomen… |
| IRE | Williamson et al · Bioelectricity | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objective: To study the safety and reproducibility of high-voltage integrated nanosecond pulse irreversible electroporation (INSPIRE) administered through a single applicator and grounding p… |
| PFA | Nuccitelli et al · Bioelectricity | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Necrosis and Necroptosis | The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the safety and performance of the CellFX Percutaneous Electrode for delivering nanosecond pulsed field ablation (nsPFA) energy to soft tissues. T… |
| Other EP | Gudvangen et al · Sci Rep | 2022 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement, Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF) | Ablation therapies aim at eradication of tumors with minimal impact on surrounding healthy tissues. Conventional pulsed electric field (PEF) treatments cause pain and muscle contractions far… |
| Other EP | Kim et al · Int J Mol Sci | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | Intense pulsed electric fields (PEF) are a novel modality for the efficient and targeted ablation of tumors by electroporation. The major adverse side effects of PEF therapies are strong inv… |
| Other EP | Bagalkot et al · Sci Rep | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF) | Exposing adrenal chromaffin cells to single 150 to 400 ns electric pulses triggers a rise in intracellular Ca 2+ ([Ca 2+ ] i ) that is due to Ca 2+ influx through voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel… |
| Other EP | Casciola et al · Cell Mol Life Sci | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | The initiation of action potentials (APs) by membrane depolarization occurs after a brief vulnerability period, during which excitation can be abolished by the reversal of the stimulus polar… |
| Other EP | Rossi et al · Sci Rep | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Apoptosis Induction | Accumulating data indicates that some cancer treatments can restore anticancer immunosurveillance through the induction of tumor immunogenic cell death (ICD). Nanosecond pulsed electric fiel… |
| Other EP | Rossi et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD) | Depending on the initiating stimulus, cancer cell death can be immunogenic or non-immunogenic. Inducers of immunogenic cell death (ICD) rely on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress for the traf… |
| Undetermined | Lassiter et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Apoptosis Induction | Nano-pulse stimulation (NPS), previously called nsPEFs, induced a vaccine-like effect after ablation of orthotopic N1-S1 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), protecting rats from subsequent chall… |
| Other EP | Ruzgys et al · Sci Rep | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Current electrotransfection protocols are well-established for decades and, as a rule, employ long micro-millisecond range electric field pulses to facilitate DNA transfer while application … |
| Other EP | Semenov et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Decreasing the time gap between two identical electric pulses is expected to render bioeffects similar to those of a single pulse of equivalent total duration. In this study, we show that it… |
| Other EP | Gianulis et al · Arch Biochem Biophys | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Lanthanide ions are the only known blockers of permeabilization by electric pulses of nanosecond duration (nsEP), but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We employed timed applications of… |
| Other EP | Nuccitelli et al · PLoS One | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD) | We have used both a rat orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma model and a mouse allograft tumor model to study liver tumor ablation with nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEF). We confirm t… |
| Other EP | Silve et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electric pulses of a few nanoseconds in duration can induce reversible permeabilization of cell membrane and cell death. Whether these effects are caused by ionic or purely dielectric phenom… |
| Other EP | Vernier et al · J Membr Biol | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Non-thermal probing and stimulation with subnanosecond electric pulses and terahertz electromagnetic radiation may lead to new, minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and t… |
| Other EP | Ibey et al · Biochem Biophys Res Commun | 2014 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Multiple studies have shown that bipolar (BP) electric pulses in the microsecond range are more effective at permeabilizing cells while maintaining similar cell survival rates as compared to… |
| Gene ET | Chopinet · J Membr Biol | 2013 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Gene electrotransfection using micro- or millisecond electric pulses is a well-established method for safe gene transfer. For efficient transfection, plasmid DNA has to reach the nucleus. Sh… |
| Other EP | Semenov et al · Biochim Biophys Acta | 2013 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Disruption of Calcium Homeostasis | Permeabilization of cell membranous structures by nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) triggers transient rise of cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)), which determines multifari… |
