Group: Non-Oncological Applications
Cardiac Pulsed-Field Ablation
Cardiac pulsed-field ablation uses irreversible electroporation to treat atrial fibrillation and is the largest clinical application of electroporation outside oncology in the corpus. Its tissue selectivity, which lowers the risk of injury to adjacent structures such as the oesophagus and phrenic nerve, is the same property sought in tumour ablation; the sparing is not absolute. This area falls outside the oncological scope of the portal and does not appear in the indication directory; it is kept in the corpus as context.
146publication records144 unique studies once versions are merged
54clinical publication records
39preclinical publication records
47reviews
1999–2026publication span
Clinical publications: randomized, prospective and retrospective studies, case series and case reports. Preclinical publications: animal, in vitro, modelling and experimental biophysics studies.
Clinical and Technical Data Reported in the Publications
The sum of the fields reported in the full text of the 146 publications in this area. The numbers are summed, not interpreted.
Sum of the patient counts reported across publications66,684 (reported in 77 publications)
Publications relating their cohort to other publicationspossible cohort overlap (2)
Total lesions reported1,456 (in 11 publications)
Devices used (74 publications naming a device)Farapulse (17) · Farawave (12) · PulseSelect (8) · Varipulse (4) · FARASTAR (4) · Sphere-9 (4)
Agent delivered and route (5 publications reporting an agent)calcium chloride (2) · bleomycin (1) · calcium chloride · other route (1) · other · other route (1)
Approach (88 publications report it)percutaneous (52) · endoluminal (25) · open surgical (8) · transcutaneous surface (2) · endoscopic (1)
Image guidance (97 publications report it)fluoroscopy (63) · electroanatomic mapping (47) · ultrasound (36) · direct vision (6) · computed tomography (5)
Response criteria (64 publications report it)other (35) · clinical examination (13) · electroanatomic (10) · histological (6)
Combination therapy (11 publications report it)other combination (7) · radiotherapy (3) · other immunotherapy (1)
Publications reporting retreatment16 of 83 publications (63 do not report it)
Field strength1–2000 V/cm (7 records, median 1000)
Applied voltage200–3000 V (42 records, median 2000)
Number of pulses1–2400 (35 records, median 8)
Pulse duration1–200000 µs (17 records, median 70)
The totals are not a count of unique patients: the same cohort may have been reported in more than one publication.
Literature Status by Method
Publication count, clinical and preclinical split, literature volume and publication span for each clinical method. The badges at the top of the page summarise the PFA and ECT records separately; the full split by method is here.
Electrochemotherapy (ECT)
1publication records
0clinical publication records
0preclinical publication records
Exploratory / low-volume literaturethreshold 0/1 records
No record for this method feeds the volume label.
2005–2005
Irreversible electroporation (IRE)
15publication records
1clinical publication records
9preclinical publication records
Exploratory / low-volume literaturethreshold 1/15 records
Clinical and preclinical split of that figure: 1 clinical, 0 preclinical.
2007–2025
Pulsed-field ablation (PFA)
124publication records
52clinical publication records
26preclinical publication records
High clinical publication volumethreshold 46/124 records
Clinical and preclinical split of that figure: 19 clinical, 0 preclinical.
2019–2026
Calcium electroporation
2publication records
0clinical publication records
1preclinical publication record
Exploratory / low-volume literaturethreshold 0/2 records
No record for this method feeds the volume label.
2024–2025
Other electroporation applications
3publication records
1clinical publication records
2preclinical publication records
This set does not name a single clinical method; no literature volume is assigned.
2022–2026
Records with no determined method
1publication records
0clinical publication records
1preclinical publication record
This set does not name a single clinical method; no literature volume is assigned.
1999–1999
Mechanisms Mentioned in Abstracts
The figure is the number of abstracts mentioning the mechanism. A mention does not mean it was demonstrated in that study.
Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death 140
Preservation of Nerve and Vascular Structures 32
Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation 30
Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change 12
Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement 11
Electric Field Distribution and Modelling 8
Electrode Geometry and Placement 6
Necrosis and Necroptosis 6
Optimisation of Pulse Parameters 6
Thermal Effect and Joule Heating 5
Haemostasis and Bleeding Control 4
Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion 3
Study Type Distribution
The percentage gives the share of the whole area.
| Study type | Publications | Share within this area |
|---|---|---|
| Randomized Clinical Trial | 1 | <1% |
| Prospective Clinical Study | 13 | 9% |
| Clinical Study | 23 | 16% |
| Retrospective Clinical Study | 6 | 4% |
| Case Series | 8 | 5% |
| Case Report | 3 | 2% |
| Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | 35 | 24% |
| Review | 12 | 8% |
| Animal Study | 32 | 22% |
| In Vitro Study | 2 | 1% |
| In Silico / Modelling | 1 | <1% |
| Technical / Device Study | 1 | <1% |
| Experimental Biophysics Study | 4 | 3% |
| Editorial / Letter | 1 | <1% |
| Correction / Erratum | 1 | <1% |
| Protocol | 2 | 1% |
| Not reported | 1 | <1% |
Publication Table
146 publication records sorted by study design. Click a title to open the citation, mechanism and full abstract drawer.
