Methodology and Version History

This page describes how the portal's numbers are produced: where the corpus comes from, what is deliberately left out, which sources resolve the citation data, how classification is done, and by which numerical thresholds literature maturity is assigned and what it does not describe. Every number on this page is counted from the produced data or from the source archive.

2026-08-24data version

2,481oncology corpus (publications)

2,643extended electroporation corpus (publications)

322clinical trial records

Source Acquisition

The corpus is not a live literature search but an institutional PDF archive. It is split into three top-level folders: reversible electroporation (electrochemotherapy), irreversible electroporation, and neighbouring applications that are electroporation but not tumour treatment (cardiac pulsed-field ablation, non-oncological IRE). Records in the third folder are assigned to the irreversible electroporation regime. Each folder holds indication sub-folders, and the portal application areas come directly from those.

Bibliographic data is read from the filename: the pattern Year - Authors - Title - DOI, followed where needed by a source note in parentheses (thesis, conference abstract, scanned document). Citation data for the 10 files that do not follow this pattern is written by hand. The archive holds 2,724 PDFs; if an unrecognised folder appears, the build does not skip it silently but raises a warning.

Clinical trial records are read from registry exports in the same archive (ClinicalTrials.gov and WHO ICTRP). The published portal sends no query to any external service; citation resolution happens only during the build and only with public identifiers such as DOI and PMID.

Folders Entering the Corpus

Archive folder	Regime	Publications
Reversible electroporation (electrochemotherapy)	Reversible electroporation	1,610
Irreversible electroporation	Irreversible electroporation	888
Neighbouring fields and similar technologies (non-oncological)	Irreversible electroporation	145

The regime column is the default mapping of the folder; individual records can be moved to another regime by the correction ledger. The 162 publications in the cardiac pulsed-field ablation and non-oncological IRE areas are part of the corpus but held outside the oncology corpus; in total 999 publications sit in the electrochemotherapy regime and 897 in the irreversible electroporation regime.

Inclusion and Exclusion Rules

A record enters the corpus if it is a peer-reviewed publication from the electroporation literature (or a document with resolvable citation data such as a thesis, preprint or guideline). Three folders in the archive stay out of the corpus; they are not forgotten but excluded by rule, and their counts are written out below.

Excluded folder	Records	Reason
Regulatory and grey literature	28	Approval documents, adverse event records, health technology assessment reports and manufacturer instructions for use. They are not peer-reviewed journal publications and therefore do not enter the publication counts; their content is the subject of the safety and regulation page. The trial registry exports also sit in this folder and feed the trials table, but they are not counted as publications.
Electrochemical ablation (EChT)	20	A separate technology that drives an electrochemical reaction in tissue with direct current. It does not permeabilise the cell membrane with pulsed electric fields and is therefore not part of the electroporation literature.
Books	2	Books and book scans. They cannot be counted as individual publication records and stay outside the corpus; book chapters filed with their own citation data do enter the corpus.

The record counts are obtained by counting the archive rather than by hand; if a document moves between folders this table changes with it.

Step	Records
PDF files in the archive	2,724
Deliberately excluded folders	-50
Records placed outside the corpus by the automated validation pipeline	-31
Extended electroporation corpus	2,643

The step to the oncology corpus goes one further: the 162 publications in the cardiac pulsed-field ablation and non-oncological IRE areas stay in the corpus but fall outside the oncological subset.

The Two Scopes and Where They Apply

Two different cuts of the same corpus; neither is called simply “the corpus”

The portal works with two scopes and names both of them. Wherever a number appears, the text states which scope it belongs to; when two different numbers appear for the same subject, this is almost always the reason.

Scope	Publications	Definition	Pages using it
Oncology corpus	2,481	Tumour treatment applications; 22 application areas. Cardiac pulsed-field ablation and non-oncological IRE excluded.	Literature map, indication landscape, anatomical explorer, application area pages
Extended electroporation corpus	2,643	The oncology corpus plus non-oncological electroporation applications; 24 areas.	Research library, mechanism cross-matrix, non-oncological area pages

The data version stamp in the footer names both scopes on every page, so it is always visible which build a number on the page belongs to.

Citation Enrichment Chain

The filename gives the year, authors, title and identifier; journal, abstract, publication type and MeSH headings are resolved externally. The chain runs in order and the first source that answers wins: PubMed, Crossref, Europe PMC, OpenAlex, and finally the local PDF text. Of the records, 2,588 carry a DOI and 2,326 a PMID.

Citation source	Records	Share (%)
PubMed	2,259	85.5
Crossref	280	10.6
Europe PMC	87	3.3
OpenAlex	1	<0.1
Found in no index	16	0.6

Abstracts follow a separate chain: if the citation record carries none, Europe PMC, OpenAlex and Crossref are tried in turn, then the text of the source PDF. 2,484 of the 2,643 records in the extended corpus carry an abstract. For the 91 records without one, the opening paragraph of the PDF is shown under a separate heading; these are mostly letters, short case reports and commentaries published without an abstract by journal policy. The remaining 68 records carry neither an abstract nor a usable opening paragraph; they are listed with their citation data and enter no detection that requires text. The drawer labels where an abstract came from, because a PubMed abstract and text extracted from a PDF are not equally reliable.

Text extracted from a PDF can break in two ways, and the build looks for both: if the extraction starts in the middle of a word, or if the archive note says the page carries unrelated abstracts while the text contains not a single electroporation term, the text is not taken to belong to the record. For 64 records the text is therefore not published; the citation data, identifiers and source links remain. Presenting the wrong text as a publication’s abstract is a graver error than showing none.

Abstract source	Records	Share (%)
The citation record itself (PubMed, Crossref, Europe PMC)	2,296	86.9
OpenAlex	100	3.8
Europe PMC	9	0.3
Extracted from the source PDF text	79	3.0
No abstract; the opening paragraph of the PDF is shown	91	3.4
Extracted text is broken or does not belong to the record; not published	64	2.4
No text found	4	0.2

Abstract Republication Rights

The abstract of a publication is source text and its copyright usually rests with the publisher; being able to read an abstract does not make it republishable. The portal therefore publishes the whole abstract only for records whose licence explicitly permits republication. Those licences are: cc-by, cc-by-sa, cc0, public-domain. For every other record only the opening of the text is published, at most 320 characters and never cut in the middle of a word. The shortening is not hidden: it is stated next to the record and a link to the source is given.

The non-commercial (NC) and no-derivatives (ND) variants are deliberately left out: the portal is published by a company, and whether its use counts as commercial is a legal judgement rather than a technical one. Records whose licence is unknown are treated as restricted as well; for 1,164 records no licence information could be found at all, and unknown is not read as permitted.

The shortening happens in the data rather than on screen: text that is not published does not enter the data files either. Licence information is fetched from OpenAlex in a separate build step and matched by DOI; where a record has no DOI, or the OpenAlex licence field is empty, there is no information. Of the 2,484 records carrying an abstract, 835 publish the whole text and 1,649 only its opening; in 1,623 records the text was actually cut, the rest were already below the limit.

Licence	Records	What is published
cc-by	826	The whole abstract
cc-by-sa	7	The whole abstract
public-domain	2	The whole abstract
cc-by-nc-nd	246	Its opening only
cc-by-nc	172	Its opening only
other-oa	49	Its opening only
cc-by-nc-sa	18	Its opening only
No licence information found	1,164	Its opening only

Terms are detected before the text is cut. Mechanism terms are detected before the abstract is cut, over the whole text. A term recorded for a publication may therefore come from a sentence that is not published: in this build 863 of the shortened records carry at least one mechanism term that cannot be found in the published excerpt. Not finding a term in the excerpt does not mean the term was detected wrongly. Outcome-domain terms are detected in the same place and at the same moment: a licence should not change a scientific count. Of the 682 records with a clinical study type, 405 had their abstract shortened, and an outcome term recorded for those may likewise come from the part that is not published.

Permanent Record Identity

Every publication record carries an identifier, and that identifier is derived from the record’s own permanent handle: the DOI first, the PMID where there is no DOI, and the archive filename where there is neither. The chosen key is hashed with SHA-256 and the identifier is the first 12 hexadecimal digits of that hash.

What the identifier does not contain matters just as much: the disease area, the regime and the position of the record in the archive are not part of it. The consequence is that moving a record to another application area or another regime through the correction ledger leaves its identifier untouched, and adding a file to the archive does not shift the identifiers of the records already there. The identifier used to carry the regime code, the area name and a sequence number from the archive, all three of which can change, so a link given to one record could point at a different publication in the next build.

Basis of the identifier	Records	Share (%)
DOI	2,588	97.9
PMID	40	1.5
Archive filename	15	0.6

The 15 records resting on a filename carry neither a DOI nor a PMID. The limit of the scheme is plain here: if the file is renamed in the archive, or the record later acquires a DOI, the identifier changes, because its basis has changed. Two records landing on the same identifier is not passed over silently either: that is either two copies of the same publication or a wrong identifier, and both are problems. The build counts and reports collisions, and the production check fails on any repeated identifier.

In this build all 2,643 records carry a unique identifier.

Classification Logic

The study type, model system and mechanism terms of each record are assigned in an order that gives precedence to institutional metadata: first the labels assigned by the source index itself (PubMed publication type, MeSH headings), and only in their absence a rule set working over title and abstract. The order is deliberate: a label assigned by an indexing body is more reliable than an inference drawn from text.

Field	Primary source	Fallback rule	Unassigned records
Study type	PubMed publication type tags	Crossref and OpenAlex document type; then keyword rules over title and abstract	14
Model system	MeSH headings (human, animal, cell line)	Species and method expressions in title and abstract	59
Mechanism terms	Term patterns over title, abstract and opening paragraph	At most six terms per record, ranked by frequency	337

The application category in the clinical trials table is an inference of the same kind: it is derived from the record title and the condition text, and is not a field of the registry. Records that cannot be categorised appear in the table as “Uncertain”; how much of the registry regime field is empty is stated in the Known Limitations section below.

Unassigned records are not hidden; they appear as “Not reported” in the tables.

Separating Document Type from Study Design

What kind of document a record is, and how the study behind it was designed, are two separate questions. A preprint, a protocol, a conference abstract, an editorial and an erratum are document types; randomised, prospective and in vitro are study designs. The two used to share a single field, and the document type displaced the design: the preprint of a randomised study lost its design because its record said only “Preprint”. They are separate fields now, and both are present in the published data.

Which axis is counted? Every published “clinical publication” figure and every threshold calculation comes from the study type field; the design field that emerged once document type was separated is not counted. The difference between the two arises from published study protocols: a protocol describes a randomised study but reports no results of its own. Counting it as a clinical publication would put a study that has not yet been carried out in the place of evidence. In this build the two axes differ by two records, both protocols.

Separating the axes does not invent a design. Where the value the classifier put in the design field is in fact a document type (84 records), that value moves to the document field and the design stays “not determined” unless an external index names one. 77 records in the corpus have no determined design; showing the unknown as unknown is better than guessing.

Document type	Records	Study design determined
Journal Article	2,435	2,422
Editorial / Letter	74	31
Conference Abstract	63	57
Protocol	30	30
Preprint	15	14
Correction / Erratum	14	0
Thesis	10	10
Technical Document	1	1
Book Chapter	1	1

Of the 208 records whose document type is not a journal article, 144 also carry a determined study design: a conference abstract or a preprint has a study design too, and the two fields no longer stand in for one another. Literature maturity thresholds, on the other hand, are counted from the study type assigned by the classifier; the 3 designs filled in from an external index are written to the record but do not enter the threshold counts.

External Index Verification

The portal assigns a study design from its own rule set, while PubMed keeps its own publication type field for every record it indexes. The build compares the two and writes the result into the record itself. The comparison is not an internal audit but a published field: whether the design of a record comes from the portal, from the index, or whether the two disagree, sits next to the record. The publication type field was fetched on 2026-08-19; if the index changes the tags of a record later, the comparison is only updated when it is fetched again.

State	What it means	Records
Confirmed	The index names the same design the portal assigned	650
Conflict	The index names a different design	37
Filled	The portal had no design; the index named one	3
Silent	The record is indexed, but the index names no design	1,636
Not indexed	The record has no PMID, or no publication type was found for it	317

A conflict does not mean the portal is wrong. PubMed’s publication type field is incomplete: for most indexed records it names no design at all and says only that the publication is a journal article. In this build that is the case for 1,636 of the 2,326 indexed records. A conflict is therefore not a report of an error but a record flagged for review; the portal does not delete its own assignment in favour of the index, and where the index is silent the portal’s assignment is not treated as confirmed either. Which reading is right can only be settled by looking at the publication itself.

Most conflicts come from a single pattern: in 27 of the 37 conflicts in this build the only distinguishing tag the index gives is “Review”, while the portal read the publication as a systematic review or a guideline. In those records the divergence lies between a plain review and a systematic review; it is not erased but written into the record and counted.

The index can give a record several types, and the most specific of them is taken. The order is: Guideline / Consensus, Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis, Randomized Clinical Trial, Clinical Study, Animal Study, Case Report, Review. Without that ordering a systematic review would be read as a plain review, since systematic reviews almost always carry the “Review” tag as well; a real conflict would then look confirmed, and the count of strong publications would change with it.

Distinctions the portal draws but the index does not are treated as one family and counted as agreement: when the index says “Clinical Trial” it does not say whether the study was prospective or retrospective.

Design named by the index	Portal designs counted as agreement
Clinical Study	Clinical Study, Prospective Clinical Study, Retrospective Clinical Study
Case Report	Case Report, Case Series

Literature Maturity Thresholds

Literature maturity is assigned to each (regime, area) pair separately rather than to the area as a whole: within the same indication the electrochemotherapy and irreversible electroporation literatures are at different stages and are not merged into a single badge. The thresholds are counts, not judgements:

Literature maturity	Threshold
Broader clinical literature	At least 15 clinical studies or case series and at least 1 strong publication
Early clinical literature	At least 4 clinical studies or case series
Preclinical literature	At least 5 preclinical publications
Exploratory literature	Areas meeting none of the thresholds above

The three sets used in the thresholds consist of the following study types:

Set	Study types
Clinical study or case series	Case Series, Clinical Study, Prospective Clinical Study, Randomized Clinical Trial, Retrospective Clinical Study
Strong publication	Guideline / Consensus, Randomized Clinical Trial, Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis
Preclinical publication	Animal Study, Experimental Biophysics Study, In Silico / Modelling, In Vitro Study

Case reports do not count towards these thresholds, so that a single case report cannot lift an area to the broader clinical literature tier. The “clinical publications” figure used in the portal texts is a wider definition: primary clinical studies, case series and case reports, that is 826 publications in the oncology corpus. Systematic reviews and guidelines are not included in that figure.

The thresholds are this portal's own definition rather than something adopted from elsewhere. Draw them differently and the same area lands in a different tier, which is why the tier names here cannot be compared with the evidence gradings used elsewhere.

This is not a GRADE assessment. The tier names describe literature volume only: how many publications an area holds and which study types they fall into. They are not measures of response rate, survival, efficacy or safety; study quality, risk of bias and consistency of results have not been appraised, and no appraisal instrument such as the Oxford CEBM levels was used. A broader clinical literature badge does not indicate that a treatment is in clinical use, reimbursed, or approved by regulators; the portal makes no claim about any of these.

Validation Ledger

Each of the 2,648 records in the corpus is checked for whether its classification agrees with its own text and with the external index entry. The check is performed by a versioned software pipeline, and every decision is written into the ledger together with what each source said. The ledger is published as a separate file.

The sources are not equally independent, and that should be said plainly: the publication type and subject headings assigned by the external index are produced elsewhere and look at none of the portal’s rules. The deterministic rule engine and the structured semantic classifier, however, read THE SAME TEXT; they are not two independent sources but two different methods over one body of data. A dimension is decided only where at least two sources give the same answer. What a single source says does not count as confirmation; that dimension stays unknown.

Validation status	Records	What it means
Automated agreement, externally supported	331	At least two validation signals confirmed the classification. The signals are not independent sources: the rule engine and the semantic classifier read the same text, while the external index and MeSH are a separate source.
Corrected	257	The process changed the classification and the corrected record was validated a second time.
Conflicting	454	The validation signals do not agree with one another.
Insufficient	1,595	There is not enough text or index data to decide.
Outside the corpus	5	The publication does not belong to the electroporation literature and is removed from the published reference list as well.
Out of scoring	2	It belongs to the corpus, but the intervention under study is not electroporation.
From an earlier version	4	It did not pass through the current pipeline and affects no count.

What enters the maturity count

The literature maturity of an area is computed not from all records in that area but only from records that were confirmed, or corrected and then validated again. 404 records in the corpus meet this test. Conflicting, insufficient, out-of-scoring and carried-over records appear in the research library but affect no threshold and no badge. Area pages show how many records entered the count and how many did not.

What opens the top tier

What lifts an area to the top tier can be a single strong publication: a randomised study, a systematic review or a guideline. If that one record is misclassified, the area rises to a tier it has not earned. The threshold is therefore opened only by a strong publication marked tierEligible: none of its signals may conflict, and electroporation must be the intervention under study in it. 361 records in the corpus meet this test.

The role of the intervention counts, not the mention

That electroporation appears in a publication does not make it an electroporation publication. It may be the patient's earlier treatment, the method being compared against, or one name in a sentence listing the options. The process does not count mentions; it derives the role of each mention in the text, and only the role of intervention under study confers corpus membership and tier eligibility.

The decisions are reproducible

Every entry in the ledger carries the process version, the digest of the rule set, the model identifier, the digest of the prompt and the digest of the raw output set. All of these inputs are held in the repository; if one is missing or altered, the build fails and stops rather than writing an entry with an incomplete stamp. If the text belonging to a record changes, the source digest of that record changes and the decision is treated as stale and dropped.

The full ledger is published in machine-readable form: validation ledger, JSON. For each record the file holds what each of the signals said separately, the rationale, the reason codes and the decision code. The ledger is keyed by record identifier, so the file joins directly with the record list. The derived datasets behind the tables on these pages are published in the same folder: records, maturity matrix, mechanism distribution, application areas, trial registry and other registries.

Field	Example
processVersion	3.0.0
rulesetHash	4d3e5c6f87c3
modelId	claude-opus-5
promptHash	e1bd7aa07ee2
decisionsHash	a286e3051043

Automated Exception and Correction Ledger

Rule-based classification can fix errors that follow a pattern. What remains are errors resolved one record at a time by the validation pipeline, which no rule captures: a publication filed into the wrong folder in the archive, or a record whose subject is not even electroporation. These are kept in a correction ledger and applied after classification.

What the ledger holds

The ledger currently holds 389 corrections of three kinds: 26 remove a record from the corpus entirely, 361 correct the application area or the regime, and 2 clear text verified as not belonging to the record together with the classification derived from it.

How a row maps to a record

The internal ledger is keyed by the filename in the archive: a correction concerns the document, and the filename is stable there, pointing at that document even where the citation data of the record has not been resolved. The published copy is keyed by record identity instead, because the filename would expose the folder layout of the archive and would not let a reader move from a row to references.json. In the table below and in the CSV every row carries its identifier, and records removed from the corpus are separated by the korpusta column. The identifier of a record is unaffected by a correction: since the regime and the application area are not part of it, a record moved to another area by a correction keeps the same identifier (see Permanent Record Identity above). If an entry in the ledger matches no record, the build raises a warning so the correction cannot fall away unnoticed.

Two kinds of entry

Some entries in the ledger were produced by the current validation pipeline, with a record of what each signal said. The rest were produced by an earlier version of the process; their rationales are in place but there is no signal record. The two are shown separately in the table and in the CSV, because they are not auditable to the same degree.

A rationale is mandatory

A correction without a rationale cannot be audited. Every entry in the ledger must state why it was made, and an entry without one halts the build. Because corrections are kept separately from the source data, they are not lost when the corpus is rebuilt but reapplied on every build.

Type of correction	Records
Application area, regime or study type correction	361
Removal from the corpus	26
Clearing text that does not belong to the record	2

Record of the entry	Records
Produced by the current pipeline, signal record in the ledger	158
Carried over from an earlier version of the process, no signal record	231

Open the full ledger, 389 records

This ledger is also published in machine-readable form: correction ledger, CSV. The validation ledger, which covers the whole corpus, is a separate file and is published in the Validation Ledger section below.