| Other EP | Nuccitelli et al · Int J Cancer | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Apoptosis Induction, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | We have identified an effective nanoelectroablation therapy for treating pancreatic carcinoma in a murine xenograft model. This therapy initiates apoptosis in a nonthermal manner by applying… |
| Other EP | Nuccitelli et al · Biochem Biophys Res Commun | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Apoptosis Induction | When skin tumors are exposed to non-thermal, low energy, nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEF), apoptosis is initiated both in vitro and in vivo. This nanoelectroablation therapy has alr… |
| Other EP | Pakhomova et al · Arch Biochem Biophys | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress | Nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) is a novel modality for permeabilization of membranous structures and intracellular delivery of xenobiotics. We hypothesized that oxidative effects o… |
| Other EP | Silve et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | In our study, we used bleomycin to evaluate the permeabilization caused by nanosecond duration electric pulses (nanopulses). Bleomycin is a non permeant molecule which can be used both as a … |
| Other EP | Yin et al · PLoS One | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEF) induce apoptotic pathways in human cancer cells. The potential therapeutic effective of nsPEF has been reported in cell lines and in xenograft anima… |
| Other EP | Nuccitelli et al · Biochem Biophys Res Commun | 2006 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF) | We have discovered a new, drug-free therapy for treating solid skin tumors. Pulsed electric fields greater than 20 kV/cm with rise times of 30 ns and durations of 300 ns penetrate into the i… |
| Other EP | Beebe et al · Physiol Meas | 2004 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Apoptosis Induction | These studies describe the effects of nanosecond (10-300 ns) pulsed electric fields (nsPEF) on mammalian cell structure and function. As the pulse durations decrease, effects on the plasma m… |
| Other EP | Beebe et al · DNA Cell Biol | 2003 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Apoptosis Induction | The application of pulsed electric fields to cells is extended to include nonthermal pulses with shorter durations (10-300 ns), higher electric fields (< or =350 kV/cm), higher power (gigawa… |
| Other EP | Beebe et al · FASEB J | 2003 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Apoptosis Induction, Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF) | Electroporation by using pulsed electric fields with long durations compared with the charging time of the plasma membrane can induce cell fusion or introduce xenomolecules into cells. Nanos… |
| ECT | Malyško et al · Int J Mol Sci | 2026 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Bipolar cancellation (BPC) is an efficiency-limiting phenomenon in bipolar nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) exposures, in which the second, opposite-polarity phase reduces or partial… |
| IRE | Ye et al · J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol | 2025 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Cardiomyocyte lines are widely used in cardiovascular research. For cardiac ablation, the factors affecting cardiomyocytes by pulsed electrical field (PEF) ablation are being inv… |
| ECT | Rembiałkowska et al · Int J Pharm | 2023 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Drug delivery using nanosecond pulsed electric fields is a new branch of electroporation-based treatments, which potentially can substitute European standard operating procedures for electro… |
| ECT | Rembiałkowska et al · Int J Pharm | 2023 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) involves combining anticancer drugs with electroporation, which is induced by pulsed electric fields (PEFs), while the effects vary in effectiveness based on the sp… |
| Other EP | Kiełbik et al · Sci Rep | 2021 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Apoptosis Induction | Electroporation with pulsed electric fields show a potential to be applied as an experimental focal therapy of tumors. Sub-microsecond regime of electric pulses displays unique electrophysic… |
| Calcium EP | Kulbacka · Cancers (Basel) | 2021 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | (1) Background: Calcium electroporation (CaEP) is based on the application of electrical pulses to permeabilize cells (electroporation) and allow cytotoxic doses of calcium to enter the cell… |
| Other EP | Zhao et al · Front Oncol | 2021 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Apoptosis Induction | Nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) have emerged as a novel and effective strategy for the non-surgical and minimally invasive removal of tumors. However, the effects of nsPEFs treatm… |
| Other EP | Beebe et al · Cells | 2013 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Apoptosis Induction | Pulse power technology using nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) offers a new stimulus to modulate cell functions or induce cell death for cancer cell ablation. New data and a literat… |
| Other EP | Nuccitelli et al · Biochem Biophys Res Commun | 2013 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress, Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF) | The cellular response to 100 ns pulsed electric fields (nsPEF) exposure includes the formation of transient nanopores in the plasma membrane and organelle membranes, an immediate increase in… |