Classifications are generated automatically and can be wrong for individual records. Methodology
| Regime | Publication | Year | Study type | Model | Mechanism | Patients / lesions | Device | Agent and route | Reported outcome | Abstract |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PFA | Dashwood et al · Pacing Clin Electrophysiol | 2025 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Haemostasis and Bleeding Control | 60 | Farapulse | – | bleeding control 0 count (30 patients) | Introduction: Atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation often involves large-diameter catheters, posing challenges for post-procedure hemostasis and discharge. The impact of Perclose Prostyle vascul… |
| PFA | Keelani et al · JACC Clin Electrophysiol | 2026 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 80 | Centauri | – | – | Background: Pulsed field ablation (PFA) may overcome key limitations of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) when treating premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) in anatomically complex regions … |
| PFA | Liu et al · J Interv Card Electrophysiol | 2026 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 161 | PFG-micro1 | – | progression-free survival 100% (161 patients) | BACKGROUND: Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is an emerging innovative technology for treating paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF), featured by its superior speed, accuracy, and reduced risk to … |
| PFA | Tilz et al · J Interv Card Electrophysiol | 2026 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Preservation of Nerve and Vascular Structures | 100 | VOLT™, VOLT™-system | – | complete response 1% (100 patients) | Background: The balloon-in-basket(BiB) pulsed field ablation(PFA) system integrates real-time electroanatomic mapping and contact sensing to streamline workflows, but clinical experience rem… |
| PFA | Wang et al · – | 2026 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 56 | PFBalloon catheter, NanoAblate, Linkman | – | progression-free survival 92.9% (56 patients) | Aims Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is a growing ablation modality for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. This study assesses the 6-month safety and effectiven… |
| PFA | Wong et al · JACC Clin Electrophysiol | 2026 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Preservation of Nerve and Vascular Structures | 1576 | Farapulse | – | overall survival 0.3% (1576 patients) | Background: Pentaspline pulsed field ablation (PFA) is an emerging technology delivering ultra-short bursts of ablative high electrical field energy. There are limited studies on atrial fibr… |
| IRE | Duytschaever et al · JACC Clin Electrophysiol | 2025 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Preservation of Nerve and Vascular Structures | 136 | OMNYPULSE Bidirectional Catheter, TRUPULSE Generator, OMNYPULSE | – | complete response 100% (136 patients) | Background: Omny-IRE (A Study For Treatment of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation [PAF] With the OMNYPULSE Catheter and the TRUPULSE Generator) evaluated safety and effectiveness of a novel larg… |
| PFA | Eckart et al · Heart Rhythm O2 | 2025 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 873 | VersaCross Connect, Farapulse, FARADRIVE, FARAWAVE | – | transfection efficiency 99.7% | Background: Pulsed field ablation (PFA) has revolutionized catheter ablation procedures in terms of safety, efficiency, and efficacy. Streamlined zero-exchange workflows with therapy sheath … |
| PFA | Reddy et al · Europace | 2024 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 85 | Sphere-9 | – | – | Aims Pulsed field ablation (PFA) has significant advantages over conventional thermal ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF). This first-in-human, single-arm trial to treat paroxysmal AF (PAF)… |
| PFA | Turagam et al · Heart Rhythm | 2024 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 48 | spherical array PFA catheter, PF generator | – | complete response 100% (187 patients) | Background: During pulsed field ablation (PFA), electrode-tissue proximity optimizes lesion quality. A novel "single-shot" map-and-ablate spherical multielectrode PFA array catheter that is … |
| PFA | Schiavone et al · J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol | 2024 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 249 | – | – | – | Introduction: Limited data exist on pulsed-field ablation (PFA) in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (PeAF) undergoing left atrial posterior wall isolation (LAPWI). Methods: The A… |
| PFA | Anić et al · Europace | 2023 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 82 | Centauri | – | – | Aims Pulsed field ablation (PFA) has emerged as a promising alternative to thermal ablation for treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). We report performance and safety using the CENTAURI™ Sy… |
| PFA | Verma et al · Circulation | 2023 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 300 | PulseSelect | – | complete response 100 count (150 patients) | Background: Pulsed field ablation uses electrical pulses to cause nonthermal irreversible electroporation and induce cardiac cell death. Pulsed field ablation may have effectiveness comparab… |
| PFA | Reddy et al · J Am Coll Cardiol | 2019 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Preservation of Nerve and Vascular Structures | 81 / 315 | Farawave, custom generator | – | overall survival 87.4% (81 patients) | Background: Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation using thermal energies such as radiofrequency or cryothermy is associated with indiscriminate tissue destruction. During pulsed field abl… |
| PFA | Hornof et al · Europace | 2026 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | 70 | – | – | progressive disease 86.7% (30 patients) | Background There is limited data regarding the use of pulsed-field ablation (PFA) for mitral isthmus (MI) ablation in patients with non-paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). Purpose To assess… |
| Other EP | Pannone et al · Europace | 2026 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | – | – | – | – | Background Reversible electroporation (PFREV) has recently been described as a useful tool for mapping macroreentrant atrial tachycardias, allowing identification of the critical isthmus bef… |
| PFA | Szeplaki et al · Europace | 2026 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 1158 | – | – | – | Introduction Pulsed field ablation (PFA) has emerged as a leading catheter ablation modality for the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF), producing durable lesions in the myocardium. Long-… |
| PFA | Abeln et al · Europace | 2026 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 428 | Farapulse, PulseSelect | – | progression-free survival 65.9% (428 patients) | Background Research on pulsed field ablation (PFA) systems for atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation has expanded rapidly in recent years, particularly with respect to short-term safety and effi… |
| PFA | Mitacchione et al · Europace | 2026 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 244 | Farapulse | – | progressive disease 0% (244 patients) | Background Real-world evidence assessing the learning curve and procedural efficiency of the pentaspline pulsed-field ablation (PFA) system with novel mapping-integrated capabilities remains… |