Source record	Correction	Rationale
Localized thermo-cisplatin therapy A pilot study in spontaneous canine and feline tumours Théon et al · 1991 ref-510f1269622f	Removed from the corpus	Intralesional chemotherapy plus hyperthermia without electroporation: 'injection of a colloidal suspension of cisplatin into the tumour prior to hyperthermia', target temperature 42 C for 30 minutes. No term from the electroporation family appears in the PDF full text, and no electric pulses are applied.
Potentiation of bleomycin antitumor effectiveness by electrotherapy Serša et al · 1993 ref-e9695a1d4922	Removed from the corpus	The method applied is not electroporation but direct current electrotherapy (EChT): the abstract states '0.6 mA direct current (DC) for 60 min', and in the full text the electrodes are placed outside the tumour. The paper itself rules out electroporation as the mechanism: 'With direct currents this possibility has not been demonstrated and seems not plausible at the electric field level applied in our study.' Electroporation and electrochemotherapy appear only in the reference list (Mir 1991) and as citations in the mechanism discussion.
Perioperative intratumoral administration of cisplatin for treatment of cutaneous tumors in Equidae Théon et al · 1994 ref-f1a153e81c9e	Removed from the corpus	Intratumoural chemotherapy without electroporation: 'intratumoral injection of cisplatin in purified sesame oil at 2-week intervals', a slow-release oil formulation. There are no electrodes, pulses or permeabilisation; the PDF is scanned and has no text layer, so no further terms could be checked either, and the intervention described in the abstract is cisplatin injection alone.
Effective Electroporation Therapy of Human Pancreatic Tumors Implanted in Nude Mice Dev et al · 1997 ref-4fff83bfa95d	Application area: Pancreatic Cancer	The tumour treated is a human pancreatic carcinoma (Panc-3) implanted subcutaneously in nude mice; the subcutaneous site is only the xenograft model, and the disease studied is pancreatic cancer.
The effect of intralesional bleomycin on canine acanthomatous epulis Yoshida et al · 1998 ref-2f7f59315df2	Removed from the corpus	Intralesional chemotherapy without electroporation: four dogs received 5 mg of bleomycin intralesionally once a week, with no electric pulses or electrodes applied. No term from the electroporation family appears in the PDF full text. Intralesional bleomycin without electric pulses is not electrochemotherapy.
Electrically enhanced drug delivery for the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma M Hyacinthe, M Jaroszeski, V Dang, D Coppola, R Karl, R Gilbert · 1999 ref-3927e1522492	Study type: Animal Study; Model system: Animal (In Vivo)	The abstract plainly describes an animal experiment: 'using an animal model bearing human sarcomas', 'Established tumors were injected with bleomycin, then electric pulses were administered to the tumor site. Animals were followed based on periodic tumor volume determinations'. No patients were treated; the clinical study and human model assignments are wrong.
Comparison of perioperative versus postoperative intratumoral administration of cisplatin for treatment of cutaneous sarcoids and squamous cell carcinomas in horses Théon et al · 1999 ref-aad18eaacfdb	Removed from the corpus	Intratumoural chemotherapy without electroporation: '4 intratumoral treatments of cisplatin at 2-week intervals', the only variable compared being the interval between surgery and chemotherapy. Nowhere is any electrode or pulse application described.
Electrochemotherapy with Cisplatin Clinical Experience in Malignant Melanoma Patients Sersa et al · 2000 ref-aaef3d9d95a0	Study type: Clinical Study	The abstract says 'The aim of this Phase II clinical study'; 133 nodules were split into four groups, but no random allocation is reported. PubMed tags it 'Clinical Trial, Phase II' and 'Controlled Clinical Trial', not 'Randomized Controlled Trial'.
Electrochemotherapy potentiation of local antitumour effectiveness of cisplatin in dogs and cats Tozon et al · 2001 ref-ec8d7ce9cbe0	Study type: Animal Study	The patients are not human but veterinary: cisplatin electrochemotherapy was applied to spontaneous tumour nodules in 3 cats and 7 dogs (24 nodules). A veterinary clinical study conducted in canine and feline patients is classified as an animal study.
Electrochemotherapy for digital chondrosarcoma Shimizu et al · 2003 ref-b3d686bec3a5	Study type: Case Report	The abstract describes a single patient: 'A 74-year-old woman with a digital chondrosarcoma was administered electric stimulation...', and follow-up is reported in terms of that one patient remaining disease-free. A single case is not a clinical study; it is a case report.
Calcium bursts induced by nanosecond electric pulses Vernier et al · 2003 ref-82d75254f8a9	Study type: In Vitro Study; Model system: Cell Culture	The experiments were carried out in the Jurkat T lymphoblast cell line ('human lymphocytes ... Jurkat T lymphoblasts'); there are no patients and no animals, so the model cannot be human.
Evaluation of cisplatin combined with piroxicam for the treatment of oral malignant melanoma and oral squamous cell carcinoma in dogs Boria et al · 2004 ref-7999c1d4a78e	Removed from the corpus	A dose-finding study of systemic cisplatin (50 mg/m2 with diuresis) combined with oral piroxicam; there is no electroporation and no local electric pulse delivery. No term from the electroporation family appears in the PDF full text.
Electrochemotherapy with cisplatin of cutaneous tumor lesions in breast cancer Rebersek et al · 2004 ref-398509e9c5b5	Study type: Clinical Study	The 26 lesions of six patients were split into ECT (12), intratumoural cisplatin (6) and control (8); the abstract does not mention randomisation. PubMed tags it 'Clinical Trial' and 'Controlled Clinical Trial'.
Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma using multitined expandable electrodes: comparison of subcapsular and nonsubcapsular tumors Cho et al · 2006 ref-152d25280f51	Removed from the corpus	A pure radiofrequency ablation study: 43 HCC lesions were treated by 'percutaneous radiofrequency ablation using multitined expandable electrodes'. No term from the electroporation family (electroporation, electrochemotherapy, IRE, PEF) appears anywhere in the PDF full text.
Use of cisplatin-containing biodegradable beads for treatment of cutaneous neoplasia in equidae: 59 cases (2000-2004) Hewes et al · 2006 ref-fdd9bdd333ab	Removed from the corpus	Cisplatin-containing biodegradable beads (a slow-release implant) placed into the tumour bed; there is no electric field and no electroporation. No term from the electroporation family appears in the PDF full text.
Electrochemotherapy – An easy, highly effective and safe treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous metastases: Results of ESOPE (European Standard Operating Procedures of Electrochemotherapy) study Marty et al · 2006 ref-cb2478b65c66	Application area: Skin & Cutaneous Tumours	The paper is a prospective clinical study (ESOPE) reporting the RESULTS of ECT treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous metastases; a study describing a specific clinical application does not belong to general principles, and skin and subcutaneous metastases from various primaries go to the skin and cutaneous tumours area. The separate methodology paper describing the ESOPE standard operating procedures is not this record.
Complete regression of established subcutaneous B16 murine melanoma tumors after delivery of an HIV-1 Vpr-expressing plasmid by in vivo electroporation McCray et al · 2006 ref-f78fe03bc758	Application area: Malignant Melanoma	The study demonstrates in vivo electroporation-mediated delivery of a Vpr-expressing plasmid into established subcutaneous B16.F10 melanoma tumours in mice and complete tumour regression; the disease is explicitly malignant melanoma, and melanoma has its own application area in the taxonomy.
Electrochemotherapy of Mycosis fungoides by interferon-alpha Peycheva et al · 2007 ref-8111da934317	Study type: Clinical Study	The abstract does not mention random allocation: 29 lesions in 8 patients were treated with ECT and compared with conventional interferon-alpha monoimmunotherapy. The PubMed publication type is 'Controlled Clinical Trial'; there is no evidence of randomisation.
Long-term outcome associated with intratumoral chemotherapy with cisplatin for cutaneous tumors in equidae: 573 cases (1995-2004) Théon et al · 2007 ref-b24296473686	Removed from the corpus	The intervention studied is intratumoural cisplatin chemotherapy without electroporation (573 horses, crystalline cisplatin in an oil emulsion). Electrochemotherapy is mentioned only in the discussion, as an alternative method, and is explicitly presented as an option outside the study: 'the usefulness of this approach is limited in equine oncology because of the equipment needed for electroporation and the need for general anesthesia'. Electroporation is therefore neither applied nor studied; the mention amounts to a single-sentence citation.
Electrochemotherapy of tumours Sersa et al · 2008 ref-bbee10718f23	Study type: Technical / Device Study	A procedure demonstration published in J Vis Exp; the PubMed publication type is 'Video-Audio Media' and the text describes how the electric pulses are applied to the tumour nodule and how the treatment is repeated. No new patient series data are presented.
Vascular disrupting action of electroporation and electrochemotherapy with bleomycin in murine sarcoma Sersa et al · 2008 ref-cf43988f12d8	Application area: General Principles & Biophysics	The subject of the paper is a mechanism rather than a disease: starting from the prediction of a mathematical model, the vascular disrupting effect of electroporation and ECT and the changes in tumour blood flow and hypoxia are demonstrated with laser Doppler flowmetry, power Doppler ultrasound, pimonidazole and EPR oximetry. The murine SA-1 sarcoma is only the host model; no cutaneous tumour disease is addressed.
Surgery and adjuvant therapies in the treatment of stage IV melanoma our experience in 84 patients Tauceri et al · 2008 ref-9f4c594313f3	Application area: Malignant Melanoma	The archived full text documents, with parameters, that intratumoural bleomycin and electroporation (1000 V/cm, 5000 Hz, 100 microseconds) were delivered with the Cliniporator to unresectable skin metastases in three of the 84 patients; since electroporation was actually applied, the record is not removed from the corpus. Because the paper is about the effect of surgery and adjuvant therapies on survival in stage IV MELANOMA, the application area is malignant melanoma; general principles is wrong.
Antitumour effect of electrochemotherapy with bleomycin on human prostate cancer xenograft Ueki et al · 2008 ref-2da94057c50b	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours	PC-3 human prostate cancer cells were implanted subcutaneously in nude mice, and the conclusion is that 'EP with bleomycin could be effective as an ablation therapy for prostate cancer'. The subcutaneous site is only the model, and the disease studied is prostate cancer.
Electrochemotherapy Actual Considerations and Clinical Experience in Head and Neck Cancers Gargiulo et al · 2010 ref-7d39aa3c6bba		The PubMed record (PMID 20375711, same title and Annals of Surgery / DOI 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181d57a44) gives the publication type as 'Letter, Comment', and the record carries no abstract. The document type should be 'editorial or letter', not 'article'. The record holds no sufficient evidence for the study design, so I left it unchanged.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Characteristics of Nonthermal Irreversible Electroporation in Vegetable Tissue Hjouj et al · 2010 ref-00c6b9be7bfb	Study type: Experimental Biophysics Study	The abstract says 'Clinical NTIRE sequences were applied to a potato tuber tissue model'; this is neither clinical, animal nor cell culture work, but an experimental characterisation study performed on plant tissue in the laboratory.
Irreversible Electroporation of Renal Cell Carcinoma A First-in-Man Phase I Clinical Study Pech et al · 2010 ref-7df5163db626	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours	The abstract evaluates IRE ablation of 'renal cell carcinoma (RCC)' tissue in six patients. Renal cell carcinoma is a urological tumour; the liver assignment is unfounded.
Bleomycin/interleukin-12 electrochemogene therapy for treating naturally occurring spontaneous neoplasms in dogs Reed et al · 2010 ref-0cb0fae33aa8	Application area: Veterinary Oncology	The patients are dogs with naturally occurring spontaneous neoplasms (oral squamous cell carcinoma, acanthomatous ameloblastoma, melanoma, histiocytic sarcoma, fibrosarcoma); by rule, treatment in non-human patient animals belongs to the veterinary oncology area regardless of the disease. The design 'Animal Study' is already correct.
Bleomycin/interleukin-12 electrochemogenetherapy for treating naturally occurring spontaneous neoplasms in dogs Reed et al · 2010 ref-2d431390b09b	Application area: Veterinary Oncology	Bleomycin and IL-12 electrochemogene therapy in owned dogs with spontaneous neoplasms; because this is an application in non-human patient animals, the area is veterinary oncology. Note: according to the source file name, this record is the version of the same article that the journal republished with a corrected title, the counterpart of ref-0cb0fae33aa8; the two may be duplicate records.
Electrochemotherapy of mouse sarcoma tumors using electric pulse trains with repetition frequencies of 1 Hz and 5 kHz Sersa et al · 2010 ref-dd54324e3ba1	Application area: General Principles & Biophysics	The study is a pulse parameter study: the effect of pulse repetition frequencies from 1 Hz to 5 kHz on ECT efficacy, tumour perfusion and platinum accumulation at suboptimal drug doses is compared. The mouse SA-1 sarcoma is only the experimental model; skin cancer is not the subject.
Nonthermal irreversible electroporation for intracranial surgical applications. Laboratory investigation Ellis et al · 2011 ref-aa3729969138	Application area: Brain Tumours	The title reads 'for intracranial surgical applications'; the abstract evaluates the safety of NTIRE lesions in normal canine BRAIN tissue and has nothing to do with the liver. The dogs are experimental animals with sham controls (not patients with spontaneous tumours), so this is not veterinary oncology either; the area is brain tumours.
A parametric study delineating irreversible electroporation from thermal damage based on a minimally invasive intracranial procedure Garcia et al · 2011 ref-7c4fe4174af4	Study type: In Silico / Modelling	The application area was left as it is: the paper examines the voltage and pulse frequency parameters that separate IRE from thermal damage, which clearly meets the general principles criterion. The design, however, is wrong: the method is entirely numerical, 'We developed numerical simulations of typical protocols based on a previously published computed tomographic (CT) guided in vivo procedure'; there is no new animal experiment, and nine voltage and frequency combinations were evaluated by simulation.
Chimeric DNA Vaccines against ErbB2+ Carcinomas From Mice to Humans Quaglino et al · 2011 ref-f4d0e3c3713f	Study type: Review	The abstract does not give the methods and results of a single experiment; it gives a collective account of the authors' own series of studies, 'In our studies we exploited ... we selected ... we generated two plasmids', and ends with 'A clinical trial ... is awaiting the approval'. The PubMed/Europe PMC publication type is also 'review-article'. This is a narrative review, not an experimental animal study.
FoxP3 expression on melanoma cells is related to early visceral spreading in melanoma patients treated by electrochemotherapy Quaglino et al · 2011 ref-d09f0b7207be	Application area: Malignant Melanoma	The letter reports the relationship between FoxP3 expression and early visceral spreading in 'melanoma patients treated by electrochemotherapy'; this is a melanoma record, not a general mechanism publication.
Electroporation increases antitumoral efficacy of the bcl-2 antisense G3139 and chemotherapy in a human melanoma xenograft Spugnini et al · 2011 ref-4037ce0b3522	Application area: Malignant Melanoma	All experiments were conducted in human melanoma xenografts; the combination of bcl-2 antisense G3139, cisplatin and EP was evaluated through melanoma tumour growth inhibition (TWI >50%), regrowth delay and apoptosis. This is a disease-specific treatment efficacy study, not a pulse parameter or biophysics study.
Evaluation of Cisplatin as an electrochemotherapy agent for the treatment of incompletely excised mast cell tumors in dogs Spugnini et al · 2011 ref-3f156567fd03	Application area: Veterinary Oncology	The patients are 37 dogs (incompletely excised mast cell tumours, prospective study). Treatment in non-human patients belongs to the veterinary oncology area regardless of the disease.
Metastatic potential of melanoma cells is not affected by electrochemotherapy Todorovic et al · 2011 ref-d3dce3b208f2	Application area: Malignant Melanoma; Study type: In Vitro Study	The study measures migration and Matrigel invasion after cisplatin ECT, and gene expression by microarray, in human malignant melanoma CELLS; there is no clinical cohort of metastatic patients, so the metastatic disease area does not fit and the disease studied is melanoma. Moreover, since the work is entirely a cell culture experiment, the design cannot be 'Case Report'; it is an 'In Vitro Study'.
Electrochemotherapy (ECT) with Bleomycin as a Palliative Treatment of Regional Relapse in Head and Neck Cancer (H&NC) Patients (PTS). a Pilot Study Grau et al · 2012 ref-1e29196040af	Study type: Prospective Clinical Study	The abstract says 'We prospecively analysed antitumoral activity of ECT in regional relapse of H&NC' and the title says 'a Pilot Study'; the design is plainly a prospective clinical study. The document type conference abstract is correct, so I left it unchanged.
Electroporation-induced changes in normal immature rat myoblasts (H9C2) Kaminska et al · 2012 ref-2256e08eb004	Study type: In Vitro Study; Model system: Cell Culture	H9C2 is a rat cardiomyoblast cell line; the study was carried out in culture and the PubMed record carries the “Cells, Cultured” heading. The word “rat” in the title reports the origin of the cell line, not the species of the subject; the classifier was counting it as an in vivo animal study.
Pain analysis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: irreversible electroporation versus radiofrequency ablation-initial observations Narayanan et al · 2012 ref-f22de9568a79	Study type: Retrospective Clinical Study	The first sentence of the abstract reads 'To retrospectively compare the postprocedure pain...'; randomisation is nowhere mentioned and the PubMed publication type is 'Comparative Study', not 'Randomized Controlled Trial'.
[Ablation of a liver metastasis with irreversible electroporation (IRE) in liver segment II adjoining the area nuda] Niessen et al · 2012 ref-6c0aa3353af3	Application area: Liver Tumours	The abstract describes IRE ablation of a subcapsular metastasis of colorectal carcinoma in liver segment II; the procedure is performed in the liver, and lung and peribronchial tissue are never mentioned. A metastasis in a given organ belongs to that organ's application area.
Intratumoral electroporation of IL-12 cDNA eradicates established melanomas by Trp2(180-188)-specific CD8+ CTLs in a perforin/granzyme-mediated and IFN-γ-dependent manner: application of Trp2(180-188) peptides Sin et al · 2012 ref-5d2db586ba32	Application area: Malignant Melanoma	70% eradication of established B16 melanoma tumours by intratumoural electrotransfer of IL-12 cDNA; the effect is shown to run through a CD8+ CTL response specific for the melanoma antigen Trp2(180-188) and was combined with Trp2 peptide vaccination. This is a melanoma-specific antigen and treatment study.
Utility of electrochemotherapy in melanoma treatment Testori et al · 2012 ref-5372bf85453f	Application area: Malignant Melanoma	The abstract states directly that it covers 'the role of electrochemotherapy (ECT) in the advanced melanoma setting'; it is a disease-specific review discussing the alternative and palliative role of ECT in advanced melanoma and local control in extensive superficial melanoma.
Irreversible electroporation (IRE) in cirrhotic liver preliminary experience in a large animal model Abdelsalam et al · 2013 ref-ff2d996db670	Study type: Animal Study	The aim sentence of the abstract reads 'To compare the efficacy of tissue ablation using IRE in cirrhotic versus normal liver parenchyma in a porcine model'; this is an experimental study in a pig model.
The role of electrochemotherapy in the treatment of metastatic head and neck cancer De Virgilio et al · 2013 ref-e42d3197108f	Study type: Review	The text is a comment letter opening with 'We would like to take the opportunity to comment on the paper by Mevio et al.'; there are no original data, and experience with ECT is discussed narratively. PubMed tags it 'Comment' and 'Letter'.
Safety and efficacy of a genetic vaccine targeting telomerase plus chemotherapy for the therapy of canine B-cell lymphoma Gavazza et al · 2013 ref-1f0ed99502bf	Application area: Veterinary Oncology; Study type: Animal Study	A two-arm clinical study in owned pet dogs in which a dTERT-targeted genetic vaccine was delivered by adenovirus DNA electro-gene-transfer for B-cell lymphosarcoma; because the patients are dogs, the application area is veterinary oncology. In addition, by rule the design of a veterinary clinical study conducted in dog, cat or horse patients is 'Animal Study', not 'Clinical Study'.
Experimental and Analytical Studies on Contact Irreversible Electroporation for Superficial Tumor Treatment KURATA et al · 2013 ref-09af74c34e65	Application area: General Principles & Biophysics; Study type: Experimental Biophysics Study	The abstract uses no melanoma cells: 1 kV pulses are applied through a pair of 1 mm diameter electrodes in contact with a fibroblast-containing agarose gel, and the necrosis area is compared with the numerical solution of the electric field equation. Melanoma is named only as an example of a possible target; since the subject of the publication is the biophysics of electrodes and field thresholds, the application area is 'general-principles'.
Magnetotherapy in hand osteoarthritis A pilot trial Kanat et al · 2013 ref-0513da706346	Removed from the corpus	A magnetotherapy study performed with a static magnetic field wrist band; no electroporation is applied and the record entered the corpus by mistake. Because it carries PubMed's “Randomized Controlled Trial” tag it was inflating the strong-publication count of the General Principles area.
Palliative treatment of skin metastases in dermato‐oncology Kähler et al · 2013 ref-d5006c4464b5	Application area: Skin & Cutaneous Tumours; Study type: Review	The abstract contains no patient cohort, methods or results; it is a narrative overview of the palliative treatment options for skin metastases (surgery, electrochemotherapy, isolated limb perfusion, radiotherapy, cytokine and chemotherapy). The only PubMed publication type is 'Journal Article', with no clinical trial tag; the page range also covers CME questions (1041-5; quiz 1046).
Irreversible Electroporation of Human Primary Uveal Melanoma in Enucleated Eyes Mandel et al · 2013 ref-d2a523f017bc	Study type: Experimental Biophysics Study	The abstract says 'herein we evaluate the use of IRE for uveal tumor ablation in human ex vivo eye model. Enucleated eyes of patients with uveal melanoma were treated with short electric pulses (50-100 us, 1000-2000 V/cm) using a customized electrode design'; tumour bioimpedance was measured. No patients were treated; this is an ex vivo pulse and impedance experiment on enucleated eyes, so the clinical study assignment is wrong.
Effect of irreversible electroporation (IRE) on liver function tests following treatment of primary and metastatic liver tumors: a single center retrospective analysis Narayanan et al · 2013 ref-f98c38730e2a	Study type: Retrospective Clinical Study	The title says 'a single center retrospective analysis' and the aim in the abstract is 'Retrospective evaluation of the effects of IRE on liver function tests (LFT)'; this is a retrospective review in patients with HCC and metastatic liver tumours.
In vitro and numerical support for combinatorial irreversible electroporation and electrochemotherapy glioma treatment Neal et al · 2013 ref-9ea9a4caff37	Application area: Brain Tumours	The study investigates the feasibility of treating malignant glioma (two glioma cell lines, including J3T) with IRE pulses combined with bleomycin or carboplatin and numerically simulates the treatment volumes in the canine brain; the target disease is explicitly malignant glioma, that is, a brain tumour.
Electrochemotherapy for the management of cutaneous and subcutaneous metastasis: a series of 39 patients treated with palliative intent Solari et al · 2013 ref-25c4fc68088c	Application area: Skin & Cutaneous Tumours	Thirty-nine patients with 'skin metastases from melanoma and other tumors' were treated and the abstract states 'No relationship was observed for the histology of primary tumor'; melanoma is not predominant. A series of cutaneous and subcutaneous metastases with mixed primaries belongs to the skin and cutaneous tumours area.
Electrochemotherapy with intravenous bleomycin injection: an observational study in superficial squamous cell carcinoma in cats Tozon et al · 2013 ref-62997ecb1a2f	Application area: Veterinary Oncology; Study type: Animal Study	The patients are 11 cats (17 superficial squamous cell carcinoma nodules on the nasal planum and pinna); non-human patients go to veterinary oncology. Furthermore, by rule a veterinary clinical study conducted in cat or dog patients is coded as 'Animal Study'; the record currently says 'Clinical Study'.
A novel minigene scaffold for therapeutic cancer vaccines Aurisicchio et al · 2014 ref-7820ae5e5eac	Application area: General Principles & Biophysics	The abstract mentions neither metastatic disease nor the treatment of metastases; the study optimises a minigene scaffold with the CEA model antigen and vaccinates transgenic mice by intramuscular DNA electro-gene-transfer (DNA-EGT). The PubMed keywords are likewise 'cancer vaccine, epitope prediction, minigene'; this is not a disease area but a publication on gene electrotransfer methodology.
The value of electrochemotherapy in the treatment of peristomal tumors Campana et al · 2014 ref-e09cd7363b1e	Study type: Case Series	The abstract says 'We present the favorable short-term outcome of three patients (two with head and neck cancer, one with gastric cancer)'; this is a case series presenting three patients, not a defined clinical study.
A protective effect after clearance of orthotopic rat hepatocellular carcinoma by nanosecond pulsed electric fields Chen et al · 2014 ref-385985bcf823	Application area: Liver Tumours	The abstract describes nsPEF tumour ablation in an orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma model established with N1-S1 cells in rats, with the tumours placed in the liver lobes; there is no skin tumour. On the contrary, the text notes that earlier studies had been limited to skin tumours.
Increased blood-circulating interferon-γ, interleukin-17, and osteopontin levels in bovine paratuberculosis Dudemaine et al · 2014 ref-611e50f7bda6	Removed from the corpus	The paper is outside oncology and has nothing to do with electroporation: it measures plasma IFN-gamma, IL-17 and osteopontin levels in dairy cows naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis. No term from the electroporation family appears in the PDF full text; the record's presence in the corpus is a clear error.
Intraoperative electrochemotherapy of colorectal liver metastases Edhemovic et al · 2014 ref-1637b7fc460f	Application area: Liver Tumours	A prospective pilot study applying ECT to 29 colorectal liver metastases in 16 patients during open surgery; the intervention is in the liver, on lesions adjacent to major hepatic vessels. There is no cutaneous tumour.
Feasibility and Safety of Intraoperative Electrochemotherapy in Locally Advanced Pancreatic Tumor: A Preliminary Experience Granata et al · 2014 ref-2001c0b61baf	Study type: Prospective Clinical Study	The abstract states the design plainly: 'a prospective clinical phase I/II study was conducted' and 'Eleven consecutive patients were enrolled in a clinical phase I/II study approved by the Ethics Committee'; this is not a case series but a prospective clinical study.
Irreversible electroporation of unresectable soft tissue tumors with vascular invasion: effective palliation Martin et al · 2014 ref-a46c09daa97a	Study type: Prospective Clinical Study	The abstract states the method plainly: 'A prospective IRB approved evaluation of 107 consecutive patients from 7 institutions'. A prospective evaluation of 107 patients across 7 centres is not a case series. (Note: the treated lesions are distributed across liver 40% and pancreas 35%, so no single dominant application area can be read from the record; the slug was left unchanged.)
In vivo characterization and numerical simulation of prostate properties for non-thermal irreversible electroporation ablation Neal et al · 2014 ref-9a50041536b0	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours	The study measures tissue conductivity in canine and in two human PROSTATES and determines the lethal IRE electric field threshold for the prostate (1072 ± 119 V/cm); the aim is treatment planning for prostate cancer IRE. It has nothing to do with the liver.
Mcam Silencing With RNA Interference Using Magnetofection has Antitumor Effect in Murine Melanoma Prosen · 2014 ref-506051b956f8	Application area: Malignant Melanoma	The abstract states that 'MCAM represents a potential target for gene therapy of melanoma'; the melanoma-specific MCAM target was silenced and antitumour and antiangiogenic effects were measured in murine melanoma tumours. Gene electrotransfer appears as a comparison arm; the subject is melanoma gene therapy.
Thermal ablation in renal cell carcinoma management: a comprehensive review Wagstaff et al · 2014 ref-6efc2252ad1f	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours	A review of ablation in the management of renal cell carcinoma; the subject is a urological tumour, not biophysics or pulse parameters. IRE appears in the abstract as one of the emerging technologies reviewed ('Irreversible electroporation, although not strictly thermal, is a new technology showing promising results in animal and early human research'), that is, within a scope describing methods compared with electroporation; the record stays in the corpus, but its area is renal and urological.
The safety and efficacy of irreversible electroporation for the ablation of prostate cancer: a multicentre prospective human in vivo pilot study protocol van den Bos et al · 2014 ref-6293b8daa1b1	Study type: Prospective Clinical Study	The title says 'a multicentre prospective human in vivo pilot study protocol'; the abstract describes 16 patients who will undergo IRE before radical prostatectomy and then be followed up, with no randomisation.
A rare case of anal porocarcinoma treated by electrochemotherapy Anon · 2015 ref-5c1144c139ad	Application area: Skin & Cutaneous Tumours	The correction belongs to the publication 'A rare case of anal porocarcinoma treated by electrochemotherapy'; porocarcinoma is a cutaneous eccrine adnexal carcinoma, so the record does not belong to general principles.
[Irreversible electroporation. Current value for focal treatment of prostate cancer] Arbeitskreis für fokale und Mikrotherapie der Akademie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Urologie e.V. et al · 2015 ref-90378ba90f75	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours; Regime: Irreversible electroporation	The title reads 'focal treatment of prostate cancer' and the abstract discusses irreversible electroporation with the NanoKnife in prostate cancer (PCA) throughout; there is no connection to the lung. The abstract also mentions only IRE and not electrochemotherapy, so the modality should be IRE as well.