| IRE | Xiao et al · Bioelectromagnetics | 2013 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Apoptosis Induction | The goal of this study was to assess the effect of nanosecond electric pulses on HepG2 human liver cancer cells. Electric pulses with a high strength of 10 kV/cm, duration of 500 ns and freq… |
| Other EP | Ren et al · Biochem Biophys Res Commun | 2012 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Apoptosis Induction, Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF) | NsPEF ablation induces apoptosis markers, but specific cell death pathways have not been fully defined. To identify nsPEF-activated cell death pathways, wildtype human Jurkat cells and clone… |
| Other EP | Wang et al · PLoS One | 2012 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Apoptosis Induction | Treatment of cancer often involves uses of multiple therapeutic strategies with different mechanisms of action. In this study we investigated combinations of nanosecond pulsed electric field… |
| Other EP | Stacey et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2011 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF) | We investigated the effects of nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEF) on three human cell lines and demonstrated cell shrinkage, breakdown of the cytoskeleton, nuclear membrane and chromo… |
| Other EP | Yang et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2011 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Apoptosis Induction | Pulsed electric fields with nanosecond duration and high amplitude have effects on biological subjects and bring new venue in disease diagnosis and therapy. To address this respect, we inves… |
| Other EP | Hu et al · Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys | 2009 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Transmembrane Potential Change, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Self-consistent evaluations of both the transmembrane potential (TMP) and possible electroporation density across membrane of spheroidal cells in response to ultrashort, high-intensity pulse… |
| Other EP | Vernier et al · Biochem Biophys Res Commun | 2003 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Apoptosis Induction, Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF) | We report here real-time imaging of calcium bursts in human lymphocytes exposed to nanosecond, megavolt-per-meter pulsed electric fields. Ultra-short (less than 30 ns), high-field (greater t… |
| Other EP | Kumar et al · Micromachines (Basel) | 2023 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Transmembrane Potential Change, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | This paper creates an approximate three-dimensional model for normal and cancerous cervical cells using image processing and computer-aided design (CAD) tools. The model is then exposed to l… |
| Other EP | Napotnik et al · Bioelectromagnetics | 2011 | Experimental Biophysics Study | Cell Culture | Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Nanosecond, high-voltage electric pulses (nsEP) induce permeabilization of the plasma membrane and the membranes of cell organelles, leading to various responses in cells including cytochrom… |
| Other EP | Rogers et al · IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. | 2004 | Experimental Biophysics Study | Experimental System | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | As part of a health and safety assessment of ultrawideband sources, it was useful to determine stimulation thresholds for an electrically excitable tissue down into the low nanosecond range.… |
No publication matches these filters.
Limitations
The counts on this page are bounded by the scope of the source PDF archive and are not a systematic review of the area's literature.
A literature maturity label reflects the number of publications, not their methodological quality: it describes how much literature exists in the area and of what kind, not how strongly the treatment is supported. It does not indicate clinical use, guideline endorsement, reimbursement coverage or regulatory status, and it is not a formal GRADE assessment. The definitions and thresholds of the four tiers are on the Literature Map.
The “clinical publications” figure on this page (2) uses the portal's single definition: primary clinical studies, case series and case reports. Systematic reviews and guidelines are not included. The count feeding the badge threshold is narrower and does not count case reports; no publication in this area enters that threshold count under any method, and the badge at the top of the page rests on the ECT count alone. The two counts are not the same and cannot stand in for one another; the full threshold table is on the Literature Map.
0 of the 61 records in this area enter the threshold count. The remaining 61 are marked in the validation ledger as conflicting, insufficient or out of scoring; they appear in the table below but affect no threshold and no badge. That share (0%) is not equal across areas: it is 13% portal-wide and ranges from 0% to 42% by area. Two areas' badges therefore cannot be compared directly; a lower badge can reflect narrower verification coverage as much as a narrower literature.
Literature maturity on this page is given separately for each clinical method. The methods present in this area are: Electrochemotherapy (ECT), Irreversible electroporation (IRE), Pulsed-field ablation (PFA), Calcium electroporation, Gene electrotransfer, Other electroporation applications, Records with no determined method. Methods may share the same biophysical basis but they are distinct treatments; evidence gathered for one method cannot be generalised to another.