| PFA | Schiavone et al · Europace | 2026 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 1224 / 1 | Farapulse | – | other 79.9% (1224 patients) | Aims Data on pulsed-field ablation (PFA) for atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with heart failure (HF) are limited. To evaluate clinical outcomes of PFA in patients with AF and HF, strati… |
| PFA | van der Graaf et al · J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol | 2026 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 428 | Farapulse, PulseSelect | – | progression-free survival 66.5% (415 patients) | Background: While various pulsed field ablation (PFA) systems for atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation have become available in recent years, data comparing long-term efficacy outcomes remain l… |
| PFA | Bobosik et al · Europace | 2026 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | 61 | – | – | complete response 84% (61 patients) | Introduction In the Czech Republic, the majority of catheter ablation procedures for atrial fibrillation (AF) are currently performed using pulsed-field (PF) ablation. Management of older AF… |
| PFA | Ferro et al · Europace | 2026 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Preservation of Nerve and Vascular Structures | 3566 | – | – | – | Background Pulsed field ablation (PFA) has demonstrated comparable efficacy to radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF), with enhanced safety due to its car… |
| PFA | Keelani et al · Europace | 2026 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Preservation of Nerve and Vascular Structures | 15 | TactiCath™, Centauri | – | – | Catheter ablation is the most effective therapy in patients with atrial tachycardia.1 Right atrial tachycardia may be challenging because of proximity to the phrenic nerve and sinus node, li… |
| PFA | Marino et al · Europace | 2026 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 73 | – | – | – | Background Experience on pulsed field ablation (PFA) in patients with a prior left atrial appendage (LAA) occlusion device is limited. Purpose This study aimed to assess the feasibility and … |
| PFA | Miyama et al · J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol | 2026 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 320 | Farawave, Faradrive | – | progression-free survival 59% (200 patients) | Background: Little is known about the efficacy and safety of pulsed field ablation (PFA) for repeat ablation procedures for patients with recurrent atrial fibrillation (AF) after pulmonary v… |
| PFA | Roth et al · Europace | 2026 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 1001 | – | – | – | Background Early rhythm control enhances cardiovascular outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and significant comorbidities. However, most evidence stems from antiarrhythmic dru… |
| PFA | Tokutake et al · Europace | 2026 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 6 / 5 | – | – | stable disease 30.9% (6 patients) | Background Pulsed field ablation (PFA) selectively targets myocardial tissue while minimizing injury to surrounding structures. Although its safety and efficacy for pulmonary vein (PV) isola… |
| PFA | Zarebski et al · Europace | 2026 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 78 | – | – | progression-free survival 100% (78 patients) | Background Cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) ablation is the cornerstone of catheter ablation for typical atrial flutter (AFL). Pulsed field ablation (PFA) has emerged as an alternative therapy fo… |
| PFA | Rossillo et al · Europace | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 197 | Farapulse | – | progression-free survival 17.3% (197 patients) | Background Increased left atrial (LA) size in atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with AF recurrence following ablation. Limited data exist on pulsed-field ablation (PFA) in patients with… |
| PFA | Woermann et al · Europace | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | 19 | – | – | stable disease 100% (19 patients) | Background Pulsed-field ablation (PFA) is a novel non-thermal atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation technique presumed safety benefits due to its tissue selectivity. However, the high-voltage el… |
| PFA | Kirstein et al · J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol | 2023 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Thermal Effect and Joule Heating | 43 | Farawave | – | – | Introduction: Atrio-esophageal fistula after esophageal thermal injury (ETI) is one of the most devastating complications of available energy sources for atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. P… |
| PFA | Schmidt et al · Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol | 2022 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | 191 / 748 | FARAWAVE, FARADRIVE, FARASTAR | – | objective response 99.5% (748 lesions) | Background: Pulsed field ablation represents an energy source specific for ablation of cardiac arrhythmias including atrial fibrillation. The aim of the study was to describe the adoption an… |
| PFA | Reinsch et al · Heart Rhythm | 2022 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 30 | Farawave | – | disease-free survival 29 count (30 patients) | Background: Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is a novel, nonthermal ablation modality that can ablate myocardial tissue with minimal effects on surrounding tissue. Preclinical data show an absenc… |
| PFA | Nakatani et al · Europace | 2021 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Haemostasis and Bleeding Control | 41 | Farawave, Thermocool Smarttouch SF, Arctic Front Advance | – | – | Aims Pulsed field ablation (PFA), a non-thermal ablative modality, may show different effects on the myocardial tissue compared to thermal ablation. Thus, this study aimed to compare the lef… |
| PFA | Kawamura et al · Europace | 2021 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 59 | Farawave, Farapulse | – | – | Aims We studied the extent/area of electrical pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) after either pulsed field ablation (PFA) using a pentaspline catheter or thermal ablation technologies. Methods a… |
| PFA | Cochet et al · Europace | 2021 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Preservation of Nerve and Vascular Structures | 41 | Farawave, Thermocool Smarttouch, Arctic Front Advance, Farapulse | – | – | Aims Extra-atrial injury can cause complications after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF). Pulsed field ablation (PFA) has generated preclinical data suggesting that it selective… |
| PFA | Li et al · – | 2026 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | 142 | – | – | – | Background Patients undergoing pulsed field ablation (PFA) for atrial fibrillation (AF) often have comorbid cardiovascular diseases and are highly sensitive to circulatory depression during … |
| PFA | Al-slaimieh et al · Front Cardiovasc Med | 2026 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 62 | PulseSelect | – | complete response 96.8% (62 patients) | Introduction: Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is a novel, non-thermal method for the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). We conducted this study, as part of one of the earliest reports origin… |
| PFA | Sawada et al · Heart Rhythm O2 | 2026 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 387 | Varipulse | – | complete response 93% (387 patients) | Background: Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is a novel therapy for atrial fibrillation (AF) with myocardial selectivity and safety. The VARIPULSE catheter (variable-loop circular catheter [VLCC]… |