EURECA (European research on electrochemotherapy in head and neck cancer) project Bertino et al · 2015 ref-bc6fdd9b7c54		The journal field of the record is 'http://isrctn.com/' and the DOI is 10.1186/isrctn78463063; this is an ISRCTN trial registration and protocol document, not a journal article. Being a protocol does not change the design (prospective clinical study), so I kept it.
Gene electrotransfer of plasmid AMEP, an integrin-targeted therapy, has antitumor and antiangiogenic action in murine B16 melanoma Bosnjak et al · 2015 ref-1913dee58f7c	Application area: Malignant Melanoma	The abstract states that 'Gene therapy with Plasmid AMEP ... has recently been studied as a potential targeted therapy for melanoma'; antitumour, antiangiogenic and antimetastatic efficacy were measured in low and highly metastatic B16 melanoma variants. This is a targeted melanoma treatment study.
Implications and considerations of thermal effects when applying irreversible electroporation tissue ablation therapy Davalos et al · 2015 ref-d90f0c769bf6	Application area: General Principles & Biophysics	The letter is about the thermal effects of IRE, the terminology of non-thermal ablation and the reduction of Joule heating in clinical protocols; the abstract carries no patient, lesion or outcome data on the treatment of liver tumours. By rule, mechanism and biophysics publications belong to the general principles area.
Mathematical Models Describing Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Death Due to Electroporation In Vitro Dermol et al · 2015 ref-6b74cea941d9	Application area: General Principles & Biophysics	The experiments were performed on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell suspensions; this is not a study of ovarian tumours. The subject of the publication is the fitting of mathematical models of cell survival (Hulsheger, Peleg-Fermi, Weibull, Gompertz, Geeraerd) to electroporation data, that is, general principles and modelling.
Electrochemotherapy to Metastatic Spinal Melanoma: A Novel Treatment of Spinal Metastasis? Gasbarrini et al · 2015 ref-8498aefbee40	Application area: Malignant Melanoma	The case is ECT treatment of a spinal melanoma metastasis; there is a single disease with a known primary (melanoma) and melanoma has its own area in the taxonomy. The metastatic disease area is for an unknown primary or for multi-organ spread, and there is no separate area for the spine.
Percutaneous Irreversible Electroporation of Unresectable Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma (Klatskin Tumor): A Case Report Melenhorst et al · 2015 ref-ac2cd9fe696c	Application area: Cholangiocarcinoma	The case is percutaneous IRE treatment of an unresectable Bismuth-Corlette stage IV hilar cholangiocarcinoma (Klatskin tumour) with a metallic Wallstent in the bile duct; there is no skin tumour.
Electrochemotherapy in the treatment of melanoma skin metastases: a report on 31 cases Mir-Bonafé et al · 2015 ref-1905bd80bb4d	Application area: Malignant Melanoma	The efficacy and safety of ECT are reported in 31 patients with unresectable locoregional recurrence or metastatic MELANOMA skin metastases (complete response 23%, partial response 49%). Because this is a clinical series, general principles is wrong; melanoma goes to its own application area.
Irreversible electroporation (IRE) fails to demonstrate efficacy in a prospective multicenter phase II trial on lung malignancies: the ALICE trial Ricke et al · 2015 ref-09c5e32d0ca5	Application area: Lung & Peribronchial Tumours	The title reads 'a prospective multicenter phase II trial on lung malignancies' (ALICE) and the abstract says 'To assess safety and efficacy of irreversible electroporation (IRE) of lung malignancies. Patients with primary and secondary lung malignancies ... were included'; the complications are pneumothorax and alveolar bleeding. The treated organ is the lung; colorectal cancer is only the primary origin of the metastases (13/23), not the application area of the study.
Safety and feasibility of the NanoKnife system for irreversible electroporation ablative treatment of canine spontaneous intracranial gliomas Rossmeisl et al · 2015 ref-40e41e6565b8	Application area: Veterinary Oncology; Study type: Animal Study	The abstract says 'Client-owned dogs with a telencephalic glioma shown on MRI were eligible': treatment of spontaneous glioma in owned canine patients. By rule, when the patients are not human the area is veterinary oncology; the liver assignment is entirely unfounded. By the same rule, the design of a clinical study conducted in canine patients should be 'Animal Study', not 'Clinical Study'.
Electroporation Enhances Bleomycin Efficacy in Cats with Periocular Carcinoma and Advanced Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head Spugnini et al · 2015 ref-bd965d2dd832	Study type: Animal Study	The study was conducted in feline patients: bleomycin ECT in 21 cats with periocular carcinoma and 26 cats with advanced head squamous cell carcinoma ('Nonrandomized prospective controlled study'). A clinical study carried out in veterinary patients is an animal study.
Irreversible electroporation treatment for prostate adenocarcinomas a safety outcome study Tomihama et al · 2015 ref-133ace2e4b1c	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours	The title reads 'Irreversible electroporation treatment for prostate adenocarcinomas: a safety outcome study'. The abstract text pasted into the record belongs to other presentations (No. 264-265, biliary interventions and cone-beam CT), which is why the record ended up in the cholangiocarcinoma area. For the same reason the design cannot be read from the record, so studyDesign was left untouched.
Minimally Invasive Percutaneous Treatment of Small Renal Tumors with Irreversible Electroporation: A Single-Center Experience Trimmer et al · 2015 ref-7220e785e064	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours; Study type: Retrospective Clinical Study	Experience with percutaneous IRE in 20 patients with T1a renal carcinoma and small benign renal masses; the application area is urological tumours. The abstract also says 'In this retrospective study, 20 patients ... underwent CT-guided IRE'; the design is 'Retrospective Clinical Study', not 'Clinical Study'.
How Effective Are Percutaneous Liver-Directed Therapies in Patients with Non-Colorectal Liver Metastases? Vogl · 2015 ref-5dc39d46d5a7	Application area: Liver Tumours; Regime: Irreversible electroporation	The review evaluates liver-directed percutaneous therapies (TACE, SIRT, RFA, MWA, LITT, cryotherapy, IRE) in non-colorectal liver metastases; the subject is liver metastases, not skin. Moreover, the only electroporation method mentioned in the abstract is irreversible electroporation; electrochemotherapy is never named.
The efficacy and safety of irreversible electroporation for the ablation of renal masses: a prospective, human, in-vivo study protocol Wagstaff et al · 2015 ref-084fd6c23fe5	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours	The protocol investigates the safety and efficacy of IRE ablation of renal masses in 10 patients scheduled for radical nephrectomy; the disease studied is renal tumour, so this is not a biophysics or general mechanism publication.
Efficacy of physical therapy for the treatment of lateral epicondylitis a meta-analysis Weber et al · 2015 ref-3e0dc9e1d240	Removed from the corpus	The publication is a meta-analysis of physical therapy for lateral epicondylitis (shockwave therapy, low-level laser, low-frequency electrical stimulation, pulsed electromagnetic fields); neither the title nor the abstract applies or studies electroporation, electrochemotherapy or any comparable method.
Electrochemotherapy for skin metastases in advanced breast cancer: Experience from the London Cancer Network Banerjee et al · 2016 ref-048299479c4d	Study type cleared; Model system cleared; Displayed text removed	The text published in the abstract column of the breast cancer area page does not belong to this publication: the PDF in the archive is a page from a conference proceedings, and the paragraph extracted from it is the abstract of a different contribution, on clinical decision-making among advanced level nurses; it does not mention electrochemotherapy at all. The title, authors and DOI of the record are correct, so the citation data is kept; the text that does not belong to the publication, together with the study type, model and mechanism fields derived from it, was cleared. The design of the publication itself cannot be verified from the document at hand, so it is left unclassified.
Electroporation of Brain Endothelial Cells on Chip toward Permeabilizing the Blood-Brain Barrier Bonakdar et al · 2016 ref-98cf5ae856b2	Study type: In Vitro Study	The application area was left as it is: this is a mechanism study measuring reversible and irreversible electroporation thresholds in brain endothelial cells (about 580 V/cm, 10 pulses, 81% permeabilisation), with no tumour involved. The design, however, is wrong: 'we developed a microengineered in vitro model', an adherent endothelial cell layer on a chip, with no animal experiment. (PubMed record: Biophysical Journal 110(2):503-513, a full research article.)
Effective treatment of intractable cutaneous metastases of breast cancer with electrochemotherapy: Ten-year audit of single centre experience Bourke et al · 2016 ref-c62f3ed67ebf	Application area: Breast Cancer	The abstract reports ECT treatment of 'locally recurrent or metastatic cutaneous breast cancer' lesions throughout; it has nothing to do with the colon or rectum. Because the cohort has a single primary (breast cancer only), it differs from series of skin metastases with mixed primaries; the disease studied is breast cancer.
Efficacy and safety of electrochemotherapy combined with peritumoral IL-12 gene electrotransfer of canine mast cell tumours Cemazar et al · 2016 ref-7e5b94a8ad50	Application area: Veterinary Oncology; Study type: Animal Study	The patients are 18 owned dogs (canine mast cell tumour) treated with ECT plus peritumoural IL-12 gene electrotransfer. Non-human patients go to veterinary oncology, and by rule a veterinary clinical study should be 'Animal Study'; the record currently says 'Clinical Study'.
Intratumoural interleukin 12 gene therapy stimulates the immune system and decreases angiogenesis in dogs with spontaneous cancer Cicchelero et al · 2016 ref-9175c792c5e5	Application area: Veterinary Oncology	The immunological, antiangiogenic and clinical effects of intratumoural IL-12 electrogene therapy in nine dogs with spontaneous cancer; an application in non-human patient animals, so the area is veterinary oncology.
Electrochemotherapy with bleomycin is effective in BRAF mutated melanoma cells and interacts with BRAF inhibitors Dolinsek et al · 2016 ref-ac16184d86e6	Study type: In Vitro Study	The abstract says 'tested on BRAF mutated and non-mutated melanoma cells in vitro'; this is a cell experiment run with clonogenic assays in two human melanoma cell lines.
Bile Duct Injury after Irreversible Electroporation of Hepatic Malignancies: Evaluation of MR Imaging Findings and Laboratory Values Dollinger et al · 2016 ref-53603eb507ec	Application area: Liver Tumours	The abstract evaluates bile duct injury after percutaneous IRE of 53 hepatic tumours (14 of them primary hepatic tumours). The disease treated is hepatic malignancy, and the bile ducts are a structure at risk adjacent to the ablation zone; this is not a cholangiocarcinoma cohort.
Irreversible Electroporation as an Effective Technique for Ablating Human Metastatic Osteosarcoma Harris et al · 2016 ref-c536576d5afc	Application area: Bone & Soft Tissue Sarcomas	The case reports the application of IRE to tumour tissue removed by thoracotomy from a 12-year-old patient with metastatic osteosarcoma and the determination of the effective voltage; a case report describing a clinical application in a specific disease (osteosarcoma) does not belong to general principles.
Ultrasound and Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound for Evaluation of Irreversible Electroporation Ablation: In Vivo Proof of Concept in Normal Porcine Liver Lin et al · 2016 ref-32c24ec29c60	Application area: General Principles & Biophysics	The title and abstract say 'In Vivo Proof of Concept in Normal Porcine Liver'; six IRE ablations were performed in normal pig liver and the aim is to assess the ablation zone with US and CEUS. The abstract never mentions the bile ducts, the gallbladder or cholangiocarcinoma (verified against the full PubMed abstract), and there is no tumour either. Since this is a preclinical study on imaging the IRE ablation zone rather than on a disease, it belongs to the general principles area.
Electrochemotherapy immune response enhancement by gene electrotransfer using IL-2 and IL-12 genes in canine patients Maglietti et al · 2016 ref-5874c308c51d	Application area: Veterinary Oncology	The title says 'in canine patients': the patients are dogs, so the area is veterinary oncology rather than malignant melanoma. The record also has no abstract text and no PMID; in Crossref the DOI 10.1016/S0959-8049(16)61741-0 appears as European Journal of Cancer volume 61, supplement S1, single page S210, that is, an entry in a congress abstract book.
Multidisciplinary approach to breast angiosarcoma in an elderly patient: Repeated local relapses and significant objective responses Mocerino et al · 2016 ref-85199356bac8	Application area: Bone & Soft Tissue Sarcomas	The case is a radiation-induced breast ANGIOSARCOMA; the abstract defines the tumour as one of the 'malignant tumors of endovascular origin' and the histology is a low- to intermediate-grade angiosarcoma positive for CD31/CD34. The disease is a soft tissue sarcoma, not a breast carcinoma.
Electrochemotherapy in non-melanoma head and neck skin cancers: a three-center experience and review of the literature Rotunno et al · 2016 ref-66b5c71f04df	Study type: Prospective Clinical Study	The application area is correct: the series covers 'non-melanoma head and neck skin cancers', that is, skin cancers, with melanoma excluded. The abstract, however, describes the study as 'a multicenter prospective, non-randomized phase II trial', so the design should be prospective rather than the generic 'Clinical Study'.
Focal vs extended ablation in localized prostate cancer with irreversible electroporation; a multi-center randomized controlled trial Scheltema et al · 2016 ref-26dba7957e5b		The 'Methods/design' section of the abstract is future-tense protocol text: '200 patients ... will be included', 'Patients will be randomized into focal or extended ablation', 'Patients will be evaluated up to 5 years'; there are no results, and there is a 'Discussion' section. The document type is 'protocol', not 'article'; the randomised design stands.
Electrochemotherapy increases local control after incomplete excision of a recurring penile fibrosarcoma in a stallion Spugnini et al · 2016 ref-7cce1e82d775	Application area: Veterinary Oncology	The patient is an eleven-year-old stallion (recurrent penile fibrosarcoma) treated with two sessions of cisplatin ECT. Treatment in non-human patients belongs to the veterinary oncology area, even though the disease is a sarcoma.
Microscopic histological characteristics of soft tissue sarcomas: analysis of tissue features and electrical resistance Tosi et al · 2016 ref-cb7ffb5ba45f	Study type: Experimental Biophysics Study	The abstract describes ex vivo electrical measurements on surgically excised specimens rather than the treatment of patients: 'soft tissue sarcomas (STS) excised from patients have been evaluated in terms of histological characteristics ... and electrical resistance'; the measurement setup used a 700 V, 100 us pulse generator and a seven-needle electrode. This is not a clinical study but an experimental biophysics study.
Time-Dependent Impact of Irreversible Electroporation on Pancreas, Liver, Blood Vessels and Nerves: A Systematic Review of Experimental Studies Vogel et al · 2016 ref-e95bcdc8b8c3	Application area: General Principles & Biophysics	The title and abstract review the time-dependent effects of IRE on pancreas, liver, blood vessel and nerve tissue; they say 'over 440 animals (pig, rat, goat and rabbit)' and 'No eligible human studies were found', so this is a study of tissue effects and mechanism, not of tumour treatment. The PubMed MeSH list contains no neoplasia term (Animals, Blood Vessels, Liver, Pancreas, Peripheral Nerves, Organ Specificity). It belongs to the general mechanism area, not to pancreatic cancer.
Irreversible Electroporation of Prostate Cancer: Patient-Specific Pretreatment Simulation by Electric Field Measurement in a 3D Bioprinted Textured Prostate Cancer Model to Achieve Optimal Electroporation Parameters for Image-Guided Focal Ablation Wendler et al · 2016 ref-8d48261cae74	Study type: Experimental Biophysics Study	The title defines the method plainly: determining the optimal electroporation parameters by 'Electric Field Measurement' inside a '3D Bioprinted Textured Prostate Cancer Model'; this is an experimental biophysics study based on field measurement in a model, not in patients (PubMed MeSH 'Models, Biological', 'Printing, Three-Dimensional').
Electrochemical treatment: an effective way of dealing with extensive venous malformations of the oral and cervicofacial region Zhong et al · 2016 ref-87da12b53320	Removed from the corpus	The method applied is electrochemical treatment (EChT), not electroporation: 'Platinum needles were inserted into the lesions ... the electrode pitch, voltage, current, and quantity of electricity being 1-1.5cm, 5-8V, 40-60mA, and 50-60C/cm2', that is, hours of low-voltage direct current electrolysis; there are no high-voltage pulses and no membrane permeabilisation. The single occurrence of 'electrochemotherapy' in the text is in a reference title (Li JH et al.).
Applications of calcium electroporation to effective apoptosis induction in fibrosarcoma cells and stimulation of normal muscle cells Zielichowska et al · 2016 ref-c563674438ee	Study type: In Vitro Study	The application area was left as it is: the study examines the selectivity with which calcium electroporation induces apoptosis in tumour cells while sparing normal cells, that is, the mechanism (TUNEL, Annexin V/PI, sPLA2 immunocytochemistry). The design, however, is wrong: the experiments were performed in only two cell lines, 'The two muscle cell lines were used: normal rat skeletal muscle cells - L6 and cancer muscle cells - Wehi-164 (fibrosarcoma)'; there is no animal experiment.
Gisel Study Group Proposal: A Phase II Randomized Clinical Trial in Breast Cancer Patients with Skin Metastases Treated with or without Electrochemotherapy (ECT) during the First Line of Treatment Agresti et al · 2017 ref-ee36de75cfc8	Study type: Randomized Clinical Trial	The abstract defines the study as a 'Phase II international multicentre randomized clinical trial' and states that arms with and without ECT will be compared; being a protocol or proposal does not change the design.
Preclinical Studies on Nanosecond Pulses Beebe · 2017 ref-287d080b0fd0		The record belongs in the corpus; the abstract reads 'Nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs)' (nsPEF appears 111 times in the full text), a pattern absent from the scanner's dictionary. The document type is wrong: the record is chapter 80 of the Handbook of Electroporation (DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-32886-7_47, also stated in the file name), so the documentType should be 'Book Chapter', not 'Article'.
Effective treatment of intractable cutaneous metastases of breast cancer with electrochemotherapy: a useful contributor to cutaneous disease control Bourke et al · 2017 ref-30abbaf7ba79	Application area: Breast Cancer	The record is a comment letter on ECT for cutaneous metastases of breast cancer ('We read with interest Bourke et al.'s paper on the treatment of cutaneous metastases from breast cancer (BC) with electrochemotherapy'); it has nothing to do with colorectal cancer, and the PubMed types are Comment and Letter.
Erratum to: Effective treatment of intractable cutaneous metastases of breast cancer with electrochemotherapy: a useful contributor to cutaneous disease control Bourke et al · 2017 ref-7aa9da1bef13	Application area: Breast Cancer	The erratum belongs to the article on ECT for cutaneous metastases of breast cancer ('Erratum to: Effective treatment of intractable cutaneous metastases of breast cancer with electrochemotherapy'); the colorectal application area is not supported by the record.
Electrochemotherapy for the treatment of melanoma skin metastases in the era of new drugs Brizio · 2017 ref-d3597c7239ba	Study type cleared; Model system cleared; Displayed text removed	The text of the PDF in the archive does not belong to this article: the file holds a scan of the citation data and body of the NICE IPG446 interventional procedure guidance. The title and DOI of the record point to the Brizio 2017 paper, so the citation data is kept, but the text shown as the opening paragraph of the publication, along with the study type and model derived from it, was removed. The sentence “A randomised controlled trial of 19 patients” in the guidance text was making the record a randomised clinical study and feeding the strong-publication count of the Skin and Cutaneous Tumours area. The design of the publication itself cannot be verified from the document at hand, so it is left unclassified.
Irreversible electroporation of small renal masses suboptimal oncologic efficacy in an early series Canvasser et al · 2017 ref-b0e445025a67	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours	NanoKnife IRE treatment of 42 tumours in 41 patients with cT1a small renal masses, with 2-year local recurrence-free survival results; this is a clinical application in a specific disease, not general principles.
Palliative electrochemotherapy treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma Cerio et al · 2017 ref-e0d79e0a6348	Application area: Malignant Melanoma; Study type: Review	The record carries only the link 'Linked Article: Kunte et al. Br J Dermatol 2017; 176:1475-1485' and the PubMed publication type is 'Comment'; it is a narrative commentary presenting no original data.
Ablation with irreversible electroporation in patients with advanced perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (ALPACA): a multicentre phase I/II feasibility study protocol Coelen et al · 2017 ref-2c25a408f28e	Application area: Cholangiocarcinoma; Study type: Prospective Clinical Study	The publication studies perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHC), not pancreatic cancer; the title says 'patients with advanced perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (ALPACA)' and a cholangiocarcinoma area exists in the corpus. The abstract defines the design prospectively: 'In this multicentre phase I/II safety and feasibility study, 20 patients with unresectable PHC will undergo IRE'; there is no randomisation.
Electrochemotherapy treatment of oral extramedullary plasmacytoma of the tongue: a retrospective study of three dogs Cunha et al · 2017 ref-57cdab7fe969	Application area: Veterinary Oncology	Oral extramedullary plasmacytoma of the tongue was treated with ECT in three dogs; because the patients are non-human, the area is veterinary oncology. The lesions are also oral mucosa, not skin.
Efficiency of electrochemotherapy with reduced bleomycin dose in the treatment of nonmelanoma head and neck skin cancer: Preliminary results Groselj et al · 2017 ref-7eaf35ef0c55	Study type: Prospective Clinical Study	The abstract says 'Twenty-eight patients ... were prospectively treated' and the two groups were formed 'pair matched'; there is no randomisation. The PubMed publication type is 'Controlled Clinical Trial'.
Measurement and Characterization of Exposure Systems for High-Frequency, Ultrashort Pulses Leveque et al · 2017 ref-49dbdd92a0b7		The record belongs in the corpus; the scanner did not recognise the patterns 'nsPEF' (53 occurrences) and 'nanosecond pulses', and the file name and DOI (10.1007/978-3-319-32886-7_207) already identify the record as a chapter of the Handbook of Electroporation. The document type is wrong: the text opens with 'This chapter summarizes...' and the PDF carries the chapter number (46) and the Springer book imprint; the documentType should be 'Book Chapter', not 'Article'.
Irreversible Electroporation Techniques in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Liver and Pancreatic Cancer Martin · 2017 ref-640b0014ca20	Application area: Pancreatic Cancer	The whole of the given abstract is about stage 3 locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma (LAPC): LAPC prognosis, R0 resection rate, the limits of neoadjuvant therapy and local ablative treatments. The application area is pancreatic cancer. In addition, the source file name marks the record as a Handbook of Electroporation chapter and the DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-32886-7_111 points to a Springer book chapter; the document type should be 'Book Chapter', not 'Article'.
Bleomycin electrosclerotherapy new treatment to manage vascular malformations McMorrow et al · 2017 ref-847eb0451a06	Application area: Vascular Malformations	Bleomycin electrosclerotherapy in vascular malformations, filed under lung and peribronchial tumours in the archive. The indication is clear from the title.
A Comprehensive Characterization of Parameters Affecting High-Frequency Irreversible Electroporation Lesions Miklovic et al · 2017 ref-9f3428e9843c	Application area: General Principles & Biophysics; Study type: Experimental Biophysics Study	The abstract says the effect of the IRE and H-FIRE protocols on the lesion was measured in a potato tissue phantom ('ablations created using a broad array of IRE and H-FIRE protocols in a potato tissue phantom model'); there is no liver tissue and no liver patient, and the subject is the characterisation of pulse parameters.
Irreversible electroporation (Nanoknife® treatment) in the field of hepatobiliary surgery: Current status and future perspectives Papamichail et al · 2017 ref-d281b4c362e3	Study type: Review; Model system: Literature Analysis	The abstract gives the method as 'Through a review of the literature we have gathered the key articles and trials...' and the aim as 'to provide an overview of current understanding'. There is no patient series; the prospective clinical study and human assignments are wrong. Since no systematic search or PRISMA process is described, this is a narrative review.
Carbon-fiber reinforced intramedullary nailing in musculoskeletal tumor surgery: a national multicentric experience of the Italian Orthopaedic Society (SIOT) Bone Metastasis Study Group Piccioli et al · 2017 ref-c999c1e918ee	Removed from the corpus	The subject of the publication is carbon fibre reinforced intramedullary nailing surgery (53 oncology patients, CFR-PEEK nails). Electrochemotherapy appears in a single sentence of the abstract: 'One patient was subjected to electrochemotherapy after nail insertion'. The PubMed MeSH headings are likewise dominated by Bone Nails and Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary; there is no electrochemotherapy MeSH term.
European Research on Electrochemotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer (EURECA) project: Results from the treatment of mucosal cancers Plaschke et al · 2017 ref-b1d598f9c5b9	Study type: Prospective Clinical Study	The abstract says 'In this prospective trial, six European institutions investigated electrochemotherapy in recurrent, mucosal head and neck tumours', and the PubMed types are 'Clinical Trial, Phase II' and 'Multicenter Study'. The record states the prospective design plainly, so the generic clinical study label gives way to it.
Effects of Electrochemotherapy with Cisplatin and Peritumoral IL-12 Gene Electrotransfer on Canine Mast Cell Tumors: a Histopathologic and Immunohistochemical Study Salvadori et al · 2017 ref-fa7c7e482cd1	Application area: Veterinary Oncology	The abstract says 'eleven dogs with spontaneous mast cell tumors': the patients are owned dogs and a clinical treatment followed up with biopsies was applied. The paper is not a mechanism or biophysics paper but a clinical application in patient animals; by rule, veterinary oncology.
Percutaneous electrochemotherapy in the treatment of portal vein tumor thrombosis at hepatic hilum in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: A feasibility study Tarantino et al · 2017 ref-102635b6d215	Application area: Liver Tumours; Study type: Case Series	The study addresses percutaneous ECT of Vp3-Vp4 portal vein tumour thrombosis arising from hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients; the intervention is at the hepatic hilum. The abstract also describes itself as 'a prospective case series of patients' and includes 6 patients, so the design is a case series rather than a single case report.
New and Established Technology in Focal Ablation of the Prostate A Systematic Review Valerio et al · 2017 ref-6b8e85809c36	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours	The systematic review pools data from 3230 patients treated with focal ablation for prostate cancer (energy sources including IRE); by rule the application area follows the disease studied, which here is prostate cancer.
Analysis and Optimization of Determining Factors in Irreversible Electroporation for Large Ablation Zones Without Thermal Damage Yang et al · 2017 ref-89ce851275b2	Study type: In Silico / Modelling	The abstract says 'A validated finite element model of IRE was built'; the 25 experiments were run in the finite element model and optimised with ANOVA and response surface methodology, so the model field is computational model.
Irreversible electroporation ablation area enhanced by synergistic high- and low-voltage pulses Yao · 2017 ref-360807362e39	Study type: Experimental Biophysics Study	The abstract says 'The experiments were conducted in potato tuber slices'; this is a laboratory experiment comparing pulse protocols with four pairs of parallel steel electrodes, not a clinical or cell culture study.
Percutaneous Irreversible Electroporation for Ablation of Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: Experience From a Chinese Institution Zhang et al · 2017 ref-fb1169b43f6d	Application area: Pancreatic Cancer	The title is 'Percutaneous Irreversible Electroporation for Ablation of Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer'; the disease is locally advanced pancreatic cancer.
3:27 PM Abstract No. 184 Using FDG PET/CT to predict response to IRE in nonresectable pancreatic cancer: a retrospective analysis of 50 patients Amin et al · 2018 ref-cd2732d736ad	Study type: Retrospective Clinical Study	The abstract says 'This retrospective study included 47 patients ... who underwent a total of 50 CT-guided percutaneous IRE between May 2012 and August 2017'.
Electrochemotherapy with bleomycin associated with doxorubicin induces tumor regression and decreases the proliferative index in canine cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas Anjos et al · 2018 ref-b7062bb811eb	Application area: Veterinary Oncology; Study type: Animal Study	The abstract says 'A prospective clinical nonrandomized study was performed in dogs with naturally occurring cSCC'; 18 lesions in 11 dogs were treated with ECT. Treating animal patients is veterinary oncology, and the design is an animal study.
Correction: Electrosclerotherapy for capillary malformations: study protocol for a randomised within-patient controlled pilot trial Anon · 2018 ref-874d173890fd	Study type: Randomized Clinical Trial	The title names the corrected publication as a 'study protocol for a randomised within-patient controlled pilot trial'; the document type correction is right, but the study design field had been left empty.
Electrochemotherapy of Spinal Metastases Using Transpedicular Approach-A Numerical Feasibility Study Cindrič et al · 2018 ref-47d16553c411	Study type: In Silico / Modelling; Model system: Computational Model	The title says 'A Numerical Feasibility Study' and the abstract says 'Anatomically accurate numerical models were built for all 3 cases, and numerical computations of electric field distribution ... were performed'. No patient was treated, only computations were carried out; the prospective clinical study and human assignments are wrong.
Endoscopic electrochemotherapy for esophageal cancer a phase I clinical study Egeland et al · 2018 ref-3a7948bbf9fb	Application area: Oesophageal & Upper Gastrointestinal Tumours	A phase I endoscopic electrochemotherapy study in oesophageal cancer; it sat under general principles although it is a clinical application in a specific disease.
Combination of electroporation delivered metabolic modulators with low-dose chemotherapy in osteosarcoma Gill et al · 2018 ref-16f018ea9b3c	Regime: Reversible electroporation	The study uses electroporation as a drug delivery vehicle: 'Electroporation-delivered metabolic modulators', 'efficacy of electroporation in the delivery of metabolic modulators in Osteosarcoma cells', combined with low-dose cisplatin. This falls under reversible electroporation and electrochemotherapy; no ablative IRE is applied.
Electrochemotherapy with anti-PD-1 treatment induced durable complete response in heavily pretreated metastatic melanoma patient Karaca et al · 2018 ref-6188ba3a29bd	Application area: Malignant Melanoma	The case describes ECT combined with anti-PD-1 treatment in a patient with 'metastatic melanoma'; the whole abstract follows the melanoma course (stage II nodular melanoma, BRAF V600E, vemurafenib, ipilimumab, nivolumab). Since the primary is known, the area is malignant melanoma.
Nano-Pulse Stimulation Ablates Orthotopic Rat Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Induces Innate and Adaptive Memory Immune Mechanisms that Prevent Recurrence Lassiter et al · 2018 ref-180da3150f95	Regime: Irreversible electroporation	The record belongs in the corpus; the scanner did not recognise the patterns 'nano-pulse stimulation (NPS), previously called nsPEFs' and 'nanosecond-pulsed electric fields'. The modality, however, is wrong: the method applied is drug-free ablative pulsed field therapy ('NPS ... ablation of orthotopic N1-S1 hepatocellular carcinoma'), and the paper counts ECT and IRE as technologies SEPARATE from its own ('other technologies using electric fields, which include electrochemotherapy (ECT) and irreversible electroporation'). The other nsPEF records in the corpus (the Beebe and Leveque chapters) are classified as IRE; this record should be IRE as well.
High-Frequency Irreversible Electroporation for Intracranial Meningioma: A Feasibility Study in a Spontaneous Canine Tumor Model Latouche et al · 2018 ref-e5c1db797975	Application area: Veterinary Oncology	The patients are three dogs with spontaneous intracranial meningioma; patient-specific treatment planning, biopsy, in situ HFIRE and resection were all performed in the dogs. Treatment in non-human patients belongs to the veterinary oncology area regardless of the disease.
Percutaneous Irreversible Electroporation (IRE) of Hepatic Malignancy: A Bi-institutional Analysis of Safety and Outcomes Mafeld et al · 2018 ref-faef6774e666	Application area: Liver Tumours; Study type: Retrospective Clinical Study	The publication reports percutaneous IRE of hepatic malignancies: '52 patients underwent percutaneous IRE of 59 liver tumours'; breast appears only as one patient in the list of metastatic origins (breast n=1), so the breast cancer area is wrong. The abstract defines the design plainly as a 'Bi-institutional retrospective, longitudinal follow-up series'.
Study design of a medical device pre-market assessment a case study on electrochemotherapy Pirc et al · 2018 ref-30ff0c6f0dbe	Study type: In Silico / Modelling	The abstract says that 'two general Markov models and their reduced versions' are presented for ECT in basal cell carcinoma and melanoma, and that the early cost-effectiveness analysis was performed with these models; no intervention is applied to patients.
Electrochemotherapy with cisplatin or bleomycin in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Improved effectiveness of cisplatin in HPV-positive tumors Prevc et al · 2018 ref-e6cd11ca3821	Application area: Head & Neck Tumours	The study compares ECT response by HPV status in cell lines and tumour models derived from human pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma; this is mucosal head and neck SCC, not a skin tumour. The abstract mentions no cutaneous lesions.
Integrated analysis of the potential, electric field, temperature, pH and tissue damage generated by different electrode arrays in a tumor under electrochemical treatment Soba et al · 2018 ref-d57963896cf7	Removed from the corpus	The method studied is not electroporation but electrochemical treatment (EChT), and the paper itself distinguishes the two: 'EChT consists in the application of a low-level direct electric current to the tumor through implanted electrodes... ECT, on the other hand, is the electroporation, short electric pulses of high-voltage'. The model computes the pH fronts and the temperature produced by a 60-minute direct current application; every occurrence of 'electroporation' is in a reference title.
18 F-FDG PET Biomarkers Help Detect Early Metabolic Response to Irreversible Electroporation and Predict Therapeutic Outcomes in a Rat Liver Tumor Model Wang et al · 2018 ref-7b04457cc076	Application area: Liver Tumours	The title and abstract say 'rat liver tumor model': McA-RH7777 liver tumour cells were implanted in rats and IRE was applied. The pancreas is never mentioned.
A Commentary on "Electrochemotherapy for advanced cutaneous angiosarcoma: A European register-based cohort study from the International Network for Sharing Practices of Electrochemotherapy (InspECT)" (Int J Surg 2019; Epub ahead of Print) Alagkiozidis · 2019 ref-7a4696c1b073	Study type: Review	The title starts with 'A Commentary on ...' and the text says 'Invited Commentary'; PubMed tags it 'Comment' and 'Editorial'. There are no original data, only a narrative assessment of the InspECT cohort.
Irreversible electroporation (IRE): a narrative review of the development of IRE from the laboratory to a prostate cancer treatment Blazevski et al · 2019 ref-03a29d7ef12f	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours	The title and abstract present a narrative review of the development of IRE from the laboratory to the treatment of prostate cancer, discussing outcomes in more than 283 prostate patients. The liver is never mentioned.
Laparoscopic Microwave Ablation and Portal Vein Occlusion for Staged Hepatectomy (LAPS) Boetto et al · 2019 ref-55a2984ed99e	Removed from the corpus	The record's own subject is staged hepatectomy with laparoscopic MICROWAVE ablation and portal vein occlusion (LAPS); there is no electroporation in its abstract or text. The 8 'electrochemotherapy' occurrences in the PDF belong to a DIFFERENT abstract on the same page of the HPB congress supplement: 'P52.07 ELECTROCHEMOTHERAPY: NEW TREATMENT APPROACH FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: RESULTS OF PHASE I STUDY' (Dokic et al.).
Electrochemotherapy in Skin Malignancies of Head and Neck Cancer Patients: Clinical Efficacy and Aesthetic Benefits Bonadies et al · 2019 ref-497239bfb97c	Study type: Retrospective Clinical Study	The abstract says 'We retrospectively addressed electrochemotherapy anti-tumour efficacy in head and neck skin cancer patients'; this is a retrospective series of 33 patients.
Cisplatin and Vinorelbine -Mediated Electrochemotherapeutic Approach Against Multidrug Resistant Small Cell Lung Cancer (H69AR) In Vitro DRĄG-ZALESIŃSKA et al · 2019 ref-c7beb8c8086f	Application area: Lung & Peribronchial Tumours	The aim of the study is to increase the cytotoxicity of cisplatin and vinorelbine with electroporation in a multidrug-resistant small cell lung cancer line (H69AR): 'The aim of our study was to examine the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy supported by EP on a resistant SCLC model'. This is a preclinical drug evaluation directed at a specific disease (SCLC), not general biophysics.
Characterization of Ablation Thresholds for 3D-Cultured Patient-Derived Glioma Stem Cells in Response to High-Frequency Irreversible Electroporation Ivey et al · 2019 ref-22e62a15bc1a	Study type: In Vitro Study	H-FIRE ablation thresholds were measured in patient-derived glioma stem cells grown in 3D culture; the comparisons were made against primary astrocytes and neural stem cell populations, all in cell culture.
Physicochemical factors that affect electroporation of lung cancer and normal cell lines Kim et al · 2019 ref-6e16bab2a4e5	Application area: Lung & Peribronchial Tumours	The title and abstract compare electropermeabilisation in lung cancer cell lines (H460, A549, HCC1588) with normal lung cells throughout, and the stated aim is to improve electroporation sensitivity in lung cancer; neither brain nor brain tumour is mentioned in the record.
Pre-clinical investigation of the synergy effect of interleukin-12 gene-electro-transfer during partially irreversible electropermeabilization against melanoma Pasquet et al · 2019 ref-e4710c68b9f2	Application area: Malignant Melanoma	The title and abstract are entirely about melanoma: partially irreversible electropermeabilisation and peritumoural IL-12 plasmid electrotransfer are evaluated in melanoma tumours in mice with different immunological backgrounds. There is no non-melanoma skin tumour; in the taxonomy melanoma goes to its own application area.
Electrochemotherapy - A locoregional therapy with well-established palliative effect in patient with large recurrent lesion of head and neck Pichi et al · 2019 ref-8348a1c740b3	Application area: Head & Neck Tumours	In the abstract the patients are 36 people with 'head and neck malignancies' and locoregional M0/M1 recurrence after surgery and/or radiochemotherapy; the lesions are not said to be of cutaneous origin, and the phrase 'skin tumors' in the introduction is used for the general definition of ECT. The subject of the study is palliation of unresectable head and neck malignancies.
Irreversible electroporation for hepatic tumors Pompili et al · 2019 ref-5939c26d9c06	Application area: Liver Tumours	The title and opening paragraph address the use of IRE in hepatic tumours ('Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a relatively new ablation technique for the treatment of abdominal and extraabdominal tumors'); there is no cholangiocarcinoma-specific content.
Electro-therapies for sarcomas Sundararajan et al · 2019 ref-433b369c142a	Study type: Review; Model system: Literature Analysis	The abstract declares itself a review: 'This mini review reports the various aspects of sarcomas ... and also discussed is the use of electrical pulse-based therapies'. There is no patient series and no outcome data; the clinical study and human model assignments are wrong. Since no systematic search is described, this is a narrative review.
Correction Calcium electroporation for treatment of sarcoma in preclinical studies Szewczyk · 2019 ref-305e08348d31	Application area: Bone & Soft Tissue Sarcomas	The title of the corrected publication is 'Calcium electroporation for treatment of sarcoma in preclinical studies'; the subject is sarcoma, not cutaneous tumours. The erratum text ('[This corrects the article ...]') is not enough to establish the design, so studyDesign was left untouched.
Predictive factors of response to electrochemotherapy in canine oral malignant melanoma Tellado et al · 2019 ref-5446914f14f2	Study type: Animal Study	The abstract reports prospective electrochemotherapy in 67 canine patients; by rule, a veterinary clinical study conducted in dog patients is an animal study.
Antitumor Efficacy of Liposome-Encapsulated NVP-BEZ235 Combined with Irreversible Electroporation for Head and Neck Cancer Tian · 2019 ref-955acb19150e	Application area: Head & Neck Tumours	The experiment measures the efficacy of IRE plus liposomal NVP-BEZ235 over two months in human head and neck cancer (HN5) xenografts in nude mice; this is a preclinical treatment study in a specific disease, not a general principles paper.
Time-Dependent Impact of Irreversible Electroporation on Pathology and Ablation Size in the Porcine Liver: A 24-Hour Experimental Study Vogel et al · 2019 ref-f7c8abf78454	Study type: Animal Study	The study performs hourly IRE ablations over 24 hours in the liver of 2 anaesthetised domestic pigs ('performed hourly during 24 consecutive hours in the peripheral liver of 2 anaesthetized domestic pigs'); the PubMed MeSH terms are Animals and Swine. The publication is not itself a systematic review; it merely cites one.
Electrochemotherapy of radioresistant head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells and tumor xenografts Zakelj et al · 2019 ref-39c48e901adc	Study type: Animal Study; Model system: Animal (In Vivo)	The title contains 'tumor xenografts' and the abstract says 'We compared the 2 cell lines in response to chemotherapy and electrochemotherapy ... in vitro and in vivo'; drug uptake in the tumours was measured by mass spectrometry, so there is an in vivo animal arm.
Electrochemotherapy for advanced cutaneous angiosarcoma: A european register-based cohort study from the international network for sharing practices of electrochemotherapy (InspECT)-An invited commentary Zhou et al · 2019 ref-e246298e0a6a	Study type: Review	The title says outright 'An invited commentary' and PubMed tags it 'Comment' and 'Editorial'; no original data are presented.
Available ablation energies to treat cT1 renal cell cancer emerging technologies Zondervan · 2019 ref-f98bf4d553e6	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours	The review evaluates ablation energies (percutaneous MWA, percutaneous IRE, SABR) in cT1 renal cell cancer; renal tumours belong to the urological tumours area and this has nothing to do with skin tumours. Since electroporation (percutaneous IRE) is one of the technologies evaluated, the record stays in the corpus.
Evaluation of Alterations to Bile Ducts and Laboratory Values During the First 3 Months After Irreversible Electroporation of Malignant Hepatic Tumors Bäumler et al · 2020 ref-5bca4ca8c6e9	Application area: Liver Tumours	The abstract follows changes in bile ducts lying within 1 cm of the ablation zone after IRE of 'malignant hepatic tumors' in 45 patients. The disease is liver tumour; cholangiocarcinoma is not mentioned.
A Dedicated Checklist to Improve the Quality of Reporting in Electrochemotherapy and Enable Comparisons with Other Skin-directed Therapies Campana et al · 2020 ref-6cfa69d7738c	Study type: Review	The text is a letter to the editor opening with 'Madam - We welcome the recent overview of electrochemotherapy ...'; PubMed tags it 'Comment' and 'Letter'. There are no new patient data, only a narrative assessment.
Ultrasound and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound Findings after Percutaneous Irreversible Electroporation of Hepatic Malignant Tumors Chai et al · 2020 ref-93101dfeade3	Application area: Liver Tumours	The abstract reports US and CEUS findings after 'percutaneous irreversible electroporation (IRE) of hepatic malignant tumors'. The pancreas is not mentioned; the area is liver tumours.
Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Assisted by Reversible Electroporation-In Vitro Study on Human Melanoma Cells Choromanska et al · 2020 ref-72146f322691	Application area: Malignant Melanoma	The experiments were performed in two human melanoma cell lines and the rationale is melanoma-specific biology: 'bioactivation of CAPE ... by tyrosinase would lead to GST inhibition and selective melanoma cell death'. No other skin tumour such as basal or squamous cell carcinoma is included.
Percutaneous image guided electrochemotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma: technological advancement Djokic et al · 2020 ref-8c6cc4abe274	Application area: Liver Tumours	The case is image-guided percutaneous ECT of a multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma lesion in segment III; the treatment is in the liver and there is no skin tumour.
Debulking mastectomy with electrochemotherapy: a case report of no surgery approach to recurrent breast cancer Esposito et al · 2020 ref-7eb646523c33	Study type: Case Report	The title and abstract describe a single patient: 'Case presentation: Here we present the case of a women affected by...'; this is a single case report.
Electrosclerotherapy as a Novel Treatment Option for Hypertrophic Capillary Malformations: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial Horbach et al · 2020 ref-e68ed49c0723	Application area: Vascular Malformations	A randomised pilot study testing electrosclerotherapy in hypertrophic capillary malformations (15 sites in 5 patients); the disease studied is a vascular malformation.
Boosting the Immune Response with the Combination of Electrochemotherapy and Immunotherapy: A New Weapon for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck? Longo et al · 2020 ref-f883ad2d8187	Study type: Review	The abstract reports no patients, methods or results; the text is a narrative review or opinion piece in which combining ECT with immunotherapy in SCCHN is discussed as 'a possible future approach may take into account'. It is not a clinical study.
Analysis on reversible/irreversible electroporation region in lung adenocarcinoma cell model in vitro with electric pulses delivered by needle electrodes Lv et al · 2020 ref-baccc91b6e19	Application area: General Principles & Biophysics	The study measures reversible and irreversible electroporation thresholds as a function of pulse number in a 2D lung adenocarcinoma cell model and provides 'an equation between pulse number and the electric field threshold of ablation'. Cholangiocarcinoma is not studied; the bile duct appears only in the sentence 'important tissues such as blood vessel, bile duct, and nerve are preserved'. As a pulse parameter and threshold study, it belongs to the general principles application area.
Nanofountain Probe Electroporation Enables Versatile Single-Cell Intracellular Delivery and Investigation of Postpulse Electropore Dynamics Nathamgari et al · 2020 ref-40c9a0a52db7	Study type: In Vitro Study; Model system: Cell Culture	The abstract states that proteins and plasmids were delivered by nanofountain probe electroporation into 'a variety of continuous and primary cell types' and that electropore resealing dynamics were followed at the single-cell level; this is a cell culture experiment.
Cardiac synchronization and arrhythmia during irreversible electroporation O'Neill et al · 2020 ref-15ac2e717e2e	Application area: General Principles & Biophysics	The publication examines cardiac synchronisation during tumour IRE, not cardiac ablation: of 481 patients, 46% had hepatic and 36% pancreatic lesions; the journal is J Surg Oncol. Because this is a procedural safety topic that cuts across organs, it does not belong to the cardiac PFA (atrial fibrillation ablation) application area but to general principles.
Early Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Electrochemotherapy as a Prospect Treatment Modality for Skin Melanoma Pirc et al · 2020 ref-6d43b53dd866	Application area: Malignant Melanoma	A clinical study evaluating the cost-effectiveness of ECT with QALYs and a Markov model in 23 patients with stage IIIc/IV skin melanoma; the patient group and the indication are specific to 'skin melanoma'. This is a clinical application in a specific disease, not general principles.
Analysis of damage-associated molecular pattern molecules due to electroporation of cells in vitro Polajzer et al · 2020 ref-d5f6b4b074ad	Application area: General Principles & Biophysics	The abstract states 'electric pulses were applied to a suspension of Chinese hamster ovary cells'; the CHO cell line is not ovarian tumour disease. The study is a general mechanism study examining the release of DAMPs such as ATP, calreticulin, nucleic acids and uric acid in relation to reversible and irreversible electroporation thresholds.
The First Study of Irreversible Electroporation with Calcium Ions and Chemotherapy in Patients with Locally Advanced Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Rudno-Rudzińska et al · 2020 ref-5420432a8cf2	Application area: Pancreatic Cancer; Regime: Irreversible electroporation; Study type: Case Series	The title and abstract describe the use of irreversible electroporation (IRE) in patients with locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma: 'we demonstrate the first application of irreversible electroporation (IRE)'; it has nothing to do with the skin and cutaneous tumour application area. The abstract mentions no randomisation, and only two patients were treated ('Two patients were treated').
Combination of bleomycin and cisplatin as adjuvant electrochemotherapy protocol for the treatment of incompletely excised feline injection-site sarcomas: A retrospective study Spugnini et al · 2020 ref-a6118672e228	Application area: Veterinary Oncology	The patients are 27 cats with injection site sarcoma; an adjuvant bleomycin plus cisplatin ECT protocol was evaluated retrospectively. Non-human patients belong to the veterinary oncology area.
Apoptosis as the main type of cell death induced by calcium electroporation in rhabdomyosarcoma cells Szewczyk et al · 2020 ref-90b7259c83e7	Study type: In Vitro Study	The application area was left as it is: the paper is a mechanism study examining the type of cell death triggered by calcium electroporation (caspase 3/7, PARP-1, holotomographic microscopy). The design, however, is wrong: 'This study was conducted on two cell lines: normal muscle cells (C2C12) and rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD)'; there is no animal experiment and the study is in vitro.
A Retrospective Study of CT-Guided Percutaneous Irreversible Electroporation (IRE) Ablation: Clinical Efficacy and Safety Wang et al · 2020 ref-3be8e5097a72	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours; Study type: Retrospective Clinical Study; Model system: Human	The title reads 'A Retrospective Study' and the abstract states 'Fifteen patients (19 lesions) with RCC who underwent IRE were retrospectively reviewed'; the disease is renal cell carcinoma.
Irreversible electroporation in patients with liver tumours: treated-area patterns with contrast-enhanced ultrasound Zhou · 2020 ref-1df15170b34e	Application area: Liver Tumours	The title and abstract say 'patients with liver tumours' and '24 cases of malignant liver tumours (22 primary, 2 metastases) treated by IRE ablation'; the record was wrongly placed in the skin and cutaneous tumours application area, the correct area is liver tumours.
Value of CT-Guided Percutaneous Irreversible Electroporation Added to FOLFIRINOX Chemotherapy in Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: A Post Hoc Comparison van Veldhuisen et al · 2020 ref-ca4329f74d59	Study type: Clinical Study	The abstract states 'A post hoc comparison was performed of data derived from a prospective IRE-FOLFIRINOX cohort and a retrospective FOLFIRINOX-only cohort'; there is no randomisation anywhere. The PubMed publication types are 'Comparative Study, Journal Article' (no RCT tag) and the MeSH terms include both Prospective and Retrospective Studies, so this is not a randomised controlled trial but a general clinical study.
P-P15 Margin Accentuation Irreversible Electroporation in Stage III Pancreatic Cancer A Systematic Review Al-Leswas et al · 2021 ref-ebda6699b047	Application area: Pancreatic Cancer; Study type: Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis	A study on margin accentuation IRE in stage III pancreatic cancer; the application area is pancreatic cancer. The abstract also says 'The present systematic review' and describes a PRISMA-framed search of Pubmed/MEDLINE/EMBASE/SCOPUS in which 235 patients from nine studies were pooled using weighted means; the design is 'Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis', not 'Clinical Study'. The document type 'Conference Abstract' remains correct.
MRI and CT in the follow-up after irreversible electroporation of small renal masses Buijs et al · 2021 ref-ecc21bcc6f5e	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours; Study type: Prospective Clinical Study	CT and MR follow-up after IRE of ten small renal masses in nine patients; eight lesions were clear cell and one was papillary renal cell carcinoma, so the area is urological tumours. The abstract also says 'Prospective phase 2 study of IRE in nine patients with ten SRMs'; the design is 'Prospective Clinical Study', not 'Clinical Study'.
Use of electrochemotherapy in a combined surgical treatment of local recurrence of rectal cancer Caprino et al · 2021 ref-0bef59b29811	Application area: Colorectal Cancer	The case describes ECT added to surgical excision in a perineal local recurrence of rectal cancer (10 mm from the resection margin because of proximity to the urethra); the disease is rectal cancer and this is a clinical application.
Electrochemotherapy with Mitomycin C Potentiates Apoptosis Death by Inhibiting Autophagy in Squamous Carcinoma Cells Condello et al · 2021 ref-d359456f4cb8	Study type: In Vitro Study	The effect of EP plus mitomycin C was examined in two human hypopharyngeal and tongue carcinoma cell lines using flow cytometry, MTT and light and electron microscopy; the main study was carried out in cell culture.
Irreversible Electroporation for the Treatment of Small Renal Masses 5-Year Outcomes Dai et al · 2021 ref-6d1cc506e24a	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours	The publication reports 5-year oncological outcomes of percutaneous IRE for cT1a small renal masses (48 tumours, 47 patients, 22 with biopsy-confirmed renal cell carcinoma); this is not metastatic disease but treatment of a urological organ tumour.
Publisher Correction: Comparison of two different doses of bleomycin in electrochemotherapy protocols for feline cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma nonsegregated from ultraviolet light exposure Dos Anjos et al · 2021 ref-955e83ade667	Application area: Veterinary Oncology; Model system: Animal (In Vivo)	The title of the corrected publication says 'feline cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma'; because the patients are cats, the application area should be veterinary oncology and the model should be animal.
VEGF Expression, Cellular Infiltration, and Intratumoral Collagen Levels after Electroporation-Based Treatment of Dogs with Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Dos Anjos et al · 2021 ref-0eff73c90cc2	Application area: Veterinary Oncology	A prospective ECT study in 11 dogs (18 lesions) with spontaneous cutaneous SCC; the assessment of VEGF, CD31 and intratumoural collagen was performed in canine patients. Non-human patients go to veterinary oncology.
Irreversible Electroporation and Nivolumab Combined with Intratumoral Administration of a Toll-Like Receptor Ligand, as a Means of In Vivo Vaccination for Metastatic Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PANFIRE-III). A Phase-I Study Protocol Geboers et al · 2021 ref-a86199e137e1	Study type: Randomized Clinical Trial	The abstract states 'In this randomized controlled phase I clinical trial, 18 patients with mPDAC ... will be enrolled in one of three study arms'; being a protocol does not change the study design.
Local ablation of pancreatic tumors State of the art and future perspectives Granata et al · 2021 ref-eea76ccacec1	Application area: Pancreatic Cancer	The paper reviews ablative techniques (RFA, microwave, IRE, ECT; 30 studies, 1047 patients) in locally advanced pancreatic cancer; it has nothing to do with skin tumours. The design was left as Review: the abstract calls itself an 'overview' and the PubMed publication type is 'Review' (not Systematic Review).
A Multicenter Single-Arm Objective Performance Criteria Trial to Determine the Efficacy and Safety of High-Frequency Irreversible Electroporation as Primary Treatment for Localized Prostate Cancer: A Study Protocol He et al · 2021 ref-d6240589747c	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours; Study type: Prospective Clinical Study	The protocol tests H-FIRE in localised prostate cancer; the abstract states 'multicenter and single-arm objective performance criteria (OPC) study, in which all men with localized prostate cancer are allocated to H-FIRE', that is, a prospective single-arm study with no randomisation.
An evaluation of safety and survival for patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer treated with irreversible electroporation combined with chemotherapy: a retrospectively observational study He et al · 2021 ref-571426496b3f	Study type: Retrospective Clinical Study	The title says 'a retrospectively observational study' and the abstract states '64 patients with LAPC who had received IRE and chemotherapy were retrospectively collected from August 2015 to March 2019'. There is no randomisation; the assignment as a randomised controlled trial is wrong.
A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Prospective Study to Assess Efficacy of Laparoscopic Electrochemotherapy in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer Izzo et al · 2021 ref-bba937e5550a		The abstract is a study protocol written entirely in the future tense: 'The study will include 90 patients: 45 in the control group and 45 in the experimental group', 'The objective response at 30, 90, and 180 days ... will be based on'. There are no outcome data. The design (randomised controlled trial) is kept; the document type should be 'Protocol' rather than 'Article'.
Margin ACcentuation for resectable Pancreatic cancer using Irreversible Electroporation - Results from the MACPIE-I study Kundalia et al · 2021 ref-6cda9d8620b0	Study type: Clinical Study	There is no randomisation in the abstract: 'MA using IRE was carried out in 20 consecutive patients', with a control group of 91 patients who had undergone PD in the same period. The concluding sentence explicitly states 'These results as a proof of concept are promising and need further validation with a randomised controlled trial', so the study itself is not randomised. The only PubMed publication type is 'Journal Article'.
Rapid Impedance Spectroscopy for Monitoring Tissue Impedance, Temperature, and Treatment Outcome During Electroporation-Based Therapies Lorenzo et al · 2021 ref-6a2bfb8faf9a	Regime: Irreversible electroporation	The record belongs in the corpus (the title already reads 'Electroporation-Based Therapies'), but the modality is wrong: the abstract refers only to ablative pulses, 'high-frequency irreversible EP (H-FIRE)' and 'impedance changes throughout IRE treatment'; the full text mentions H-FIRE 32 times and irreversible electroporation 19 times, and there is no ECT arm in which a cytotoxic drug is given. The modality should be IRE, not ECT.
Stereotactic Percutaneous Electrochemotherapy as Primary Approach for Unresectable Large HCC at the Hepatic Hilum Luerken et al · 2021 ref-cc9af8f1cfbf	Application area: Liver Tumours	The case is stereotactic percutaneous ECT of an unresectable 4.7 cm HCC at the hepatic hilum, adjacent to major vessels and the bile duct; the disease is a liver tumour.
Electrochemotherapy for the palliative management of non-skin-origin head and neck cancer: case series and UK national survey McCaffer et al · 2021 ref-42ab9a076da9	Application area: Head & Neck Tumours	The title explicitly reads 'non-skin-origin head and neck cancer', and the cases are squamous cell carcinoma, esthesioneuroblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma metastases; tumours of cutaneous origin were excluded from the study.
Irreversible Electroporation to Treat Unresectable Colorectal Liver Metastases (COLDFIRE-2): A Phase II, Two-Center, Single-Arm Clinical Trial Meijerink et al · 2021 ref-52058ae14481		The record belongs to the article published in the journal Radiology in 2021, PMID 33724066, DOI 10.1148/radiol.2021203089; the PubMed publication types are 'Journal Article', 'Clinical Trial, Phase II' and 'Multicenter Study'. The SSRN version in the file name is only the PDF source used; the publication itself is not a preprint.
Pulsed field ablation prevents chronic atrial fibrotic changes and restrictive mechanics after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation Nakatani et al · 2021 ref-9864f337e335	Study type: Clinical Study	The full abstract on PubMed states that pre-ablation, acute and 3-month cardiac MR findings were compared after PFA (n=18) versus thermal ablation (n=23) in 41 patients with paroxysmal AF; since there is no statement of randomisation or of a prospective or retrospective design, it is a general clinical study.