| PFA | Ullah et al · – | 2026 | Retrospective Clinical Study | – | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Preservation of Nerve and Vascular Structures | 2262 | – | – | – | Background Three pulsed-field ablation (PFA) systems are FDA-approved for atrial fibrillation (AF), yet whether their safety profiles differ from each other and from radiofrequency (RF) abla… |
| PFA | Rodriguez-Riascos et al · Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol | 2025 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 132 | Farawave, PulseSelect, Sphere-9 | – | other 99.2% (132 patients) | Background: Cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) ablation is frequently performed either as a standalone procedure or in combination with pulmonary vein isolation. With the rapid adoption of pulsed f… |
| PFA | Turagam et al · Circulation | 2023 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 1568 | – | – | progression-free survival 78.149% (1568 patients) | Background: Pulsed field ablation is a novel nonthermal cardiac ablation modality using ultra-rapid electrical pulses to cause cell death by a mechanism of irreversible electroporation. Unli… |
| PFA | Cheng et al · CJC Open | 2026 | Case Series | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 223 | Farapulse | – | progression-free survival 71.4% (77 patients) | Background Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is a non-thermal energy modality for catheter ablation. While recent studies have demonstrated that PFA is noninferior to radiofrequency ablation (RFA)… |
| PFA | Wójcik et al · J Interv Card Electrophysiol | 2026 | Case Series | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 53 | Volt, Volt™ PFA System | – | complete response 100% (53 patients) | Purpose: Pulsed-field ablation (PFA) is established for pulmonary vein isolation, but data on superior vena cava (SVC) isolation are limited. We assessed the feasibility and acute safety of … |
| PFA | Ballesteros et al · J Interv Card Electrophysiol | 2026 | Case Series | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | 520 | PulseSelect | – | overall survival 16.2 other (518 patients) | Background: The PulseSelect™ circular pulsed field ablation (PFA) catheter demonstrated excellent safety in its pivotal trial, but real-world evidence on its early adoption and implementatio… |
| PFA | Follesa et al · J Arrhythm | 2026 | Case Series | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 479 | Farapulse, FARAWAVE catheter | – | stable disease 81.4% (104 patients) | Background: Pulsed-field ablation (PFA) is increasingly used for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF), but older patients remain underrepresented in clinical trials. This study aime… |
| PFA | Ha et al · J Arrhythm | 2026 | Case Series | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 564 | Farapulse | – | overall survival 69.8% | Background: Older patients have been under-represented in clinical trials of atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. The safety of pulsed field ablation (PFA) in this cohort is not known. Methods… |
| PFA | Huegl et al · Europace | 2026 | Case Series | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 6 | – | – | – | Background Transseptal puncture (TSP) for atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation in patients with septal occluder devices (SODs) is technically challenging because of altered septal anatomy and l… |
| PFA | Haettasch et al · Europace | 2025 | Case Series | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 16 | mapping and pulsed field ablation system | – | – | Background/Introduction Pulsed field ablation (PFA) has gained traction in recent years as an alternative to thermal ablation techniques, such as radiofrequency (RF) and cryoballoon ablation… |
| PFA | Kuraoka et al · Heart Rhythm O2 | 2025 | Case Series | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Electrode Geometry and Placement | 120 | Farapulse, PulseSelect, TactiFlex Ablation Catheter | – | – | Background: Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is a nonthermal ablation method characterized by favorable tissue selectivity and a low complication rate. However, hemolysis has recently emerged as … |
| PFA | Jadczyk et al · Eur Heart J Case Rep | 2026 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 1 | Varipulse | – | progression-free survival 12 months (1 patients) | Background Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) is an uncommon but serious complication of atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. Angioplasty with stent implantation is the standard treatment for sever… |
| PFA | Onuki et al · Pacing Clin Electrophysiol | 2026 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 2 | Farapulse | – | complete response 2 count (2 patients) | Pulsed-field ablation (PFA) in patients with an implanted extravascular implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (EV-ICD) poses theoretical risks of electromagnetic interference or lead displa… |
| PFA | Ruwald et al · HeartRhythm Case Rep | 2022 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 1 | Farawave | – | complete response 1 count (1 patients) | Key Teaching Points•Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is a promising method for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI).•Atrial fibrillation and coexisting cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) flutter is a common p… |
| PFA | Ahmed et al · J Interv Card Electrophysiol | 2026 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Preservation of Nerve and Vascular Structures | 6435 | – | – | other 0.76 count (6435 patients) | BACKGROUND: Cryoballoon ablation (CBA) is a widely used method for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI), while Pulsed-Field ablation (PFA) is a newer, non-thermal technique that shows promise for … |
| PFA | Al Diab Al Azzawi et al · BMC Cardiovasc Disord | 2026 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Preservation of Nerve and Vascular Structures | – | – | – | – | BACKGROUND: Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is a non-thermal alternative to cryoballoon ablation (CBA) for pulmonary vein isolation in atrial fibrillation (AF). We compared their procedural effi… |
| PFA | Askarinejad et al · Europace | 2026 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 110 | – | – | progressive disease 90% (50 patients) | Background Pulsed-field ablation (PFA) is an emerging non-thermal energy modality that induces irreversible electroporation, selectively affecting myocardial cells while sparing surrounding … |
| PFA | Li et al · Pacing Clin Electrophysiol | 2026 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 149 | – | – | – | Background: Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is an emerging nonthermal ablation modality that can penetrate scar tissue more deeply. However, the evidence supporting its application in ventricula… |
| PFA | Makdah et al · Europace | 2026 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 107 | – | – | – | Background Pulsed field ablation (PFA) has emerged as a non-thermal ablation technology capable of producing myocardial lesions while minimizing collateral tissue injury. Although extensivel… |
| PFA | Arevalo et al · J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol | 2026 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | – | – | progression-free survival 27% (3384 patients) | Introduction: The conventional 3-month blanking period after atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation has been applied irrespective of energy modality. Pulsed field ablation (PFA), a nonthermal tec… |