Multicenter randomized controlled trial and registry study to assess the safety and efficacy of the NanoKnife® system for the ablation of stage 3 pancreatic adenocarcinoma: overview of study protocols Narayanan et al · 2021 ref-2299abc6aca2	Study type: Randomized Clinical Trial	The title reads 'Multicenter randomized controlled trial and registry study ... overview of study protocols'; the abstract states 'Subjects enrolled in the RCT must have no evidence of disease progression ... prior to being randomization to either a control or IRE arm' and 'The RCT will enroll 528 subjects with 264 per arm'. A protocol does not lose its design; PubMed's 'Review' tag is a mislabelling, and classifying the record as a review is wrong.
Addendum: Perri et al. Electrochemotherapy as a First Line Treatment in Recurrent Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx PDL-1 Negative and/or with Evident Contraindication to Immunotherapy: A Randomized Multicenter Controlled Trial. Cancers 2021, 13, 2210 Perri et al · 2021 ref-1e0418478dde	Application area: Head & Neck Tumours	The record is an 'Addendum' note appended to a study of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx (title 'Addendum: Perri et al. ... Cancers 2021, 13, 2210'; Europe PMC publication type 'Addendum'; the text says 'We have some additional considerations about the recent published article'). The topic is a head and neck tumour rather than a skin tumour, and it is not an original research article.
Electrochemotherapy as a First Line Treatment in Recurrent Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx PDL-1 Negative and/or with Evident Contraindication to Immunotherapy: A Randomized Multicenter Controlled Trial Perri et al · 2021 ref-993e17e45a8c		The abstract reports no completed results and describes the plan in the future tense ('These patients will be treated with the gold standard'); the Europe PMC record gives the publication type 'Methods article' and the abstract states 'The phase IIb study involves the enrolment of 96 patients', so the publication is a study protocol. The randomised design is kept.
Organ Sparing for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer after Neoadjuvant Treatment Followed by Electrochemotherapy Rega et al · 2021 ref-00702109da00		The abstract is a study protocol written throughout in the future tense: '70 patients that will be developed in two stages', '28 patients will be enrolled', 'the second stage of the trial will be performed'; there are no outcome data and PubMed tags it only as 'Journal Article'. The phase II randomised design is kept; only the document type changes.
Effects of calcium electroporation, electrochemotherapy, and irreversible electroporation on quality of life and progression-free survival in patients with pancreatic cancer: IREC clinical study Rudno-Rudzińska et al · 2021 ref-6cbf7887c70a	Study type: Randomized Clinical Trial	The abstract is a study protocol written throughout in the future tense: 'In this study, both ECT and CaEP will be used', 'Patients will receive ... (control arm-group A), CaEP (active arm-group B), or ECT ... (active arm-group C) randomized 1:1:1', 'The primary endpoints will be progression-free survival ... and quality of life'. Because patients are randomised 1:1:1, the design is a randomised controlled trial.
Nonthermal Irreversible Electroporation to the Esophagus: Evaluation of Acute and Long-Term Pathological Effects in a Rabbit Model Song · 2021 ref-7a0cc1a17d4d	Application area: Cardiac Pulsed-Field Ablation	Acute and long-term pathological effects of irreversible electroporation applied to the oesophagus; it sat under skin and cutaneous tumours, which has nothing to do with its subject. The abstract states the subject of the study plainly: 'Nonthermal irreversible electroporation (NTIRE) is a promising new technology for pulmonary vein isolation in patients with atrial fibrillation', and the aim is to assess oesophageal safety during atrial fibrillation ablation in a rabbit model. There is no skin or cutaneous tumour; the application area is cardiac PFA. The design (animal study, 84 New Zealand rabbits) and IRE are correct.
Electrochemotherapy in Mucosal Cancer of the Head and Neck A Systematic Review Strojan et al · 2021 ref-de27d8376d83	Application area: Head & Neck Tumours	The title and abstract deal with mucosal head and neck cancer (62.8% of tumours in the oral cavity, 79.3% squamous cell); this is not a cutaneous tumour study.
Evaluation of electrochemotherapy in the management of apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinomas in dogs: A retrospective study Valenti et al · 2021 ref-b037a725a07f	Application area: Veterinary Oncology	The title and abstract say 'apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinomas in dogs'; the tolerability and efficacy of ECT were evaluated retrospectively in 10 canine patients. The patients are not human, so veterinary oncology.
Study protocol designed to investigate tumour response to calcium electroporation in cancers affecting the skin: a non-randomised phase II clinical trial Vissing · 2021 ref-e7e8ae18a81c	Study type: Prospective Clinical Study	The title says 'a non-randomised phase II clinical trial' and the abstract states 'This non-randomised phase II multicentre study will investigate response ... in 30 patients', describing planned enrolment at three centres; this is a prospective, non-randomised clinical study.
Irreversible electroporation (IRE) in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) a mid-term clinical experience Wah · 2021 ref-763591e26071	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours; Study type: Prospective Clinical Study	CT-guided IRE treatment of 30 cT1a renal cell carcinomas in 26 patients, with complications and oncological outcomes; the area is urological tumours. The abstract also says 'CT-guided IRE (2015-2020) was prospectively evaluated'; the design is 'Prospective Clinical Study'.
Influence of extremely low-frequency magnetic field on chemotherapy and electrochemotherapy efficacy in human Caco-2 colon cancer cells Alkis et al · 2022 ref-b08e0e3e8046	Study type: In Vitro Study	The abstract states that 5-FU and ECT (1125 V/cm, 100 µs, 1 Hz) together with ELF-MF exposure were evaluated by MTT assay in Caco-2 colon cancer cells; this is a cell culture experiment.
Electrochemotherapy for metastatic cutaneous melanoma Bastrup et al · 2022 ref-9351834a688d	Application area: Malignant Melanoma	The title and the subject of the commentary are 'metastatic cutaneous melanoma'; the portal has a separate application area for melanoma, but the record was assigned to the general skin area.
An overview of the irreversible electroporation for the treatment of liver metastases: When to use it Belfiore · 2022 ref-01c1aefbedc8	Application area: Liver Tumours	The review discusses when percutaneous IRE should be preferred in liver metastases and hepatocellular carcinoma; the subject is liver lesions adjacent to major vessels and bile ducts, and no skin tumour is mentioned.
Defining optimal parameters to maximize the effect of electrochemotherapy on lung cancer cells whilst preserving the integrity of immune cells Bendix et al · 2022 ref-34bab6d33a43	Study type: In Vitro Study	The application area was left as it is: the paper is about defining ECT protocol parameters (the recommended drug and concentration, the damage caused to dendritic cells and macrophages by field strengths above 800 V/cm, and adaptation of the current 1000 V/cm protocol), that is, a pulse and protocol parameter study. The design, however, is wrong: all experiments were performed on cell lines (A549, H460, SK-MES 1, LLC) and isolated murine T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages, and the abstract says 'significantly negatively impacted by electric field strengths surpassing 800 V/cm in vitro'; no in vivo experiment is described.
Sunitinib potentiates the cytotoxic effect of electrochemotherapy in pancreatic carcinoma cells Bosnjak et al · 2022 ref-4392b43d3d0a	Study type: In Vitro Study	The abstract measures ECT cytotoxicity with bleomycin and cisplatin and the interaction with sunitinib in the BxPC-3 human pancreatic carcinoma cell line; this is a cell culture experiment.
Prospektive Kohortenstudie von InspECT zur Sicherheit und Wirksamkeit der Elektrochemotherapie bei Hauttumoren und Metastasen in Abhängigkeit von Ulzeration Claussen et al · 2022 ref-b425e3f4bf70	Study type: Prospective Clinical Study; Model system: Human	The abstract says 'Prospektive Kohortenstudie' and describes prospective data collection with '20 Krebszentren ... sammelten prospektiv Daten'; 716 patients were included, so the model is human.
The use of electrochemotherapy to treat an oral mucocutaneous fibrosarcoma in a central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) Doneley et al · 2022 ref-ca9619703e35	Application area: Veterinary Oncology; Study type: Animal Study	The patient is a pet reptile: an oral mucocutaneous fibrosarcoma in an adult 'central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps)' is treated with cisplatin ECT, and the text presents this as experience with ECT in veterinary oncology. Because the patient is non-human, the application area is veterinary oncology. Moreover, since this is clinical treatment in a live animal, an 'In Vitro Study' label is impossible.
Palliative Treatment of Esophageal Cancer Using Calcium Electroporation Egeland · 2022 ref-914e679271c1	Application area: Oesophageal & Upper Gastrointestinal Tumours	Palliative calcium electroporation in oesophageal cancer; it sat under general principles.
Treatment of skin tumors with intratumoral interleukin 12 gene electrotransfer in the head and neck region: a first-in-human clinical trial protocol Groselj · 2022 ref-e9588c9be01d	Study type: Prospective Clinical Study	The abstract states that this is a 'first-in-human clinical trial protocol' (ISRCTN15479959, NCT05077033) and that the study is designed as an 'exploratory, dose escalating study'; enrolment is prospective and there is no randomisation. Being a protocol does not remove the design.
Efficacy of immunotherapy with combination of cryotherapy and topical imiquimod for treatment of Kaposi sarcoma Gu et al · 2022 ref-4faa0499c678	Removed from the corpus	The study is a retrospective evaluation, from an institutional database, of combined cryotherapy and topical imiquimod in 9 patients. Electrochemotherapy appears in the abstract only in the list of options in the introductory sentence ('including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgical excision, electrochemotherapy, and cryotherapy'); it is neither applied nor studied.
Irreversible electroporation in renal tumours: A systematic review of safety and early oncological outcomes Hilton · 2022 ref-20cfc341e1df	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours	The title and abstract systematically review IRE in small renal masses; there is no mention of skin or cutaneous tumours in the record, and the disease studied is urological.
Combining superselective catheterization and electrochemotherapy: A new technological approach to the treatment of high-flow head and neck vascular malformations Krt et al · 2022 ref-9bfece86f55c	Application area: Vascular Malformations; Study type: Case Report	The abstract describes a single patient: 'In the patient with high-flow arteriovenous malformation of the lower lip, superselective catheterization was performed'; the condition treated is not a tumour but a high-flow arteriovenous malformation, so the application area is vascular malformations.
Curcumin Loaded Nanocarriers with Varying Charges Augmented with Electroporation Designed for Colon Cancer Therapy Kulbacka et al · 2022 ref-9f5136f770d4	Application area: Colorectal Cancer; Study type: In Vitro Study	The title reads 'Designed for Colon Cancer Therapy'; the abstract evaluates nanocarrier transfer in human colon cancer cells (LoVo) and the liver is never mentioned. The experiments were also performed only in cell lines (LoVo, L6, CHO-K1; CLSM, viability, ROS) with no animals; the design cannot be 'Animal Study' but is 'In Vitro Study'.
Percutaneous Ablation of Hepatic Tumors at the Hepatocaval Confluence Using Irreversible Electroporation: A Preliminary Study Li et al · 2022 ref-44b3aa60308e	Application area: Liver Tumours	The title and abstract say 'hepatic tumors at the hepatocaval confluence'; 38 liver lesions in 21 patients were treated with percutaneous IRE. Cutaneous tumours are not mentioned; the application area is liver tumours.
Irreversible Electroporation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Abutting the Diaphragm: A Prospective Single-center Study Ma et al · 2022 ref-bfade94eecb2	Application area: Liver Tumours	The abstract says 'hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) abutting the diaphragm', with 39 liver tumours in 26 patients. It has nothing to do with skin tumours; the application area is liver tumours.
The SAFE Pilot Trial-SAlvage Focal Irreversible Electroporation-For Recurrent Localized Prostate Cancer: Rationale and Study Protocol Marra · 2022 ref-3425d3c77ff2	Study type: Prospective Clinical Study	The abstract states 'We performed a single-arm pilot feasibility study (IDEAL stage 2a)' and describes prospective follow-up of 20 patients (control biopsy at 1 year); it is single-arm and not randomised.
Treatment of unresectable locally advanced pancreatic cancer with percutaneous irreversible electroporation (IRE) following initial systemic chemotherapy (LAP-PIE) trial: study protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial Rai et al · 2022 ref-c7dd2007eea5	Study type: Randomized Clinical Trial	The abstract states 'Eligible patients with LAPC ... will be randomised to receive either a single session of IRE followed by ... chemotherapy or to chemotherapy alone'; being a feasibility study does not remove the randomised design.
Pulse width and intensity effects of pulsed electric fields on cancerous and normal skin cells Rao et al · 2022 ref-a7fc8d0ee4e7	Study type: In Vitro Study; Model system: Cell Culture	The abstract states 'this study investigated the effects of pulse width and intensity of nsPEF on the murine melanoma cells (B16) and normal murine fibroblast cells (L929) through electromagnetic simulation and in-vitro experiments'. There is no live animal experiment; there are cell lines and simulation, so the 'animal study' and 'animal (in vivo)' assignments are wrong.
Biliary complications and efficacy after ablation of peribiliary tumors using irreversible electroporation (IRE) or radiofrequency ablation (RFA) Thamtorawat et al · 2022 ref-fcd1bc2344e1	Study type: Retrospective Clinical Study	The abstract states 'This is a retrospective study of 42 consecutive patients with 44 peribiliary tumors'; IRE (n=13) was compared with RFA (n=31) and risk analysis was performed with hazard ratios and p values. A comparative retrospective cohort of 42 patients is not a case series. (The record stays within the corpus because IRE is one of the arms.)
Laparoscopic electrochemotherapy for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: Technological advancement Trotovsek et al · 2022 ref-7ca2a3fa02f6	Application area: Liver Tumours; Study type: Case Series	Laparoscopic ECT is described in two patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma; the intervention is in the liver. Since the abstract describes only two patients individually, the design is a case series rather than the generic 'Clinical Study'.
Combined In Vitro Toxicity and Immunogenicity of Cold Plasma and Pulsed Electric Fields Wolff et al · 2022 ref-feac6a42a5bf	Application area: General Principles & Biophysics	The experiments were performed 'in a leukemia model cell line' and the authors propose 'skin and breast tumor models' for follow-up work; head and neck appears only in the background sentence 'cold plasma ... shown to benefit head and neck cancer patients'. The study examines the toxicity and immunogenic cell death mechanism of PEF and belongs to the general principles application area.
Corrigendum: Correction of the Abstract. Focal therapy for prostate cancer with irreversible electroporation: Oncological and functional results of a single institution study Yaxley · 2022 ref-9f8d8dbe1fe5	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours	The correction belongs to the publication 'Focal therapy for prostate cancer with irreversible electroporation: Oncological and functional results of a single institution study'; the disease is prostate cancer.
Quantitative analysis of contribution of mild and moderate hyperthermia to thermal ablation and sensitization of irreversible electroporation of pancreatic cancer cells Agnass et al · 2023 ref-c2c2d47d6094	Study type: In Vitro Study	The abstract states 'Several IRE-protocols were applied at different well-controlled temperature levels (37-46 °C) to evaluate temperature dependent cell viability ... in a relevant pancreatic cancer cell line'; this is a cell line experiment.
One-year Follow-up Results of Transperineal Biopsy For Patients Undergoing Irreversible Electroporation Treatment in Localized Prostate Cancer Altan · 2023 ref-a3ba7937c39f	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours	One-year transperineal confirmatory biopsy, PSA, IPSS and IIEF results in 18 patients treated with IRE for localised prostate cancer; this is a clinical application in a specific disease, not general principles.
Synergy of electrochemotherapy and immunotherapy in the treatment of skin squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck Barca et al · 2023 ref-377bc7467862	Study type: Case Report	The abstract states 'We report the case of a patient with head and neck skin squamous cell carcinoma treated with a combination of electrochemotherapy ... and immunotherapy'; a single patient, and the journal is 'Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Cases'.
Electrochemotherapy in the Treatment of Bone Metastases A Systematic Review Bocchi et al · 2023 ref-75b8bd0a5db6	Application area: Electrochemotherapy in Metastatic Disease	The inclusion criterion is 'proven involvement of the appendicular skeleton in metastatic carcinoma or melanoma', and the most frequent primary tumour is breast cancer (18.9%). The disease studied is bone metastasis, not bone or soft tissue sarcoma.
Role of Percutaneous Ablation in the Management of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Charalampopoulos et al · 2023 ref-095eb9edd4cc	Application area: Cholangiocarcinoma	The review addresses the role of percutaneous ablative techniques (RFA, microwave, irreversible electroporation, cryoablation, electrochemotherapy) in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA); the disease is cholangiocarcinoma, not a skin tumour.
Real-World Comparative Safety and Effectiveness of Irreversible Electroporation and High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound for Prostate Cancer Ablation Cribbs et al · 2023 ref-a4d8ebe82039	Model system: Literature Analysis	The abstract states 'Two systematic literature reviews (SLRs) and meta-analyses ... conducted in accordance with PRISMA' and 55 publications were reviewed; no primary patient data were collected, so the model is not human but a literature analysis. The design (systematic review / meta-analysis) is correct.
Electrochemotherapy in radiotherapy-resistant epidural spinal cord compression in metastatic cancer patients Deschamps et al · 2023 ref-54cbb6c9a66c	Study type: Retrospective Clinical Study	The abstract states 'This retrospective study analyzed all consecutive patients treated with bleomycin-based ECT between February-2020 and September-2022' and reports NRS, ESCCS and MRI outcomes in 40 consecutive patients with statistical comparisons. A consecutive retrospective cohort of 40 patients is not a case series.
Calcium electroporation of esophageal cancer induces gene expression changes: a sub-study of a phase I clinical trial Egeland · 2023 ref-f69db1c4cc68	Application area: Oesophageal & Upper Gastrointestinal Tumours	A sub-study of the phase I calcium electroporation trial in oesophageal cancer; it sat under general principles.
Endoscopic-Assisted Electrochemotherapy Versus Argon Plasma Coagulation in Non-Curable Esophageal Cancer – A Randomized Clinical Trial Egeland et al · 2023 ref-14b6fab8c50c	Application area: Oesophageal & Upper Gastrointestinal Tumours	An endoscopic electrochemotherapy study in oesophageal cancer. In the archive it sat in the lung folder, where it was the only clinical record and therefore drove that area's maturity tier. The disease is oesophageal.
Multiscale modelling of fluid transport in vascular tumours subjected to electrophoresis anti-cancer therapies Fülöp et al · 2023 ref-ef19e111421e	Study type: In Silico / Modelling	The abstract states that a multiscale mathematical model was built by asymptotic homogenisation and that the result is a Darcy-type PDE system; there are no experiments, so the model field is Computational Model.
Enhancement of reactive oxygen species production in triple negative breast cancer cells treated with electric pulses and resveratrol Giri et al · 2023 ref-5e460a982664	Study type: In Vitro Study	The abstract states 'MDA-MB-231, human TNBC cells were treated with/out RESV, and eight 600-1,000 V/cm, 100 μs pulses'; a cell line experiment carried out with viability and ROS assays.
Assessment of efficacy and safety of advanced endoscopic irreversible electroporation catheter in the esophagus Jeon · 2023 ref-cf44be0a350b	Application area: Oesophageal & Upper Gastrointestinal Tumours	Efficacy and safety assessment of an advanced endoscopic irreversible electroporation catheter in the oesophagus; it sat under general principles.
Prostate Cancer IRE Study (PRIS): A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Focal Therapy to Radical Treatment in Localized Prostate Cancer Lantz et al · 2023 ref-158e6a77e19c		The abstract explicitly states 'We summarize the study protocol for the Prostate Cancer IRE Study (PRIS), which involves two parallel randomized controlled trials' and the primary endpoints are described in the future tense (NCT05513443). The document type should be 'Protocol'; the randomised design is kept.
Characterization of two distinct immortalized endothelial cell lines, EA.hy926 and HMEC- 1, for in vitro studies: exploring the impact of calcium electroporation, Ca2+ signaling and transcriptomic profiles Lisec et al · 2023 ref-a841d0916339	Study type: In Vitro Study	The title says 'for in vitro studies'; the experiments were performed with calcium electroporation in the immortalised endothelial cell lines EA.hy926 and HMEC-1, so the model field is Cell Culture.
A Novel Strategy of Combined Pulsed Electro-Oxidation and Electrolysis for Degradation of Sulfadiazine Ma · 2023 ref-b0e2d66d58a6	Removed from the corpus	The publication studies the degradation of sulfadiazine wastewater by electro-activation of peroxymonosulfate and pulsed electric field driven electro-oxidation; there are no cells, tissues or patients, and electroporation, ECT or IRE is neither applied nor investigated.
Sequential Irreversible Electroporation for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer Ong · 2023 ref-e1c148943826	Application area: Pancreatic Cancer	The case describes sequential IRE, first intraoperative and then percutaneous, in locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) of the uncinate process; there is no skin tumour.
A multicenter, randomized, parallel-controlled clinical trial protocol to evaluate the safety and efficacy of irreversible electroporation compared with radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma Pan et al · 2023 ref-74eedcbc3759	Study type: Randomized Clinical Trial; Model system: Human	The abstract states 'multicenter, randomized, parallel-controlled non-inferiority clinical trial'; 190 HCC patients will be randomised to IRE and RFA arms. Being a preprint or a protocol does not cost the record its design. Since the subjects are human patients, the 'cell culture' model is also wrong.
Post-irradiation Breast Angiosarcoma: All the Possible Treatments and Electrochemotherapy. Case Report and Literature Review Parisi et al · 2023 ref-a1751f575054	Application area: Bone & Soft Tissue Sarcomas; Study type: Case Report	The abstract states 'we reported a rare case of RAS treated with ECT'; the accompanying literature review is not systematic, and the actual content is a single case.
Evaluation of the safety and feasibility of electrochemotherapy with intravenous bleomycin as local treatment of bladder cancer in dogs Rangel et al · 2023 ref-c8dfdd4770b7	Application area: Veterinary Oncology; Study type: Animal Study	The abstract reports ECT in 21 dogs with spontaneous urothelial carcinoma of the bladder ('This prospective study included 21 dogs with spontaneous bladder UC'); by rule, treatment in animal patients falls under the veterinary oncology application area and the animal study design.
A randomized controlled trial of pulsed field ablation versus standard-of-care ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: The ADVENT trial rationale and design Reddy et al · 2023 ref-6d6b7c668525	Study type: Randomized Clinical Trial	The title and abstract define ADVENT as a 'multicenter, prospective, single-blind, randomized controlled trial'; patients are randomised to PFA or conventional thermal ablation.
Transarterial Embolization and Percutaneous Ablation of Primary and Metastatic Soft Tissue Tumors Shu · 2023 ref-f9d87b47c296	Application area: Bone & Soft Tissue Sarcomas	The review deals with transarterial embolisation and percutaneous ablation (RFA, cryoablation, irreversible electroporation, laser, MRgFUS) in primary and metastatic soft tissue tumours; skin cancer is not addressed.
Ablation treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma a bibliometric analysis Song · 2023 ref-1ac33932abf4	Application area: Liver Tumours	A bibliometric analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma ablation, filed under skin and cutaneous tumours in the archive. Its indication is liver tumours.
Combination therapy of irreversible electroporation and cytokine-induced killer cells for treating mice bearing panc02 pancreatic-cancer xenografts Wang · 2023 ref-3cdcfaf10f74	Application area: Pancreatic Cancer	The title and abstract say 'mice bearing panc02 pancreatic-cancer xenografts'; the experiment uses a subcutaneous pancreatic cancer xenograft model. The application area is pancreatic cancer, not skin tumours.
New Surgical Approach to Treat Fibroids and Solid Tumors - Thermal and Nonthermal Ablation Wong · 2023 ref-b5dc2cab5498	Application area: Non-Oncological IRE Applications; Study type: Review	Endometrial cancer is not mentioned anywhere in the abstract; the subject is ablation of uterine fibroids (benign) and the future use of IRE in fibroids. The publication presents no original data and is a narrative review that presents, introduces and proposes existing treatments.
A multi-center international study to evaluate the safety, functional and oncological outcomes of Irreversible Electroporation for the ablation of prostate cancer Zhang et al · 2023 ref-4291fc27192f	Study type: Prospective Clinical Study	The abstract states 'We present the outcomes of localized prostate cancer treated with IRE from a multi-center prospective registry'; 411 patients were enrolled between July 2015 and April 2020, with no randomisation.
Histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of a suspected extraskeletal osteosarcoma in a rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) Andrade et al · 2024 ref-628ffe86d64c	Application area: Veterinary Oncology	The patient is an 8-year-old pet rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus); the mass was excised marginally and ECT was applied to the surgical bed. Because this is treatment in a non-human patient, the application area is veterinary oncology.
Ablative Treatments for Small Renal Masses and Management of Recurrences A Comprehensive Review Aveta · 2024 ref-745024bfdf70	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours; Regime: Irreversible electroporation	A review addressing ablative treatments for small renal masses (SRM) and the management of recurrences; renal cell carcinoma belongs to the urological tumours area. The only electroporation method mentioned in the abstract is irreversible electroporation ('IRE exhibiting promise in experimental stages'); the modality 'ECT' is wrong and should be 'IRE'.
Electrochemotherapy as adjuvant treatment in a sinonasal mucosal melanoma in elderly patient: a case report Carpenè et al · 2024 ref-1b7014b97912	Application area: Malignant Melanoma	The case is a primary sinonasal MUCOSAL melanoma (SNMM, cT4aN0M0) in the left nasal fossa; the lesion is not cutaneous but a mucosal melanoma treated with an endoscopic electrode. Melanoma goes to its own application area in the taxonomy, so the skin and cutaneous tumours area is wrong.
A multicenter, randomized, parallel-controlled clinical trial protocol to evaluate the safety and efficacy of irreversible electroporation compared with radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma Cheng · 2024 ref-b2c9bbca6df5	Study type: Randomized Clinical Trial	The abstract states 'multicenter, randomized, parallel-controlled non-inferiority clinical trial' and reports that 190 patients will be randomised to the IRE and RFA arms; PubMed also tags it 'Clinical Trial Protocol', and a protocol does not lose its design.
The Efficacy of Electrochemotherapy with Dacarbazine on Melanoma Cells Coskun et al · 2024 ref-8cb88e125999	Application area: Malignant Melanoma	The abstract justifies the melanoma-specific drug by stating 'In melanoma treatment, dacarbazine (DTIC) is a cornerstone'; the DTIC-EP combination was shown to lower the IC50 by a factor of 2.2 in the SK-MEL-30 melanoma line. This is a disease-specific drug and ECT efficacy study.
Comparison of Three Chemotherapy Protocols With Electrochemotherapy for the Treatment of Feline Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Diop et al · 2024 ref-520f8f93991c	Study type: Animal Study	The study is in feline patients: at three centres, 44 cats with unresectable cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma were treated with ECT using carboplatin or bleomycin. A veterinary clinical study conducted in feline patients is classified as an animal study.
Irreversible Electroporation (IRE) for Prostate Cancer (PCa) Treatment The State of the Art Faiella · 2024 ref-1108ab3429f4	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours	The title and the whole abstract review the in-field recurrence, continence, potency, complication and survival outcomes of IRE (with both primary and salvage intent) in prostate cancer; this is a disease-specific review.
Investigation of integrated time nanosecond pulse irreversible electroporation against spontaneous equine melanoma Fesmire · 2024 ref-ba9f92b0ae76	Application area: Veterinary Oncology	The abstract describes treatment in owned animal patients: 32 spontaneous melanoma tumours in 6 horses were treated with INSPIRE in standing, awake horses, and 13 tumours were followed as untreated controls; the phrase 'veterinary patients' also appears. Treatment in non-human animal patients falls under the veterinary oncology application area.
Pembrolizumab followed by irreversible electroporation of a liver metastasis in pancreatic cancer patients Flak · 2024 ref-57a6dea399a0	Application area: Pancreatic Cancer	The title says 'in pancreatic cancer patients' and the abstract states 'Patients with PC received PD-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab and, on day 10, percutaneous IRE of a liver metastasis'; the disease studied is pancreatic cancer, not a skin tumour.
Investigation of High Frequency Irreversible Electroporation for Canine Spontaneous Primary Lung Tumor Ablation Hay · 2024 ref-5e936cc9e602	Application area: Veterinary Oncology	The abstract states 'canine patients (n=5) with primary lung tumors underwent H-FIRE treatment ... prior to the surgical resection'; this is a treatment study in canine patients with spontaneous tumours and by rule falls under the veterinary oncology application area.
Separating the Bell Curves Will Cardiac Calcium Electroporation Push Collateral Damage Into the Past Johnson · 2024 ref-d3ee756a6854	Application area: Cardiac Pulsed-Field Ablation	The article discusses cardiac calcium electroporation in catheter ablation and lesion formation with low-power pulsed field ablation (PFA); it is not oncological and belongs to the cardiac ablation application area.
Results of use of irreversible electroporation in adenotonsillar hypertrophy Khudayberganov · 2024 ref-51882f5d03fd	Application area: Non-Oncological IRE Applications	The disease studied is 'adenotonsillar hypertrophy in children', that is, benign adenotonsillar hypertrophy rather than a tumour. Since this is a non-oncological IRE application, the application area should be non-oncological IRE.
AB-482898-003 LUMINAL ESOPHAGEAL TEMPERATURE AND ESOPHAGEAL DAMAGE BY LEFT ATRIAL PULSED FIELD ABLATION Kocharian et al · 2024 ref-a215d2996b7f		The application area is correct: the paper deals with oesophageal temperature and damage measured during left atrial pulsed field ablation, that is, with the safety of cardiac PFA; here the oesophagus is not an oncological target but an adjacent organ at risk, and the 'ozofagus-ve-ust-gi-tumorler' area suggested by the scanner is not on the list of permitted areas. The document type, however, is wrong: the title begins with the abstract number 'AB-482898-003', there is no PMID and no abstract text, and the Crossref record gives Heart Rhythm 2024;21(5):S18-S19 supplement pages; this is a conference abstract.
A narrative clinical trials review in the realm of focal therapy for localized prostate cancer Lazarovich · 2024 ref-e3e9e3a1758d	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours	A review of focal therapy clinical trials in localised prostate cancer; IRE, HIFU, cryoablation, FLA, TULSA and water vapour ablation are compared in prostate cancer patients. The application area is prostate and urological tumours.
Electrochemotherapy and Calcium Electroporation on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells: An In-Vitro Investigation Lindelauf et al · 2024 ref-a866a83194ee	Application area: Liver Tumours	An in vitro study measuring the efficacy of ECT and calcium electroporation with the ESOPE protocol in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2); the cell line used is of liver origin, not skin.
Theoretical study of discriminative electroporation effect between tumor and normal blood vessels by high-frequency bipolar and traditional monopolar pulses Lv et al · 2024 ref-58159bbdd975	Application area: General Principles & Biophysics; Study type: In Silico / Modelling; Model system: Computational Model	The abstract states 'This study built a multicell-layer model of the vascular microenvironment' and 'The simulation results showed'; there is no cell culture experiment and the study is entirely numerical simulation. The topic is a comparison of the electroporation effect of high-frequency bipolar and monopolar pulses on the vessel wall, that is, a pulse parameter and modelling publication.
3D-cell phantom-experimental setup to assess thermal effects and cell viability of lung tumor cells after electroporation Müller et al · 2024 ref-e2cabf3c9d60	Application area: General Principles & Biophysics; Study type: In Vitro Study	This has nothing to do with bone or soft tissue sarcoma. The paper is about a measurement setup: the temperature rise and cell viability after EP are assessed in a collagen hydrogel-based 3D cell phantom, and the main finding is at the level of method and mechanism: 'The thermal effect due to EP cannot be neglected and it has to be discussed if this technique is non-thermal'. The lung cell line (HCC-827) is only a model and no clinical lung application is described; a scope covering phantom and electrode material development falls under general principles. The experiment was also performed only with a hydrogel and cell lines (NIH3T3, HCC-827), with no animals; the design is 'In Vitro Study'.
Irreversible Electroporation as a Valid Treatment Option for Hepatic Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma: An International Multicenter Experience Narayanan · 2024 ref-52bed20ff8c1	Application area: Liver Tumours	The title and abstract say 'hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (HEHE)'; percutaneous IRE of 47 liver tumours in 14 patients. The application area is liver tumours, not skin tumours.
Minimally Invasive Image-Guided Percutaneous Irreversible Electroporation of Adrenal Metastases Narayanan et al · 2024 ref-d4331a9a6925	Application area: Electrochemotherapy in Metastatic Disease	The title and abstract describe IRE of adrenal metastases; the primary origins are mixed: 'renal cell carcinoma (2/6), colorectal carcinoma (1/6), non-small cell lung carcinoma (1/6), leiomyosarcoma (1/6) and urothelial carcinoma (1/6)'. Only 1 of the 6 patients was colorectal; the subject of the study is not colon and rectal cancer but metastatic disease.
Post-Irradiation Breast Angiosarcoma: All the Possible Treatments and Electrochemotherapy. Case Report and Literature Review Parisi et al · 2024 ref-502bc623ed68	Application area: Bone & Soft Tissue Sarcomas	The abstract says 'Breast angiosarcoma ... accounting for less than 1% of all soft tissue cancers' and the paper reviews the applicability of ECT in radiation-induced angiosarcoma. The disease studied is a soft tissue sarcoma; the breast cancer area is for breast carcinoma.
Personalized Treatment Strategy in "Low-Risk Prostate Cancer Active Surveillance Candidates" Using Irreversible Electroporation: Prospective Evaluation of Feasibility, Morbidity, Functional and Oncological Outcomes Popeneciu · 2024 ref-5d7d76ee4176	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours	A prospective evaluation of the morbidity and of the functional and oncological outcomes of focal IRE in low-risk prostate cancer patients who were active surveillance candidates (n=24); a disease-specific clinical study.
Irreversible electroporation as a focal therapy for localized prostate cancer: A systematic review Prabhakar · 2024 ref-8fe0404dac10	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours	The title and abstract review focal IRE in localised prostate cancer (14 studies, 899 patients; PSA, mpMRI, biopsy and continence outcomes). It is not a biophysics or general mechanism publication.
Electrochemotherapy in Kaposi’s Sarcoma Patients. From the Gold Standard Strategy to Locally Advanced Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Lesions Rullo et al · 2024 ref-82939c889c04	Study type: Case Series	The abstract reports the treatment of 19 patients with classic Kaposi sarcoma with ECT at a single centre and their response rates ('Nineteen CKS patients were enrolled'); there is no randomisation, no control arm and no statement of a prospective or retrospective design.
Electrochemotherapy Treatment in a Patient with an Extended Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Face: A Case Report Russano et al · 2024 ref-e1ec90800ee1	Application area: Skin & Cutaneous Tumours	The case is an 'ulcerated BCC', that is, basal cell carcinoma; melanoma is never mentioned in the abstract. By the taxonomy rule, basal cell carcinoma belongs to the skin and cutaneous tumours area, not to the malignant melanoma area.
Irreversible electroporation for prostate cancer another promising focal therapy Schmid · 2024 ref-a566492424e2	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours	The case reports percutaneous image-guided IRE of the prostate in a 72-year-old patient with a PI-RADS 4 lesion and acinar adenocarcinoma (Gleason 3+3), together with the PSA decline and PSMA PET/MR follow-up. There is no skin tumour.
Current Practice in the Treatment of Colorectal Liver Metastases by Irreversible Electroporation: A Focus-Group International Questionnaire Survey (LIVERMET-IRE-Q) Spiers et al · 2024 ref-48b7cfe3a2a7	Study type: Survey / Field Study	The abstract states 'This study is an international questionnaire survey of the use of IRE for colorectal hepatic metastases'; it reports the responses of 64 clinicians from 17 countries.
Electrochemotherapy with intravenous, intratumoral, or combined administration of bleomycin in the treatment of colorectal hepatic metastases in a rat model Spiliotis et al · 2024 ref-935bb0120dc7	Study type: Animal Study	The abstract states 'WAG/Rij rats were randomized into three groups and underwent ECT'; this is an experimental study in a rat model of colorectal liver metastasis, not a clinical study.
A commentary on 'Electrochemotherapy for advanced cutaneous angiosarcoma: A European register-based cohort study from the International Network for Sharing Practices of electrochemotherapy (InspECT)' Sun et al · 2024 ref-199a703948c5	Study type: Review	The application area is correct (cutaneous angiosarcoma), but the document type and design are wrong: the text opens with 'Dear Editor', the title reads 'A commentary on ...', and the piece comments on the cohort of Campana et al.; it has no patient series or prospective follow-up of its own.
Feasibility study for the use of gene electrotransfer and cell electrofusion as a single-step technique for the generation of activated cancer cell vaccines Ušaj et al · 2024 ref-ba8301303610	Study type: In Vitro Study; Model system: Cell Culture	The abstract states that gene electrotransfer and electrofusion were tested in the 'a murine cell model of melanoma B16F1' cell line and that the percentage of GFP-expressing fused cells was measured; there is no in vivo animal experiment.
Comparison of Nucleosome, Ferritin and LDH Levels in Blood with Clinical Response before and after Electrochemotherapy Combined with IL-12 Gene Electrotransfer for the Treatment of Mast Cell Tumours in Dogs Vilfan et al · 2024 ref-0765ee9bdd41	Application area: Veterinary Oncology	The abstract reports treatment of 86 mast cell tumours in 48 canine patients with ECT plus IL-12 GET, together with blood biomarkers ('has been successfully used in veterinary medicine'). This is a clinical veterinary study, not general principles.
Trends in focal therapy for localized prostate cancer a bibliometric analysis from 2014 to 2023 Xia · 2024 ref-6edfa134fc08	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours	A bibliometric analysis of the focal therapy literature in localised prostate cancer from 2014 to 2023; IRE is treated as one of the rising focal therapy topics analysed alongside HIFU and cryotherapy. The subject is the prostate cancer treatment literature, not electroporation biophysics.
A Preliminary Follow-Up Study on Irreversible Electroporation Therapy for Elderly Prostate Cancer Patients Xia et al · 2024 ref-83628528c1b5	Study type: Case Series; Model system: Human	The abstract reports follow-up after IRE in 11 elderly prostate cancer patients ('This follow-up study included 11 elderly prostate cancer patients'); it is a small patient series with no control arm and no randomisation. As the study was carried out in patients there is no cell culture; the model is 'Human'.
Efficacy of Pulsed Field vs Radiofrequency for the Reablation of Chronic Radiofrequency Ablation Substrate: Redo Pulsed Field Ablation Younis et al · 2024 ref-ef9c8f9a23fa	Study type: Animal Study; Model system: Animal (In Vivo)	The abstract states 'This was a 3-step in vivo study... 6 swine underwent radiofrequency ablation'; the randomisation was between animals, not patients (animals randomised to focal PFA or RFA in the LV). The PubMed MeSH terms include Animals and Swine; PubMed's 'Randomized Controlled Trial' tag is misleading.
A multi-center international study to evaluate the safety, functional and oncological outcomes of irreversible electroporation for the ablation of prostate cancer Zhang · 2024 ref-214d7dc8c642	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours; Study type: Prospective Clinical Study	A multi-centre international IRE prostate cancer registry study of 411 patients, with PSA, repeat biopsy, IPSS, IIEF-5 and CTCAE outcomes. The application area is prostate and urological tumours. The abstract also says 'a multi-center prospective registry' and 'Men with histologically confirmed prostate cancer were recruited to receive IRE'; the design is 'Prospective Clinical Study'.
Pulsed Field Ablation for Ventricular Tachycardia: A Systematic Review and Exploratory Bayesian Meta-Analysis of Non-Randomized Studies Abbas et al · 2025 ref-41f83cdec27b		The journal field in the record is empty and the DOI is 10.22541/au.175828522.23936840/v1, i.e. a versioned Authorea record; Crossref returns this DOI as 'posted-content / preprint'. The design (Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis) is correct; only the document type changes.
Palliative Luminal Treatment of Colorectal Cancer Using Endoscopic Calcium-Electroporation: First Case Series from the United Kingdom Adeyeye · 2025 ref-4b9bd8cee06d	Study type: Case Series; Model system: Human	The title states 'First Case Series from the United Kingdom'; 36 endoscopic calcium electroporation procedures were performed in 16 patients over 28 months, with no control arm and no randomisation.
Establishing a Salvage Endoscopic Electroporation (SEE) Service for Colorectal Cancer: The King’s Protocol for Clinical Implementation Adeyeye et al · 2025 ref-4e65a7e57388	Study type: Guideline / Consensus; Model system: Human	The abstract describes itself as a 'comprehensive and standardised protocol': a service set-up guide that starts from the ESOPE standard operating procedures and describes patient selection, procedural steps, equipment and follow-up care; it is not a study that measures anything in patients. The abstract also describes EE treatment delivered to patients under sedation, with no cell culture experiment; the model cannot be 'Cell Culture'.
Electrochemotherapy for canine prostatic carcinoma treatment Amato et al · 2025 ref-158a595b0646	Study type: Animal Study	The study was conducted in canine patients: a retrospective multicentre evaluation of ECT in 9 dogs with cytologically/histologically confirmed prostatic carcinoma. A veterinary clinical study carried out in canine patients is an 'Animal Study'.
Endoscopic calcium electroporation in patients with precancerous cellular changes in the esophagus Bazancir et al · 2025 ref-86157555d234	Application area: Oesophageal & Upper Gastrointestinal Tumours	Endoscopic calcium electroporation for precancerous cellular changes in the oesophagus; it sat under general principles.
Pioneering Endoscopic Calcium-Electroporation in Gastric Cancer: A Case Series of an Emerging Therapeutic Approach Bonura et al · 2025 ref-11287c168aae	Application area: Oesophageal & Upper Gastrointestinal Tumours	A case series of endoscopic calcium electroporation in gastric cancer; it sat under general principles.
Clinical evaluation of HuDo-CSPG4 DNA electroporation as adjuvant treatment for canine oral malignant melanoma: comparison of two vaccination protocols Camerino et al · 2025 ref-cebd5c2b2f38	Study type: Animal Study	The study was conducted in canine patients: HuDo-CSPG4 plasmid electroporation was compared under two vaccination protocols in dogs with stage I-III surgically resected CSPG4-positive oral malignant melanoma (a two-centre prospective study). A clinical study in veterinary patients is an 'Animal Study'.
Treatment strategies with electrochemotherapy for limb in-transit melanoma: Real-world outcomes from a European, retrospective, cohort study Campana et al · 2025 ref-cd47828428fa	Application area: Malignant Melanoma; Study type: Retrospective Clinical Study	The InspECT study examines ECT treatment strategies in 452 patients with AJCC stage IIIB-IIID limb in-transit melanoma metastases; this is disease-specific clinical evidence, not general principles. The title also reads 'European, retrospective, cohort study' and the abstract states that patients treated between 2006 and 2020 at 22 centres were audited; the design is 'Retrospective Clinical Study', not 'Clinical Study'.
Focal irreversible electroporation for the treatment of localised prostate cancer: a systematic review Cheng · 2025 ref-f0f616051d66	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours	The abstract reviews the oncological and functional outcomes of focal IRE in localised prostate cancer (29 studies, primary and salvage IRE). It is not a general principles/biophysics topic.
Efficacy of gabapentin as pain management of T 2 -T 4 feline facial squamous cell carcinoma treated with electrochemotherapy Ciccarelli et al · 2025 ref-e8870928b0f2	Application area: Veterinary Oncology	The patients are cats with T2-T4 facial squamous cell carcinoma; pain management with gabapentin after ECT is evaluated, so electroporation is in fact applied. Non-human patients go to veterinary oncology.
MEST: Modified electrosclerotherapy to treat AVM (Extracranial Arterio-venous malformations). Better than BEST Colletti et al · 2025 ref-92a497962103	Application area: Vascular Malformations	A pilot study of modified electrosclerotherapy (MEST) in 10 patients with S3 extracranial arteriovenous malformations in the cervicofacial region; the subject is treatment of a vascular malformation, not an oncological tumour. The application area is vascular malformations.
Effect of Pulsed Electric Fields and Osmotic Dehydration on the Quality of Modified-Atmosphere-Packaged Fresh-Cut and Fried Potatoes Dermesonlouoglou · 2025 ref-f8a66408de2f	Removed from the corpus	A food technology study: it measures the effect of osmotic dehydration and pulsed electric fields on colour, firmness, sensory quality, microbial stability and oil uptake in MAP-packaged fresh-cut and fried potatoes; electroporation is not mentioned in the abstract, and no tissue or tumour treatment is delivered.
Ultrasonido focalizado de alta intensidad con el dispositivo Focal One para el cáncer de próstata localizado: revisión sistemática de resultados oncológicos, preservación funcional y evolución de la tecnología Eskandar · 2025 ref-f0a96a53d7f6	Removed from the corpus	The publication is entirely a systematic review of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU / FocalONE device): 'HIFU is the most studied focal modality, with FocalONE representing the most widely adopted modern platform'. Electroporation, electrochemotherapy and IRE are never mentioned in the abstract; neither applied nor studied.
The 41BB-agonist potentiates the therapeutic efficacy of a combined irreversible electroporation ablation treatment of lung cancer by promoting unexpected CD8 + CD103 + cDC1 and tissue-resident memory T cell responses Fang · 2025 ref-f8c41abd9497	Application area: Lung & Peribronchial Tumours	The title says 'ablation treatment of lung cancer' and the abstract says '3LL OVA lung cancer model' and 'lung tumor metastases'; the disease is a mouse model of lung cancer, not a skin tumour.
Trimodal Approach (Surgery And Adjuvant Chemoradiation) Versus Definitive Chemoradiation In Stage IVB Vulvar Cancer With Clinically Involved Pelvic Lymph Nodes: A Retrospective Comparative Analysis Federico et al · 2025 ref-cdfff8dbbe93	Removed from the corpus	The record's own abstract (#975, Federico et al.) is a retrospective analysis comparing surgery plus adjuvant chemoradiation with definitive chemoradiation in stage IVB vulvar cancer; it contains no electroporation. The two 'Electrochemotherapy' occurrences in the PDF belong to a DIFFERENT abstract in the same IJGC supplement: '#989 Electrochemotherapy For Pre-Surgical Management Of Vulvar Precancerous And Micro-Invasive Lesions ... (GinOnc-ECT Study)', Corrado et al.
Duodenal mucosal ablation: An emerging therapeutic concept for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease Fernandez · 2025 ref-d73fadac275c	Application area: Non-Oncological IRE Applications; Regime: Irreversible electroporation	The full abstract on PubMed states that the editorial was written about the rat study by Yu et al. on 'duodenal mucosal ablation using irreversible electroporation'; the record contains no evidence of electrochemotherapy. The topic is endoscopic bariatric ablation in MAFLD/obesity, not an oncological liver tumour.
Technical aspects, methodological challenges, and factors predicting outcomes of percutaneous ablation for colorectal liver metastases Franke · 2025 ref-73798e0a669a	Application area: Liver Tumours	The review deals with percutaneous ablation (radiofrequency, microwave, irreversible electroporation) in colorectal liver metastases (CLM) and with the factors determining local control; the ablation is performed in the liver, and there is no cutaneous disease.
Bleomycin Electrosclerotherapy in the Treatment of Peripheral Low-Flow Venous and Lymphatic Malformations in Children: Monocentric Preliminary Experience Guida et al · 2025 ref-d084cdeb695b	Study type: Prospective Clinical Study	The abstract states 'We prospectively collected and analyzed data from patients who underwent BEST' and 'Twelve patients ... were enrolled in this preliminary study'; no randomisation or control arm is reported.
Study protocol for a single-centre non-inferior double-blinded randomised controlled trial in China comparing the efficacy and safety of high-frequency irreversible electroporation with transurethral resection of the prostate in treating lower urinary tract symptoms and benign prostatic obstruction (the GIANT trial) He et al · 2025 ref-c63a6e2366a9	Application area: Non-Oncological IRE Applications; Study type: Randomized Clinical Trial	The target disease is lower urinary tract symptoms and benign prostatic obstruction, i.e. not oncological; the abstract states 'prospective, single-centre, randomised controlled, double-blinded and non-inferiority study'.
Electrochemotherapy in Basal &amp; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head &amp; Neck; A Prospective Study Heidari et al · 2025 ref-9021c427e7ec	Study type: Prospective Clinical Study; Model system: Human	The abstract states 'A prospective clinical study was conducted on 70 patients'; there is no randomisation, and the patients are human.
Focal therapy in prostate cancer and advances in the use of androgen blockade Hernandez · 2025 ref-8c882393aeca	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours	A review evaluating the combination of focal therapy and androgen blockade in localised prostate cancer; IRE is among the energy modalities covered and all outcome measures (continence, erectile function, oncological control) are specific to prostate cancer.
Extraprostatic Needle Canal Recurrence of Localized Prostate Cancer After Nanoknife Electroporation Ablation Diagnosed with PSMA PET/MRI Jochumsen et al · 2025 ref-a5f09dee23f0	Study type: Case Report; Model system: Human	The text is a single-patient image/case presentation: 'We present an interesting image with extraprostatic recurrence after Nanoknife Electroporation Ablation, detected with [18F]PSMA-1007 PET/MRI' and 'the current case could indicate that...'. There is no search strategy, no number of included studies and no pooled data; the 'Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis' and 'Literature Analysis' assignments contradict the record.
Importance of the timing of combined electrochemotherapy and immunotherapy in the treatment of advanced melanoma Kis et al · 2025 ref-e7853a86fb54	Application area: Malignant Melanoma	The abstract says 'A cohort of 170 stage IIIC-IV melanoma patients from the Insp-ECT registry'; the subject is the timing of ECT and immunotherapy in advanced melanoma. Because there is a single, known primary disease, the area is malignant melanoma.
Duodenal mucosal ablation with irreversible electroporation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Roadmap of the future treatment Koriem · 2025 ref-b44248b0066c	Application area: Non-Oncological IRE Applications	The letter discusses duodenal mucosal ablation with IRE in a rat model of NAFLD (hepatic steatosis, serum lipids, enteroendocrine parameters); this is not tumour treatment but a non-oncological application of IRE.
Innovative Use of Bleomycin Electrosclerotherapy (BEST) for High-Flow Arteriovenous Malformations in the Head District: Preliminary Results of Two Cases Latini et al · 2025 ref-a9b0de55d3c5	Application area: Vascular Malformations; Study type: Case Series	The title states 'Preliminary Results of Two Cases' and the abstract states '16 patients with vascular malformations ... Among them, two patients were affected by arteriovenous malformations. These two patients underwent this treatment'; it is a two-patient case series and the disease is arteriovenous malformation (ISSVA classification), not a tumour.
Rationale and Design of the InsightPFA Trial: A Prospective, Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial of the Irreversible Electroporation-Based Pulsed Field Ablation Versus Radiofrequency Ablation in Chinese Patients With Symptomatic Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation Lin et al · 2025 ref-89b8d39d23fd	Study type: Randomized Clinical Trial	The abstract states '292 patients ... will be randomly assigned to either the PFA group or the RFA group in a 1:1 ratio'; PubMed has also tagged it 'Clinical Trial Protocol', and being a protocol does not remove the design.
Canady Helios Cold Plasma Induces Non-Thermal (24 °C), Non-Contact Irreversible Electroporation and Selective Tumor Cell Death at Surgical Margins Murthy · 2025 ref-9fe61ea53c60	Study type: In Vitro Study	Four breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, Hs578T, MCF-7, BT-474) were exposed to CHCP, and propidium iodide uptake and clonogenic survival were measured; the model field is Cell Culture.
Simply the (B)EST: what the interventionalist needs to know about (bleomycin) electrosclerotherapy for vascular anomalies Ognard et al · 2025 ref-c0ce9d6c739e	Application area: Vascular Malformations	The publication examines bleomycin electrosclerotherapy in vascular anomalies: of 566 patients, 445 had vascular malformations and only 121 had vascular tumours (Kaposi sarcoma, angiosarcoma), and it states '(B)EST was mainly applied to slow-flow malformations'. The actual subject is vascular malformations, not Kaposi sarcoma.
The Intricacy of Setting Up a Service to Bridge the Gap in Skin Malignancy Treatment for the Frail Population Perusseau-Lambert et al · 2025 ref-d504a55b05d0	Application area: Skin & Cutaneous Tumours; Model system: Human	The title and abstract define the disease as 'skin malignancies such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma'; the service covers all skin malignancies in frail patients, not melanoma alone. ECT was also delivered to patients in an outpatient setting between February 2022 and July 2024; there is no cell culture experiment, and the model is 'Human'.
Perioperative complications of focal therapy for prostate cancer: results from the GeRmAn Nationwide inpatient Data (GRAND) study Pyrgidis · 2025 ref-1e38e8b4a2ba	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours	A German national inpatient data (GRAND) study comparing the perioperative complications of focal therapy modalities in prostate cancer; 'irreversible electroporation of the prostate' is explicitly listed among the modalities compared. The application area is prostate and urological tumours.
Development of a Nomogram Integrating Modified Inflammation-Based Indexes for Predicting Overall Survival in Pancreatic Cancer: A Retrospective Study Qin · 2025 ref-23645c8627f4	Removed from the corpus	The publication develops an overall survival nomogram from inflammation indexes (mNLR, mPLR, mLMR, mSII, mCRP) in resected pancreatic cancer; the abstract mentions no electrochemotherapy, no electroporation and no pulsed electric field application. The PubMed keywords are likewise only 'modified inflammation indexes, nomogram, overall survival, pancreatic cancer'.
Calcium Electrochemotherapy and Challenges in Combined Treatment with Dendritic Cell Vaccination Radzevičiūtė-Valčiukė et al · 2025 ref-d258ed8ee659	Study type: Animal Study; Model system: Animal (In Vivo)	An in vivo study in the Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC1) tumour model: tumour growth, immune cell subpopulations, and the humoral response on days 10/20/30 together with median survival were measured.
Duodenal mucosal ablation by irreversible electroporation: Modulating the gut-liver axis in metabolic steatotic liver disease Ramírez-Mejía · 2025 ref-a03cd83544ad	Application area: Non-Oncological IRE Applications	The letter addresses duodenal mucosal ablation with IRE in a rat model of MASLD and the gut-liver axis; it contains no content on the treatment of liver tumours.
Irreversible electroporation for treatment of colorectal cancer in a porcine model Rugivarodom · 2025 ref-b949fbdf9a97	Application area: Colorectal Cancer	The title reads 'Irreversible electroporation for treatment of colorectal cancer in a porcine model'. The target disease is colorectal cancer, and the pancreas is not mentioned. Since the pig is an experimental model (not a patient animal), veterinary oncology is not appropriate either.
Electrochemotherapy, as a novel therapeutic approach in the management of lentigo maligna, lentigo maligna melanoma, and acral lentiginous melanoma Rózsa et al · 2025 ref-dd476bdca8b0	Application area: Malignant Melanoma	ECT treatment of three patients with lentigo maligna, lentigo maligna melanoma and acral lentiginous melanoma; all three diagnoses lie within the melanoma spectrum and the patients were treated according to the European ESOPE protocol. This is a disease-specific clinical application.
Quality of Life Changes After Electrochemotherapy A Prospective Single-Center Analysis Rózsa et al · 2025 ref-2247bc8b9631	Application area: Skin & Cutaneous Tumours; Study type: Prospective Clinical Study; Model system: Human	The abstract states 'A prospective study evaluated 62 patients treated with ECT between 2015 and 2022' and the conclusion refers to 'patients with cutaneous malignancies'; the disease is cutaneous/subcutaneous tumours.
Endoluminal catheter pulsed field ablation for the treatment of atherosclerotic vascular disease Salameh et al · 2025 ref-154346afa0c3	Study type: Technical / Device Study	The abstract states 'A bipolar catheter-based PFA probe was fabricated using a balloon catheter with flexible electrodes and evaluated through a combination of ex vivo evaluations'; there are no patients. A new endoluminal catheter/probe was developed and tested in ex vivo porcine heart and tissue models.
Influence of electroporation parameters on the reaction and transport mechanisms in electro-chemotherapeutic treatments using Boolean modeling and the Method of Fundamental Solutions Salazar et al · 2025 ref-1e3236c563b4	Study type: In Silico / Modelling; Model system: Computational Model	The abstract states 'This study is a theoretical investigation ... using in-house computational tools'; the computation uses a Boolean model and the Method of Fundamental Solutions, and there are no patients.
Percutaneous Electrochemotherapy as a Bridge to Surgery in a Large Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Biliary Invasion and Liver Dysfunction: From Rescue to Cure Sallemi et al · 2025 ref-70c1c536d90f	Application area: Liver Tumours	The title reads 'Large Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Biliary Invasion': the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma and the biliary involvement is only a feature of its spread. There is no cholangiocarcinoma diagnosis; the area is liver tumours.
Corrigendum to 'Electrochemotherapy for the treatment of basal cell tumours of the nasal planum in three cats' Salmoral et al · 2025 ref-a370f505a0ac	Application area: Veterinary Oncology	The correction belongs to a publication titled 'basal cell tumours of the nasal planum in three cats'; the patients are cats, so the model field is Animal (In Vivo).
Current Practice in the Treatment of Colorectal Liver Metastases by Irreversible Electroporation: An International Questionnaire Survey (LIVERMET-IRE-Q) Spiers et al · 2025 ref-b03c08c8f2e0	Study type: Survey / Field Study	The title is 'An International Questionnaire Survey (LIVERMET-IRE-Q)'; the abstract states 'This study is an international questionnaire survey' and the results state '64 clinicians from 17 different countries replied to the questionnaire'. There is no patient treatment or outcome data; the clinical study assignment is wrong.
Oncological and Functional Outcomes of Hemi-Ablation Versus Focal Ablation for Localized Prostate Cancer Using Irreversible Electroporation Suberville · 2025 ref-5581a1e2ccee	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours	A comparison of hemi-ablation and focal ablation with IRE in 106 patients with localised low- to intermediate-risk prostate cancer, on oncological (month 12 biopsy) and functional (IPSS, IIEF) outcomes; a disease-specific clinical study.