| PFA | Bistriceanu et al · Europace | 2026 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 1637 | – | – | – | Background Current atrial fibrillation (AF) guidelines and expert consensus documents from major societies discuss early arrhythmia recurrence (ER) within the first 3 months after catheter a… |
| PFA | Erzinger et al · J Interv Card Electrophysiol | 2026 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 1005 | – | – | complete response 100% (1005 patients) | BACKGROUND: The efficacy and safety of pulsed-field (PFA) ablation with zero/low-fluoroscopy (ZF/LF) approach is unclear with previous evidence limited to thermal technique. METHODS: PubMed,… |
| PFA | Alnomani et al · J Arrhythm | 2026 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Preservation of Nerve and Vascular Structures | 8546 | – | – | – | Background: With over 60 million cases worldwide, atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common cardiac arrhythmias in adults. Pulsed-field ablation (PFA) has emerged as a significant a… |
| PFA | Bregion et al · J Cardiovasc Dev Dis | 2026 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | – | – | – | Background: Pulsed field ablation (PFA) has shown promising results for atrial fibrillation (AF), with efficacy comparable to established ablation techniques. High-power short-duration (HPSD… |
| PFA | Ha et al · J Interv Card Electrophysiol | 2026 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 751 | – | – | pain response 62.5% (48 patients) | BACKGROUND: Limited real-world data exist regarding pulmonary vein (PV) and posterior wall (PW) durability after index pulsed field ablation (PFA) for atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients un… |
| PFA | Latini et al · Europace | 2026 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 4162 / 4 | – | – | – | Aims Pulsed field ablation (PFA) has recently emerged as a promising alternative to conventional energy sources (ES) for atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. However, comparative data between … |
| PFA | Makdah et al · Europace | 2026 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Preservation of Nerve and Vascular Structures | 878 | – | – | – | Background/Introduction The superior vena cava (SVC) has been identified as a non-pulmonary vein trigger in atrial fibrillation (AF) and SVC isolation has been suggested for improvement of l… |
| PFA | Pajareya et al · Pacing Clin Electrophysiol | 2026 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Preservation of Nerve and Vascular Structures | – | – | – | overall survival 71% (900 patients) | Background: Pulse field ablation (PFA) is an emerging catheter ablation strategy for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Nonetheless, the safety and efficacy of PFA in elderly patients r… |
| PFA | Sawalha et al · Pacing Clin Electrophysiol | 2026 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 260 | – | – | overall survival 100% (260 patients) | Background: Fluoroscopy reduction has become a priority in electrophysiology to mitigate radiation exposure and the musculoskeletal burden of lead apron use. Pulsed field ablation (PFA) offe… |
| PFA | Villarreal et al · J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol | 2026 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | – | – | progression-free survival 72.3% (3744 patients) | Background and aims: Pulsed field ablation (PFA) has emerged as a non-thermal alternative for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI), offering shorter procedural times and a favorable safety profile… |
| PFA | Wan et al · – | 2026 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | – | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | – | – | complete response 28% (1983 patients) | Pulsed field ablation (PFA)-guided pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) has limited efficacy in treating persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) and requires additional substrate modification, but the… |
| PFA | Wan et al · Sci Rep | 2026 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 1983 | – | – | – | Pulsed field ablation (PFA)-guided pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) has limited efficacy in treating persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) and requires additional substrate modification, but the… |
| PFA | Bax et al · Heart Rhythm | 2026 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | – | – | – | Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is emerging as an alternative to thermal ablation for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in atrial fibrillation, although PFA-specific complications have arisen. This… |
| PFA | Bokhari et al · Medicine (Baltimore) | 2026 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Preservation of Nerve and Vascular Structures | 4638 | – | – | local control 1.65 count (4638 patients) | Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) remains the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia. Pulsed field ablation (PFA) and cryoablation (CA) aim to isolate pulmonary veins and prevent AF rec… |
| PFA | Cao et al · Front Cardiovasc Med | 2026 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 1476 | – | – | disease-free survival 0.99 ratio (1376 patients) | Background: Pulsed field ablation (PFA) and very high power short duration ablation (vHPSD) are new techniques for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation that have been rapidly developed i… |
| PFA | Li et al · BMC Cardiovasc Disord | 2026 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 1610 | – | – | – | Background: Pulsed field ablation (PFA) has emerged as an innovative non-thermal approach with significant promise for treating atrial fibrillation (AF). However, comparative data between PF… |
| PFA | Mehta et al · J Interv Card Electrophysiol | 2026 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | – | – | – | Background: Cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) dependent atrial flutter (AFL) is conventionally managed using radiofrequency catheter ablation. Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is an emerging non-therma… |
| PFA | Mojica et al · BMC Cardiovasc Disord | 2026 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | – | – | – | BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia and a leading cause of stroke. Pulsed field ablation (PFA) emerges as a novel, non-thermal energy source offering m… |
| PFA | Oudih et al · Pacing Clin Electrophysiol | 2026 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Preservation of Nerve and Vascular Structures | 1958 | – | – | overall survival 99.69% | Introduction: Pulsed-field ablation (PFA) is a novel, nonthermal modality for the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) that may reduce procedural complications compared with conventional th… |
| PFA | Abbas et al · – | 2025 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Preservation of Nerve and Vascular Structures | – | – | – | – | Background: Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is an established modality for atrial fibrillation (AF) due to myocardial selectivity and reduced collateral injury. Its role in ventricular tachycard… |
| PFA | Marazzato et al · Prog Cardiovasc Dis | 2025 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | – | Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is a novel and minimally thermal energy source that exploits the biophysics of irreversible electroporation (IRE) to cause cell death. Differently from radiofrequ… |
| PFA | Krishan et al · Eur Heart J Open | 2025 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 817 | – | – | progression-free survival 0 count (817 patients) | Graphical Abstract. |
| PFA | Arrighini et al · J Interv Card Electrophysiol | 2025 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 202 | – | – | – | Background: Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is a novel, non-thermal technique for atrial fibrillation ablation that is currently under early investigation for paroxysmal supraventricular tachyca… |
| PFA | Badertscher et al · Europace | 2025 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Preservation of Nerve and Vascular Structures | – | – | – | – | Radiofrequency and cryoablation have been the standard energy sources for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), whereas pulsed-field ablation (PFA) has em… |
| PFA | Mohamed et al · J Arrhythm | 2025 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Preservation of Nerve and Vascular Structures | 1928 | – | – | progression-free survival 67% (1928 patients) | Background: Pulmonary vein isolation is a standard therapy for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). Pulsed field ablation (PFA) has emerged as a novel approach aiming to improve efficacy and… |
| PFA | Prajapati et al · Pacing Clin Electrophysiol | 2025 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 7944 | – | – | – | Background: While radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and cryoablation (CBA) are established treatments for atrial fibrillation (AF), pulsed field ablation (PFA) offers potential benefits. This st… |
| PFA | Barbosa et al · J Interv Card Electrophysiol | 2025 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | 17 | – | – | – | Background: Pulsed-field ablation (PFA) has emerged as a potentially safer alternative to radiofrequency ablation (RFA). However, recent studies have raised concerns that PFA may induce hemo… |
| PFA | Aldaas et al · J Interv Card Electrophysiol | 2023 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | – | – | – | Background: Pulsed field ablation (PFA) induces cell death through electroporation using ultrarapid electrical pulses. We sought to compare the procedural efficiency characteristics, safety,… |
| IRE | Sugrue et al · J Interv Card Electrophysiol | 2019 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | – | Introduction: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) utilizing high voltage pulses is an emerging strategy for catheter-based cardiac ablation with considerable growth in the preclinical arena. … |
| PFA | Pürerfellner · Europace | 2026 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | – | Pulsed field ablation (PFA) has rapidly evolved from an experimental electroporation-based concept to a widely adopted modality in cardiac electrophysiology, marking one of the fastest clini… |
| IRE | Eberl et al · J Cardiovasc Dev Dis | 2025 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | – | Understanding the biophysics of electroporation-the mechanism by which pulsed electric fields achieve tissue ablation-is essential for advancing this emerging technology. In this review, we … |
| IRE | Jacobs · Radiol Oncol | 2025 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 23 / 32 | – | – | – | Background: Focal ablation techniques are integral in the surgical intervention of diseased tissue, where it is necessary to minimize damage to the surrounding parenchyma and critical struct… |
| PFA | Neven · Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev | 2025 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | pain response 66.2% | Pulsed field ablation (PFA) represents a paradigm shift in the catheter-based treatment of AF, offering myocardial-selective ablation through the non-thermal mechanism of irreversible electr… |
| PFA | Levy et al · Pacing Clin Electrophysiol | 2025 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | – | Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is a cutting-edge treatment for arrhythmias that targets cardiac tissue with rapid, high-voltage electric current pulses, resulting in irreversible electroporatio… |
| PFA | Ezzeddine et al · J Clin Med | 2024 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Preservation of Nerve and Vascular Structures | 38 | – | – | – | One of the recent advancements in the field of cardiac electrophysiology is pulsed field ablation (PFA). PFA is a novel energy modality that does not rely on thermal processes to achieve abl… |
| PFA | Guttipatti et al · Heart Surg Forum | 2024 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | – | Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is a novel technology to treat atrial fibrillation (AF) utilizing electric fields to induce nonthermal irreversible electroporation of electrically active cardiac… |
| PFA | Maan et al · Curr Cardiol Rep | 2022 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Preservation of Nerve and Vascular Structures | – | – | – | – | Purpose of review: Current ablation approach for arrhythmias relies upon the use of radiofrequency (RF) and cryoablation catheters. Although there have been significant advances both in cath… |
| PFA | Di Monaco et al · J Cardiovasc Dev Dis | 2022 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Preservation of Nerve and Vascular Structures | – | – | – | progression-free survival 84.8% (121 patients) | Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and catheter ablation, which can be used in symptomatic patients refractory to antiarrhythmic therapy. Pulmonary vein… |
| PFA | Bradley et al · J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol | 2020 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Preservation of Nerve and Vascular Structures | – | – | – | – | Pulsed-field ablation (PFA) is a promising new ablation modality for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. This energy form employs a train of microsecond duration high amplitude electrical … |
| IRE | Sugrue et al · Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther | 2018 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | – | – | – | Cardiac ablation is an established treatment modality for the management of patients with cardiac arrhythmias. Current approaches to cardiac ablation employ thermal based energy to achieve l… |
| ECT | Yu et al · Dermatologic Surgery | 2005 | Review | Human | – | – | – | – | – | Background and objective As the number of patients with implantable cardiac devices escalates, inadvertent electromagnetic interference (EMI) by electrosurgery carries increasing concern for… |
| PFA | Salameh et al · Ann Biomed Eng | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | – | OmniPorator | – | – | Purpose: Atherosclerotic vascular disease remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current treatments such as angioplasty, stenting, and atherectomy are invasive and lim… |
| PFA | Herranz et al · – | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Apoptosis Induction | – | AblaView | – | – | Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is increasingly used for atrial fibrillation, but the mechanisms of PFA-induced cell death remain incompletely understood. This study aimed to elucidate the early… |
| PFA | Jacobs · Ann Biomed Eng | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | – | NanoKnife, OmniPorator custom high-voltage pulse generator | – | – | Purpose: High-frequency irreversible electroporation (H-FIRE) is a pulsed field ablation (PFA) technique that employs a series of high-voltage, microseconds-long positive and negative pulses… |