Established focal therapy-HIFU, IRE, or cryotherapy-where are we now?-a systematic review and meta-analysis Tay · 2025 ref-869557a467e7	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours	The systematic review/meta-analysis pools the outcomes of focal therapy (cryotherapy, HIFU, IRE) in clinically significant prostate cancer across 49 cohorts; the disease studied is prostate cancer.
Study Protocol for a Randomized Clinical Trial Investigating the Effect of Reduced Bleomycin in Electrochemotherapy Treatment on Patients with Cutaneous Metastases (The BLESS Trial) Tolstrup et al · 2025 ref-ec0e07720496	Study type: Randomized Clinical Trial	The title is 'Study Protocol for a Randomized Clinical Trial', the abstract states 'double-blinded, randomized clinical trial' and 'Patients will be randomly assigned (1:1 ratio)'; being a protocol does not change the design.
Efficacy and Safety of High-Frequency Irreversible Electroporation in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Randomized Controlled, Open-label, Multi-Center Clinical Study Tong et al · 2025 ref-2ac01be3f02d	Application area: Non-Oncological IRE Applications	The disease studied is benign prostatic hyperplasia: the title is 'High-Frequency Irreversible Electroporation in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia' and the abstract compares Qmax, prostate volume and IPSS endpoints against tamsulosin; the PubMed MeSH term is 'Prostatic Hyperplasia', with no neoplasia term at all. This is not a tumour area but a non-oncological IRE area.
Bleomycin Electrosclerotherapy (BEST) for Slow-Flow Malformations of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract Vielsmeier et al · 2025 ref-36e56e0f22f4	Application area: Vascular Malformations	The abstract states '20 patients with symptomatic slow-flow vascular malformations of the upper aerodigestive tract were treated with BEST'; the disease treated is slow-flow vascular malformation, not a head and neck tumour.
Comparison of selective intra-arterial to standard intravenous administration in percutaneous electrochemotherapy (pECT) for liver tumors Wilke et al · 2025 ref-1dc91de8f40a	Application area: Liver Tumours	Intra-arterial and intravenous bleomycin administration in percutaneous ECT are compared in forty-four patients with liver tumours (HCC, cholangiocarcinoma and liver metastases); the title likewise reads 'for liver tumors'.
High-Throughput Capable Three-Dimensional Tissue Model for Quantification of Electroporation Thresholds Williamson et al · 2025 ref-aad827be0f00	Study type: In Vitro Study; Model system: Cell Culture	The abstract states that thresholds were determined by GFP plasmid transfection in 3D tissue-mimicking samples containing HEK293 cells; there are no patients, and the model is cell culture.
Enhancing pancreatic cancer treatment: the role of H101 oncolytic virus in irreversible electroporation Xi et al · 2025 ref-f7c848864b5a	Application area: Pancreatic Cancer	The title says 'Enhancing pancreatic cancer treatment' and the abstract says 'pancreatic cancer cell proliferation' and 'mouse subcutaneous tumor models'; the area is pancreatic cancer, not skin tumours.
A preliminary follow-up study on irreversible electroporation therapy in older patients with prostate cancer Xia · 2025 ref-13082fcfc640	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours	A follow-up study reporting PSA nadir, recurrence rate and urinary and sexual function outcomes of IRE treatment in 11 prostate cancer patients aged 66 to 77; a disease-specific clinical application.
Irreversible electroporation combined with checkpoint blockade stimulates antitumor immune response in a hepatocellular carcinoma mouse model Xing et al · 2025 ref-3a39df0e3b63	Application area: Liver Tumours	The effect of IRE combined with anti-PD-1 on tumour growth, T/B/NK cell infiltration and cytokine levels is measured in a hepatocellular carcinoma model in C57BL/6 mice; this is a preclinical treatment study directed at a specific organ tumour, not a general mechanism paper.
Electroacoustic tomography with dual-frequency array for real-time monitoring of electroporation Xu et al · 2025 ref-fbab5bd766c3	Study type: Technical / Device Study	The abstract states that an electroacoustic tomography system with a dual-frequency ultrasound array was built, tested with COMSOL/k-Wave simulations and a custom-built setup, and that its axial resolution was measured; this is a monitoring device development study.
Injectable Bioresorbable Conductive Hydrogels for Multimodal Brain Tumor Electroimmunotherapy Yadav et al · 2025 ref-0dd729917d5b	Application area: Brain Tumours; Regime: Irreversible electroporation	The study implants injectable conductive hydrogel electrodes in glioblastoma tumours and states 'followed by irreversible electroporation, obliterated tumors within three days'; the method applied is IRE, there is no chemotherapy drug, and the disease is a brain tumour.
Electrochemotherapy enhances the efficacy of Asparagus officinalis, Arum elongatum and Urtica dioica extracts in breast cancer treatment Yetişsin et al · 2025 ref-71b7614b5849	Application area: Breast Cancer	The title and abstract state directly 'in breast cancer treatment'; the IC50 values of three plant extracts in the MCF-7 human breast cancer line and the increase in cytotoxicity produced by electroporation at 800 V/cm were measured. The results are presented as evidence for ECT in breast cancer, not as a general EP mechanism.
Irreversible Electroporation for the Focal Treatment of Prostate Cancer A Systematic Review Zhang · 2025 ref-c31c23a5f6b8	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours	The title is 'Irreversible Electroporation for the Focal Treatment of Prostate Cancer'; the abstract reviews the oncological and functional outcomes of 1452 prostate cancer patients treated with IRE, so it is not a general principles/biophysics publication.
Endoscopic Electroporation in Colorectal Neoplasia: Evidence, Clinical Classification and the SENTAL Framework for Controlled Adoption Adeyeye et al · 2026 ref-292cc06328bb	Study type: Review	The abstract states 'Methods: We performed a narrative review of the mechanistic, preclinical and clinical literature'; it is a narrative review, with no description of a systematic search or PRISMA.
Electroporation-Induced Gastric Cancer Models Through Epithelial-Specific Genetic Modifications Arai et al · 2026 ref-130051580ebf	Study type: Animal Study	The PubMed record has no abstract; the PMC13091296 full text shows that the article is original research in which a gastric cancer model was generated by in vivo electroporation of plasmids (sg-Trp53, LSL-Myc, LSL-Kras G12D) into the gastric mucosa of Tff1-Cre;LSL-Cas9 mice. 'Review' is therefore wrong and the design is 'Animal Study'. Because electroporation is used as a gene delivery tool rather than as a tumour treatment, and because the taxonomy has no stomach or upper GI area, the application area was left as general principles; the 'ozofagus-ve-ust-gi-tumorler' area suggested by the scanner is not among the permitted area identifiers.
Electroporation Parameters Based Survival Rate Prediction for Bile Duct Cancer: A Comparative Artificial Intelligence Study Binen et al · 2026 ref-a64261edf009	Study type: In Silico / Modelling	The abstract states that five machine learning regression models (Random Forest, Decision Tree, Gradient Boosting, XGBoost, ANN) were developed and compared using bile duct cancer cell line data and that an interface was written; this is a computational prediction study, not a new cell experiment.
Irreversible Electroporation in Ovarian Cancer: A Comprehensive Review of Therapeutic and Research Applications Bose · 2026 ref-f2e8d2f304c8	Study type: Review; Model system: Literature Analysis	The abstract describes itself as a review: 'This review synthesizes current research' and 'The literature on reversible and irreversible electroporation was comprehensively reviewed'; no animal experiment is performed. As no search strategy or PRISMA is described, it is a narrative review, and the model is literature analysis.
Intraoperative irreversible electroporation for margin accentuation in locally advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a case series Brichard et al · 2026 ref-2aea21afcb87	Application area: Cholangiocarcinoma	The abstract describes intraoperative IRE for margin accentuation in three patients with 'locally advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA)'. Since the taxonomy has a separate area for cholangiocarcinoma, the area is cholangiocarcinoma rather than the general liver tumours area.
Two-Year Outcomes from the PRESERVE Trial: Durable Oncologic Control Following Focal Irreversible Electroporation Ablation for Intermediate-Risk Prostate Cancer Coleman et al · 2026 ref-0153a7c464b3	Study type: Prospective Clinical Study	The abstract states 'The PRESERVE trial (NCT04972097) is a prospective, single-arm pivotal IDE study'; follow-up of 68 patients at month 24 is reported, with no randomisation.
Long-term efficacy of radical treatment of patients with clear cell sarcoma Czarnecka et al · 2026 ref-011695a74508	Removed from the corpus	The subject of the publication is the long-term outcomes of radical surgical treatment in clear cell sarcoma (retrospective analysis 1998-2024, RFS/OS, SLNB/LND, R0 margins). Electrochemotherapy appears in the abstract only in a single sentence, as an exclusion criterion: 'Excluding patients undergoing electrochemotherapy and wide excision of scar, the R0 resection margins were achieved in 14 (48.3%) patients'. The full PubMed abstract (PMID 41955847) carries no other electroporation content; electroporation is not studied.
Cone-beam computed tomography-guided navigation-assisted irreversible electroporation for recurrent cervical lymph node metastasis: technical feasibility and early experience Faiella et al · 2026 ref-67a05826997c	Application area: Head & Neck Tumours	The abstract reports IRE ablation of a recurrent cervical lymph node metastasis from squamous cell carcinoma and describes electrode placement adjacent to the carotid and jugular vessels. It is not a biophysics/general mechanism publication, so 'general principles' does not fit. The number of cases and the design are not stated in the abstract, so studyDesign was left untouched.
A pilot study of electrical resistance in feline squamous cell carcinoma treated with electrochemotherapy Franchini et al · 2026 ref-70557cbaab4a	Study type: Animal Study	The abstract states that tumour electrical resistance was measured during ECT in 39 cats with squamous cell carcinoma; a veterinary clinical study counts as an 'Animal Study'.
Patient-Specific Multiscale Modelling of Glioblastoma: Targeted Modulation of Interstitial Fluid Flow Using Electric Field Fulop et al · 2026 ref-be0ba07e5883	Removed from the corpus	The record's full abstract (read via Europe PMC PPR1151420 and Crossref) contains none of the terms electroporation, electrochemotherapy, IRE, gene electrotransfer or electric pulse. The study models the reversal of interstitial fluid flow in glioblastoma by an external electric field: 'applying an external electric field reverses this flow, promoting inward transport and potentially improving drug uptake'. The subject is therefore electrokinetic drug transport and flow modelling by homogenisation, not cell membrane permeabilisation; the corpus scope criterion is not met.
High-frequency irreversible electroporation versus transurethral resection of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia (GIANT): a single-centre, randomised, double-blind, phase 3, non-inferiority trial He et al · 2026 ref-4792484c427a	Application area: Non-Oncological IRE Applications	The disease studied is benign prostatic hyperplasia: 'men aged 40 years or older with symptomatic BPH (prostate volume 30-100 mL)' were enrolled in a comparison of H-FIRE with TURP, with Qmax and IPSS as endpoints. This is not an oncological tumour study; it belongs to the non-oncological IRE area rather than 'prostate and urological tumours'.
Mechanisms and Time Course of Cell Death in Pulsed Field Ablation Herranz et al · 2026 ref-871c470f62b5	Study type: Animal Study; Model system: Animal (In Vivo)	The abstract states that epicardial left ventricular ablations were performed in preclinical models, that hearts were harvested at 10/40/100 minutes and at 1 month, and that there was a separate survival cohort; this is an in vivo animal experiment.
Engineering Organ Conformality for Precise Intracellular Delivery Hu et al · 2026 ref-fca32af5215a	Study type: Review	The abstract contains no original method or data; the publication reports and comments on the POCKET electrotransfection patch published in Cell ('A recent study published in Cell introduced POCKET'). PubMed has tagged it only as 'Journal Article'; the content is a narrative review/commentary.
Advances in Photodynamic Therapy: Photosensitizers, Biological Mechanisms, and Artificial Intelligence-Driven Innovation Inglot et al · 2026 ref-e8e00a1aa6fa	Removed from the corpus	The paper is about photodynamic therapy (the rules and the batch briefing name a 'photodynamic therapy review' as an explicit example of exclusion). In this 169,000-character review, electroporation appears in only a few sentences as an auxiliary delivery method ('electroporation-assisted PDT', Figure 3 and one table cell); the treatment studied, measured and discussed is PDT, and no electroporation is applied.
Bioimpedance-assisted characterization of cardiac electroporation and anisotropic homogenization by pulsed field ablation Jacobs et al · 2026 ref-38f4e324182b	Study type: Experimental Biophysics Study	The abstract describes how electroporation was monitored by wideband impedance spectroscopy between pulses in ex vivo porcine ventricular tissue and how waveform-specific lethal electric field thresholds were derived with a finite element model; there are no patients and no clinical endpoints.
Comparative Analysis of Electric Current Generated During Irreversible Electroporation in Prostate, Jordan-Diaz et al · 2026 ref-d477e4f28cf4	Study type: In Silico / Modelling	The abstract states 'a finite element method (FEM) model was developed'; the electric field, current and electroporation volumes in prostate, pancreas, liver and brain tissue were computed by simulation, with no patient or tissue experiment.
Irreversible Electroporation for the Treatment of Pediatric Adenotonsillar Hypertrophy Khasanov et al · 2026 ref-ca024eb81aab	Application area: Non-Oncological IRE Applications	The abstract states '31 children aged 3-13 years with adenotonsillar hypertrophy and upper airway obstruction'; this is treatment of benign adenotonsillar hypertrophy, a non-oncological application of IRE.
The use of a bipolar single-needle electrode for electrochemotherapy combined with gene electrotransfer of IL-12 in a mast cell tumor on the nasal planum of a dog: case report Lampreht Tratar et al · 2026 ref-e374e8ca331e	Application area: Veterinary Oncology	Treatment of a mast cell tumour on the nasal planum in one dog with ECT plus IL-12 GET, with 18 months of local control. The electrode type is a tool, but the subject of the paper is a clinical application in a patient animal; veterinary oncology.
Comparison of the Anesthetic Efficacy of Oliceridine and Sufentanil for General Anesthesia in Patients Undergoing Pulsed Field Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation: A Propensity Score-Matched Retrospective Cohort Study Li et al · 2026 ref-10c356f852ca	Study type: Retrospective Clinical Study; Model system: Human	The abstract states 'We retrospectively enrolled 190 patients undergoing elective AF PFA surgery' and describes a 1:1 propensity score matched retrospective cohort design; the subjects are human patients.
US-guided Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field Ablation of Low-risk PTMC: Interim Results of a Prospective Multicenter Study Li et al · 2026 ref-bfb1c3f95e29	Study type: Prospective Clinical Study	The title is 'Interim Results of a Prospective Multicenter Study' and the abstract states 'This prospective study (Chinese Clinical Trial Register: ChiCTR-2200064902) included consecutive low-risk patients'; the design is explicitly a prospective clinical study.
Development of an Electro-Responsive Sorafenib-Loaded Polypyrrole Film-Modified Nickel-Titanium Alloy for Tumor Ablation Therapy Liu et al · 2026 ref-30f0f49d16a3	Removed from the corpus	The abstract describes voltage-dependent drug release from a sorafenib-loaded polypyrrole film deposited electrochemically on a NiTi surface, and the Ca²⁺ influx and Caspase-3 pathway triggered by electrical stimulation. Electroporation, electrochemotherapy, IRE and pulsed electric field application appear nowhere in the abstract.
Sequential nimotuzumab plus gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel chemotherapy followed by irreversible electroporation in advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a retrospective real-world analysis Liu et al · 2026 ref-a7b7f2d3b6dc	Study type: Retrospective Clinical Study	The title gives the design explicitly: 'a retrospective real-world analysis'; it is a retrospective analysis of the nimotuzumab plus GnP followed by IRE sequence in patients with advanced PDAC.
Electrical Characterization of Tongue Tissue During Electroporation Ex Vivo and Computational Study Lopes et al · 2026 ref-0bee923ed8e4	Application area: General Principles & Biophysics	The study examines tissue properties rather than a disease: an 'ex vivo measurement and modeling framework', conductivity measurement by EIS and a 3D finite element model, with the conclusion 'important for treatment feedback, treatment planning and engineering'. As a biophysics/modelling publication it belongs to the general principles area.
Case Report: Endoscopic-guided electrochemotherapy combined with metronomic chemotherapy for the treatment of nasal tumors in dogs Maggi et al · 2026 ref-884158371497	Application area: Veterinary Oncology	Endoscopy-guided ECT combined with metronomic chemotherapy for endonasal tumours in two dogs; the patients are dogs and the lesions are endonasal rather than cutaneous. This belongs to the veterinary oncology area.
Irreversible electroporation combined with immunotherapy versus irreversible electroporation alone for locally advanced pancreatic cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis Mariussi · 2026 ref-7798085f3995	Application area: Pancreatic Cancer	The meta-analysis compares IRE with IRE plus immunotherapy in locally advanced pancreatic cancer (310 patients); the skin and cutaneous tumours area does not match the disease studied.
Irreversible electroporation associated with improved overall survival vs standard of care for stage 3 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma Martin et al · 2026 ref-47dc6eb2cd27	Study type: Prospective Clinical Study	The abstract states 'This prospective, multicenter study included two cohorts from the DIRECT registry'; the IRE and SOC cohorts are registry-based, with no randomisation.
Increased Ovarian and Colorectal Cancer Cell Sensitivity to Platinum Drugs and innovative TS Inhibitors by Electroporation Marverti et al · 2026 ref-525f2c4a4414	Study type: In Vitro Study	The abstract describes cytotoxicity and synergy analysis at IC20/IC50 levels in the A2780, A2780/CP and HCT116 cell lines; this is a cell culture experiment.
<em>In Vivo</em> Fluorescent Melanoma Model: Electroporation Plus Electromagnetic Hyperthermia Significatively Reduces Tumor Size, Preliminary Results Molina-Pineda et al · 2026 ref-91f6977616bb	Study type: Animal Study	The title states 'In Vivo Fluorescent Melanoma Model' and the abstract reports that tumour size was followed for 21-28 days in in vivo tumours established with MV3-GFP cells; the model in the record is already 'Animal (In Vivo)'.
In Vivo Fluorescent Melanoma Model: Electroporation Plus Magnetic Hyperthermia Significatively Reduces Tumor Size, Preliminary Results Molina-Pineda et al · 2026 ref-b2330f224c31	Application area: Malignant Melanoma	The background of the abstract is built on melanoma incidence and melanoma chemotherapy; the primary outcome reported is the reduction in tumour volume achieved by EP combined with magnetic hyperthermia in MV3-GFP melanoma tumours. This is a melanoma treatment efficacy study.
Bleomycin-Electrosclerotherapy in the treatment of superficial slow-flow vascular malformations of head and neck Obereisenbuchner et al · 2026 ref-0da37ba95477	Application area: Vascular Malformations; Regime: Reversible electroporation	Bleomycin electrosclerotherapy for slow-flow vascular malformations of the head and neck. In the archive it sat in the brain tumour folder of the IRE tree; it is neither a brain tumour nor irreversible electroporation. Electrosclerotherapy is an ECT application in which bleomycin is delivered by electroporation.
Radiological Loco-Regional Treatments for Cholangiocarcinoma: A Systematic Review of the Literature Pallas · 2026 ref-ca61863eb7a1	Application area: Cholangiocarcinoma	The subject is locoregional treatment of cholangiocarcinoma; in the archive it was filed under skin and cutaneous tumours. The indication is clear from the title.
Perspectives on the Appropriate Management of Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): Updates from the “Salerno 2025 Interdisciplinary Consensus Conference” on Diagnostic Paths and Follow-Up of HCC Persico et al · 2026 ref-ca13060cac08	Application area: Liver Tumours; Study type: Guideline / Consensus	The paper reports the outputs of the 'Salerno 2025 Interdisciplinary Consensus Conference' on the management of HCC. In the archived full text a separate 'Ablation' section lists the electrical methods ('Electrically mediated (e.g., Electrochemotherapy [ECT], Irreversible Electroporation [IRE])'), explains the mechanism of IRE and ECT, and provides an ECT flow chart (Figure 3); the record therefore stays in the corpus. Because the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma, the application area is liver tumours. Since it presents no patient cohort or patient data but conveys the consensus recommendations of an expert panel, the design is not 'Clinical Study' but Guideline or Consensus.
Electrochemotherapy as Monotherapy Provides a Novel, Organ-Sparing, Long Term Treatment Option for Control of Feline Third Eyelid Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Report of Two Cases Peña et al · 2026 ref-2c4531282b2b	Application area: Veterinary Oncology	ECT monotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the third eyelid in two cats; non-human patients go to veterinary oncology.
Computed tomography-guided irreversible electroporation for a pubic bone metastasis: a technical note and early experience Pusceddu · 2026 ref-1da8fdaa4b09	Application area: Bone & Soft Tissue Sarcomas	The technical note describes CT-guided NanoKnife IRE ablation of an osteolytic metastasis in the right pubic bone and places itself in the framework of 'musculoskeletal oncology' and 'skeletal tumors'; there is no skin involvement. Since the treated site is bone, the portal's application area for bone lesions was selected.
Advances in focal therapy for prostate cancer: current modalities, outcomes, and future directions Roldan-Testillano · 2026 ref-b9d495952aae	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours	A review of focal therapy modalities (including IRE), imaging, patient selection and clinical outcomes in localised prostate cancer; a disease-specific clinical review.
Irreversible Electroporation for Tonsillar Ablation in Adults Sarafoleanu et al · 2026 ref-57df6c626944	Application area: Non-Oncological IRE Applications	The abstract states 'Prospective interventional case series of 24 adult patients referred for tonsillectomy'; tonsillar ablation is a benign indication, not tumour treatment, so it belongs to the non-oncological IRE area.
Efficacy and safety of electrochemotherapy in the treatment of cutaneous and sub-cutaneous recurrence from breast cancer: A single-center cohort study Sena et al · 2026 ref-c20ad8bfb616	Application area: Breast Cancer	The entire cohort consists of cutaneous recurrences in patients with histologically confirmed breast cancer; the results (RECIST response, median overall survival of 19 months, Cox prognostic factors) belong to breast cancer. The application area follows the disease studied; the rule that skin metastases from various primaries go to the skin area covers series of mixed histology, not a single-primary breast cancer cohort.
Enhancing cardiac ablation efficacy with electroporation-assisted intracellular delivery of the ribosome-inactivating protein gelonin Sowa et al · 2026 ref-46d544d3f2cc	Study type: In Vitro Study	The record belongs in the corpus and the modality should remain IRE: the aim is to improve the efficacy of cardiac ablation ('Gelonin selectively enhances usPEF-mediated cardiomyocyte death ... to improve ablation efficacy while limiting reversible electroporation'), that is, a cardiac PFA context; the scanner flagged it C-IRE-but-ECT because it read 'electroporation-assisted intracellular delivery' as electrochemotherapy, whereas the target is ablation, not tumour chemotherapy. The studyType, however, is wrong: the experiments are entirely in cell culture, 'Human AC16 cardiomyocytes (Cytion)', 'Cardiomyocyte monolayers were exposed to usPEF ... or nsPEF', and the paper's own limitation statement reads 'The present findings are limited to in vitro monolayer models of AC16 cardiomyocytes ... in vivo validation in relevant large-animal models will be essential'. There is no animal experiment; the design should be 'In Vitro Study', not 'Animal Study'.
Reversible electroporation triggers the release of microvesicles affecting viability, migration, and adhesion of melanoma cells Szwedowicz et al · 2026 ref-be39e9b29bf2	Application area: General Principles & Biophysics	The paper is about reversible electroporation triggering microvesicle (MV) release and about MV-mediated intercellular communication: 'its impact on intercellular communication mediated by extracellular microvesicles (MVs) remains poorly understood'. Melanoma lines (A375, Me45) and NORMAL keratinocytes (HaCaT) are used as models; the treatment of a skin tumour is not studied. As a mechanism paper it belongs to general principles; neither the current skin area nor the melanoma area suggested by the scanner matches the subject of the paper.
Regulation of Pore Evolution via Progressive Electroporation Enhanced Intracellular Molecule Transport Tao et al · 2026 ref-7dfc75afb127	Application area: General Principles & Biophysics	The study examines the dynamics of pore formation and resealing under progressive electroporation and the transport of intracellular molecules and siRNA; the abstract mentions no liver tumour or any other tumour area, the subject being the mechanism of electroporation and delivery efficiency.
A Video Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial - Electrochemotherapy of Cutaneous Metastases with Reduced Dose Bleomycin (BLESS Trial) Tolstrup et al · 2026 ref-73ead71a2571	Study type: Randomized Clinical Trial	The title is 'A Video Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial', the abstract states 'double-blinded, randomized clinical trial' and describes the randomisation and blinding procedures.
vetInspECT: a platform for the multicentric evaluation of treatment response after electrochemotherapy in veterinary oncology - feline tumors Tozon Mask et al · 2026 ref-b9521db91ba5	Application area: Veterinary Oncology	The title reads 'in veterinary oncology - feline tumors'; the abstract describes ECT outcomes in feline patients treated at the Slovenian centre between 2012 and 2024 and the VetInspECT registry system. This is a clinical veterinary registry study, not a general principles paper.
Platform-Specific Safety of Pulsed Field Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation A MAUDE Analysis Ullah et al · 2026 ref-d850ede6e77e	Study type: Retrospective Clinical Study	The abstract states that 2,262 MAUDE adverse event reports up to July 2025 (760 PFA, 1,502 RF) were manually assessed and analysed retrospectively; this is a retrospective safety study based on real-world patient data.
Cellular fragmentation underlies the immunogenicity of irreversible electroporation-mediated tumor cell killing Vallin · 2026 ref-c053d3f17b8a	Application area: General Principles & Biophysics	The title and abstract study a mechanism rather than a disease: 'Cellular fragmentation underlies the immunogenicity of IRE-mediated tumor cell killing'; the fragments were compared 'in both melanoma and pancreatic cancer cell lines', and the PubMed keywords likewise list both melanoma and pancreatic cancer. The subject is not a single disease area but the general immunogenicity mechanism of electroporation.
Locoregional and Injectable Interventional Therapies for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: A Narrative Review with Perspectives on Oligometastatic Disease Vos et al · 2026 ref-2fbd7ff7884e	Application area: Pancreatic Cancer; Study type: Review	The title and abstract cover locoregional interventional therapies in locally advanced (LAPC) and oligometastatic pancreatic cancer and state that electroporation-based techniques are among the methods with the most advanced clinical integration; the application area is pancreatic cancer. The title also explicitly reads 'A Narrative Review', so the design cannot be 'Clinical Study'.
Pulsed Field Ablation for Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: Meta-Analysis of Pulmonary Vein Isolation with or without Posterior Wall Isolation Wan et al · 2026 ref-5325448380f7	Study type: Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis	The abstract states 'This systematic review and meta-analysis'; it describes a systematic literature search up to 12 September 2025, 13 studies and 1983 patients, and pooling with a random effects model.
Safety and Feasibility of a Balloon-based Pulsed Field Ablation System for Catheter Ablation of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation Wang et al · 2026 ref-4c77abcea77f	Study type: Prospective Clinical Study; Model system: Human	The abstract states 'The study is a prospective, single-center, pre-market study'; 56 patients with paroxysmal AF were treated with balloon-based PFA, with no randomisation and no control arm.
Irreversible electroporation for localized prostate cancer: risk-stratified oncologic outcomes and functional preservation Xia · 2026 ref-337371ed40f0	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours	Risk-stratified oncological outcomes of IRE in localised prostate cancer (clinically significant recurrence 4.8% low, 19.0% intermediate, 28.6% high risk) and rates of functional preservation; a disease-specific clinical study.
First-in-human single-cell and TCR atlas reveals peripheral immune remodeling before and after irreversible electroporation in prostate cancer Xiang · 2026 ref-ee2f7c159643	Application area: Prostate & Urological Tumours	A prospective 'first-in-human' clinical study profiling peripheral blood before IRE and on day 7 with single-cell RNA and TCR sequencing in five patients with localised (T2a-T2c) prostate cancer. Because the patient group and the intervention are specific to prostate cancer and the immune findings were produced in this clinical context, the application area is prostate and urological tumours.
Stereotactic two-needle irreversible electroporation of liver tumors near critical structures: a proof-of-concept study Zhang · 2026 ref-3cf16c5f7243	Application area: Liver Tumours	The title is 'irreversible electroporation of liver tumors near critical structures' and the abstract states '17 consecutive patients with 18 primary or secondary liver tumors'; the area is liver tumours, not skin tumours.
(Cost-)effectiveness of focal therapy versus radical therapy (standard of care) in the treatment of men with intermediate-risk prostate cancer: study protocol for the ENFORCE focal randomised controlled trial te Molder et al · 2026 ref-27e0c1fe6a12	Study type: Randomized Clinical Trial	The abstract defines the study as a 'multicentre RCT' and states that patients are randomised 1:1 between focal therapy and radical therapy and that 356 patients will be enrolled; studyDesign was left as 'Not determined'. Being a protocol does not eliminate the design.