| PFA | Hua et al · Clin Cardiol | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Preservation of Nerve and Vascular Structures | – | CF-sensing catheter, PFA-micro1 | – | – | Background: Pulsed field ablation (PFA) has emerged as a novel non-thermal modality with highly myocardium-specific. However, the PFA catheter based on contact force (CF)-sensing has not bee… |
| PFA | Younis et al · Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | – | FARASTAR | – | – | Background: Conventional focal radiofrequency catheters may be modified to enable multiple energy modalities (radiofrequency or pulsed field [PF]) with the benefit of contact force (CF) feed… |
| PFA | Di Biase et al · Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | OMNYPULSE catheter, TRUPULSE generator | – | – | Background: The effect of contact force (CF) on lesion formation is not clear during pulsed field ablation (PFA). The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of CF, PFA, and their inter… |
| PFA | Koruth et al · Heart Rhythm | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | Omnypulse | – | – | Pericardial adhesions develop in patients’ hearts after surgical cardiac intervention or infection. These adhesions make epicardial interventions such as ablation laborious. Advancing surgic… |
| PFA | Koya et al · J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion | – / 38 | BTX 830 | calcium chloride · other route | bleeding control 8.1 mm (19 lesions) | Introduction: Pulsed field ablation (PFA) has emerged as an innovative therapy for cardiac arrhythmias. Drawing parallels with PFA's application in solid tumors, calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ) a… |
| PFA | Nakagawa et al · Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Necrosis and Necroptosis | – | ThermoCool SmartTouch SF-Dual-Energy, TRUPULSE2 | – | – | Background: During pulsed field ablation (PFA), relationships between ablation parameters (contact force [CF], number of burst pulses, impedance decrease, and electrode temperature) and lesi… |
| PFA | Nies et al · Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | – / 45 | Sphere-9, Affera Mapping System, HexaPulse | – | complete response 100% (9 lesions) | Background: Endocardial catheter-based pulsed field ablation (PFA) of the ventricular myocardium is promising. However, little is known about PFA's ability to target intracavitary structures… |
| PFA | Younis et al · JACC Clin Electrophysiol | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | – | FARASTAR, FARAWAVE, FARAPOINT | – | complete response 100% (44 lesions) | Background: The efficacy of pulsed field ablation (PFA) for redo procedures is unknown. Objectives: In this study, the authors aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of PFA when performing PFA … |
| PFA | Bhardwaj et al · Heart Rhythm | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | – | OMNYPULSE ablation catheter, Pulse Biosciences prototype catheter | – | pain response 83% (12 animals) | Focal delivery of microsecond pulsed field ablation (PFA) using small and large round/cylindrical tips have been described. Objective: To evaluate nanosecond (ns)PFA delivery using a novel f… |
| PFA | Kocharian et al · Heart Rhythm | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | Termocool SmartTouch SF Dual Energy Catheter, OMNYPULSE Catheter, Farapulse, CARTO Smart Touch | – | – | Despite the good safety profile of pulsed-filed energy (PF) for the ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) reported in clinical studies, cases of renal failure caused probably by hemolysis wer… |
| PFA | Younis et al · JACC Clin Electrophysiol | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | – | IntellaNav StablePoint, FARASTAR | – | – | Background: Comparative efficacy and safety data on radiofrequency ablation (RFA) versus pulsed field ablation (PFA) for common idiopathic left ventricular arrhythmia (LV-VAs) locations are … |
| PFA | Di Biase et al · Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Preservation of Nerve and Vascular Structures | – | TRUPULSE 2, SMARTABLATE, Thermocool SmartTouch | – | – | Background: Pulsed field ablation (PFA) has emerged as an alternative to radiofrequency ablation. However, data on focal point-by-point PFA are scarce. The aim of this study was to compare l… |
| IRE | Gasperetti et al · Europace | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – / 204 | multi-electrode circular catheter with its dedicated IRE gen, custom-made linear catheter | – | progressive disease 0 count (6 lesions) | Aims Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is a non-thermal ablative approach in which cardiomyocyte death is obtained through irreversible electroporation (IRE). Data correlating the biophysical char… |
| PFA | Mattison et al · J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | prototype 8 Fr focal PFA catheter | – | – | Introduction: Contact force has been used to titrate lesion formation for radiofrequency ablation. Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is a field-based ablation technology for which limited evidence… |
| PFA | Howard et al · Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol | 2022 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | – | prototype PFA catheter | – | – | Background: Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is a novel energy modality for treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. The impact of electrode-tissue proximity on lesion formation by PFA has not been conc… |
| Other EP | Koruth et al · JACC Clin Electrophysiol | 2022 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | – | Farapoint | – | – | This publication has no abstract. |
| IRE | Song · J Am Heart Assoc | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | TP3032 Teslaman, Platinum Tweezertrode 45-0486 BTX, Platinum Tweezertrode, TP3032 | – | – | Background Esophageal ulceration and fistula are severe complications of pulmonary vein isolation using thermal ablation. Nonthermal irreversible electroporation (NTIRE) is a promising new t… |
| PFA | Yavin et al · Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Preservation of Nerve and Vascular Structures | – | Varipulse, PFA generator | – | – | Background: Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is a nonthermal energy with potential safety advantages over radiofrequency ablation. This study investigated a novel PFA system-a circular multielect… |
| IRE | Li et al · BMC Cardiovasc Disord | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | YTL-GM01, custom-built pulse generation system | – | cell viability 5.2 cm³ (7 animals) | Background: High-Frequency Irreversible Electroporation (H-FIRE) is a novel technology for non-thermal ablation. Different from Irreversible electroporation (IRE), H-FIRE delivers bipolar el… |
| IRE | Groen · Europace | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | LifePak 9, St. Jude Medical circular 14-electrode catheter | – | – | Aims Irreversible electroporation (IRE) ablation is a non-thermal ablation method based on the application of direct current between a multi-electrode catheter and skin electrode. The delive… |
| PFA | Zhu et al · Front Cardiovasc Med | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | LEAD-PFA, PFA8D15LT | – | – | Background: Studies have shown that pulsed field ablation (PFA) has excellent effectiveness and safety in pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). However, there are few reports about the application… |
| PFA | Koruth et al · Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Preservation of Nerve and Vascular Structures | – | Farawave, Blazer Open-Irrigated, Farapulse, Maestro 4000, Faradrive | – | progression-free survival 0% (6 animals) | Background: Pulsed field ablation (PFA) can be myocardium selective, potentially sparing the esophagus during left atrial ablation. In an in vivo porcine esophageal injury model, we compared… |
| PFA | Stewart et al · Heart Rhythm | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Electrode Geometry and Placement | – | – | – | bleeding control 91.1% (41 lesions) | Background: Radiofrequency (RF) has become an accepted energy source for myocardial ablation but may result in discontinuous lesions and nontargeted tissue injury. We examined the feasibilit… |
| IRE | van Es et al · Biomed Eng Online | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | – | – | – | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) using direct current (DC) is an effective method for the ablation of cardiac tissue. A major drawback of the use of DC-IRE, however, are two pr… |
| IRE | Padmanabhan et al · J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | NanoKnife | – | – | Background: Endocardial radiofrequency ablation of epicardial ganglionic plexus (GP) for atrial fibrillation (AF) is complicated by myocardial damage. Objectives: We hypothesized that an epi… |
| IRE | Jiang et al · Journal of Medical Devices | 2013 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | – | BTX ECM830 | – | – | Cardiovascular disease remains the number one cause of death in the United States, and in 2010 was responsible for 17% of the US health expenditures ($272.5 billion) [1]. Many acquired cardi… |
| IRE | Deodhar et al · AJR Am J Roentgenol | 2011 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | NanoKnife | – | – | Objective: Irreversible electroporation is a nonthermal ablative tool that uses direct electrical pulses to create irreversible membrane pores and cell death. The ablation zone is surrounded… |
| IRE | Lavee et al · Heart Surg Forum | 2007 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – | IRE pulse generator, IRE pulse generator (Oncobionic) | bleomycin | – | Background: All currently used energy sources in surgical ablation for atrial fibrillation create lesions via thermal injury. We report for the first time the in vivo results of a new nonthe… |
| Undetermined | Panescu et al · Phys Med Biol | 1999 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | – | – | – | – | We developed a temperature-controlled radiofrequency (RF) system which can ablate by delivering energy to up to six 12.5 mm long coil electrodes simultaneously. Temperature feedback was obta… |
| PFA | Zarębski et al · J Interv Card Electrophysiol | 2026 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | – / 50 | PFGen, Triguy, FlexAbility | – | – | Introduction: Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is a novel technique for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the impact of electrode type on lesio… |
| Other EP | Sowa et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2026 | In Vitro Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF) | – | – | other · other route | – | Achieving complete cardiac ablation requires higher electric fields, increasing the risk of vasospasm or collateral injury. A potential strategy to enhance ablation efficacy without raising … |
| PFA | Castellvi et al · Int J Numer Method Biomed Eng | 2025 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | – | – | – | – | Pulsed Field Ablation (PFA) is an electroporation-based treatment modality to perform cardiac tissue ablations. Heart parenchyma is mainly constituted by elongated myocytes organized in fibe… |
| PFA | Salameh et al · – | 2025 | Technical / Device Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | – | – | – | – | Background Atherosclerotic vascular disease remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current treatments such as angioplasty, stenting, and atherectomy are invasive and l… |
| PFA | Jacobs et al · – | 2026 | Experimental Biophysics Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | OmniPorator | – | – | Objective Pulsed field ablation (PFA) relies on irreversible electroporation to create nonthermal cardiac lesions, yet real-time indicators of electroporation progression and validated letha… |
| PFA | Valappil et al · Heart Rhythm | 2026 | Experimental Biophysics Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Thermal Effect and Joule Heating | – | Farawave, PulseSelect, Volt, Varipulse, Electropulse, Sphere-9 | – | – | Background: Pulsed field ablation (PFA) induces cell death predominantly through irreversible electroporation (IRE), a non-thermal mechanism. However, Joule heating during PFA delivery may r… |
| Calcium EP | Lu et al · Pacing Clin Electrophysiol | 2025 | Experimental Biophysics Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Disruption of Calcium Homeostasis | – | SYE-PFA-1A | calcium chloride | – | Background: Contact force (CF)-dependent pulse field electroporation (PFE) may generate tissue heating, affecting junctional rhythm at the triangle of Koch (ToK) in a clinical setting. PFE m… |
| PFA | Nies et al · Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol | 2024 | Experimental Biophysics Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – / 14 | Farawave | – | – | Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology RESEARCH LETTER Hemolysis After Pulsed Field Ablation: Impact of Lesion Number and Catheter-Tissue Contact Moritz Nies , MD; Jacob S. Koruth , M… |
| PFA | Campos-Villarreal et al · JACC Case Rep | 2026 | Editorial / Letter | – | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | – | – | – | [Figure: see text] |
| PFA | Ha et al · J Interv Card Electrophysiol | 2026 | Correction / Erratum | – | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | – | – | – | This publication has no abstract. |
| IRE | Lin et al · J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol | 2025 | Protocol | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | 292 | InRythm, LotosPFA, InBridge | – | – | Background: Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is gaining recognition as a nonthermal, tissue-specific technique for the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). The preclinical evaluation of the inv… |
| Calcium EP | Johnson · – | 2024 | Not reported | – | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion | – | – | calcium chloride | – | This paper explores the innovative approach of cardiac calcium electroporation as a potential advancement in catheter ablation techniques, building upon the historical context of thermal abl… |
| PFA | Reddy et al · Heart Rhythm O2 | 2023 | Protocol | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | – | – | – | – | Background: Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is an effective treatment for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF). However, potential complications can occur due to the propagation of thermal en… |
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Limitations
Publication volume is not clinical efficacy or evidence quality. It describes how much literature exists in the area and of what kind; it does not indicate how strongly the treatment is supported, guideline endorsement or regulatory status.
Patient totals are not a count of unique patients. The same cohort may have been reported in more than one publication; the totals are not a meta-analysis.
How the corpus was assembled, the tier thresholds, the definition of a clinical publication and why methods are counted separately: Literature Map.