Known Limitations

Classification is automatic

Study type, model system and mechanism terms are assigned by rule. The citation data and the study type of a record are checked against the publication type field of the external indexes, and disagreements are resolved in the correction ledger. Errors on individual records are still to be expected, and aggregate counts carry the same error.

Area assignment follows the filing

The application area of a publication is determined by the folder it sits in. A filing error therefore turns directly into an area error; most entries in the correction ledger are exactly of this kind.

The corpus is a snapshot

The portal is not a live mirror of the literature. It covers only the publications that have entered the archive and stays as it is until the archive is updated and the build is run again.

Text extraction is not always clean

Where no abstract could be found in the indexes, the text is extracted from the source PDF, and that extraction can break: it may start in the middle of a word, or slide into another abstract printed on the same page of a conference proceedings. For 64 such records the text is not published; the citation data and source links remain. For the same reason, titles cut short by the archive filename are completed from the indexed citation record. In 1 record the title stays cut short because it could not be completed from the indexed citation.

Registry data can be incomplete

The clinical trials table rests on registry exports and is only as current as the registry record. For 189 of the 322 records the source file carries no regime distinction; enrolment and status fields can also be stale unless they are updated in the registry.

Language and access bias

The archive consists of the publications that could be obtained and were collected. Non-English literature, unindexed journals and studies whose full text was unavailable are systematically under-represented; this is not a systematic review protocol.

The publications in the corpus span the years 1991 to 2026.

Updates and Corrections

The portal is rebuilt whenever the source archive grows or a correction is added to the ledger. The build is one-directional: the scientific data files are never edited by hand but recomputed from the archive. A correction is therefore only permanent once it is written into the ledger; a change made by hand on a page is lost at the next build.

The data version currently published is dated 2026-08-24.

Where corrections appear

Every correction made is written into the correction ledger together with its rationale and applied at the next build. The ledger is published as a table on this page (the Automated Exception and Correction Ledger section above), so which record was changed and why stays visible; corrections are not made silently.

The source of each record

The citation data of every record can be traced to its source through the DOI, PMID and journal links in its drawer. Where a classification in the portal contradicts the publication itself, the publication is the standard: every label on this page is derived from citation data and text, and does not stand in for the publication.

Reporting a specific record

The portal is a static site; there is no server-side form. The record-level correction channel therefore starts from the record itself: a report carries the permanent identifier of the record, its citation data (title, DOI, PMID) and its current classification (regime, application area, study type, model system), all filled in beforehand. Which record a report is about does not have to be searched for: the report states it, and it can be written straight into the correction ledger. In this build no reporting address is defined, so the link is not generated for any record. Keeping the channel closed is the right answer rather than inventing an institutional address; once an address is defined, the link appears in every record drawer.

What does not change

Publication titles and abstracts are source text; the portal does not correct, shorten or translate them. Corrections apply only to the classifications the portal derives itself. The single exception is a title cut short by the archive filename, which is completed from the indexed citation record; that restores the publication's own title rather than replacing it.

Version History

Data version	Scope	What changed in this version
2026-08-24	Oncology corpus 2,481 publications, extended electroporation corpus 2,643 publications	Version relations were tied to evidence and the counting representative was renamed. Title equality now only produces a candidate; for two records to count as versions of the same study the record must carry evidence: a preprint-repository DOI on one side, a conference-abstract document type, an explicit edition marker in the journal name, or a correction notice. The evidence and a confidence level are written into the record, and only high-confidence relations are removed from the threshold count. Previously the triple of same first author, same year and same publisher was taken as sufficient, which presented two separate conference records as “two language editions”. The counting representative is now chosen among the records that actually count and is named as such rather than “canonical version”: what is selected is the version that passes the validation gate, not the bibliographically preferred final publication. Scope moved from the application area to the record, and versions of the same study were merged. The oncology corpus was for a time defined by application area; records that are not oncological but sit inside an oncological area (infectious-disease vaccine studies delivered by electroporation) were therefore counted in the oncology total. Scope now comes from the record's own `technologyCategory` field, and the build halts if the two definitions diverge. In addition, the preprint and the final publication of the same study are two separate records and both were entering the threshold count; records whose normalised title matches are grouped into a version family and only the canonical version enters the threshold. Every version remains visible in the library and the drawer links them to one another. The classification axis moved from the archive folder to the clinical method. In the previous version a record's regime came from the top folder of the source archive and there were two boxes: “ECT” and “IRE”. Those boxes did not name a single clinical method. Part of what was counted as “ECT” was gene electrotransfer, calcium electroporation and electrosclerotherapy; the “IRE” box held cardiac pulsed-field ablation records. Because literature maturity was computed from those boxes the result misled: the vascular malformations area appeared as “ECT: broader clinical literature” when that record was in fact filled mainly by electrosclerotherapy publications. Maturity is now computed from the `clinicalModality` field, with every method counted under its own name; pulsed-field ablation, calcium electroporation, gene electrotransfer and electrosclerotherapy appear as separate methods. “Other electroporation” and “undetermined” are buckets and carry no maturity level. Electrochemotherapy is also defined correctly now: it is not reversible electroporation itself but its clinical application together with a cytotoxic drug. The biophysical regime (reversible / irreversible) stands as a separate axis. The maturity gate was tightened. For a record to enter the threshold count its application area must now be verified as well; since the badge is computed by application area, writing a record with an unverified area into that area's threshold skipped the very basis of the measure. Document types that report no outcome (protocol, editorial, letter, erratum) were also removed from the count: a protocol may describe a randomised design but it is not the result of a completed study. The design information is kept on the record. For records whose title announces the paper as a protocol or a study proposal this rule cannot be overridden by any correction. Maturity counting was tied to the automated validation ledger. A record enters the threshold count only where the validation pipeline confirms its classification with at least two agreeing signals and no source dissents. Records left conflicting or insufficient stay visible in the library and affect no threshold and no badge. That coverage is not equal across areas: about a fifth of the oncology corpus enters the count, and the share varies markedly by area. Two areas' badges therefore cannot be compared directly, and each area page states its own share. The build was made reproducible. Two builds from the same input produce byte-identical output, and this is checked on every build. Intermediate products are kept in the repository, so a machine with no access to the source archive produces the same output. If one filename appears in two records in the archive the build halts; previously the second record silently overwrote the first. The validation ledger, the published data and this page must state the same figure, or the build fails. The evidence-level terminology was dropped. The axis is now called “literature maturity” and the page is now the “Literature Map”. The reason: the portal measures neither study quality, nor risk of bias, nor effect size; what it measures is the volume of literature in an area and its distribution across study types. “Evidence level” promised more than that measurement. In the published data the corresponding field names also changed from `evidenceLevel` and `evidenceRank` to `maturityLevel` and `maturityRank`. Page addresses and anchor identifiers were left unchanged, so links given out earlier still resolve. The term “study-type band”, which describes the design hierarchy, was kept as it was: ranking designs by strength of evidence is a different and well established claim, not a measure of volume. Record identity was made permanent. An identifier now rests on the record’s own handle rather than on its position in the archive: the DOI first, then the PMID, and the archive filename where there is neither. The disease area and the regime are not part of it, so moving a record to another area no longer changes its identifier. Document type and study design were split into two fields. Document types such as preprint, protocol and conference abstract no longer occupy the design field, and the preprint of a randomised study no longer loses its design. The portal’s study design assignment is now compared with PubMed’s own publication type field. The state of that comparison is written into every record: where the index is silent the portal’s assignment is not treated as confirmed, and where the two diverge the conflict is not erased but kept next to the record. Abstract republication rights were introduced. The whole abstract is published only where the licence explicitly permits it; elsewhere only the opening of the text is published and the shortening is stated next to the record. Licence information comes from OpenAlex, and an unknown licence is treated as restricted. A record-level correction channel was defined: a report carries the permanent identifier of the record and its current classification. Once a reporting address is defined, the link appears in every record drawer. Terminology corrected: the abbreviations “RE-ECT” and “IRE-ECT”, which have no counterpart in the literature, were removed in favour of electrochemotherapy (ECT) and irreversible electroporation (IRE). The two scopes were named and separated: the oncology corpus and the extended electroporation corpus. Numbers are now given together with the scope they belong to. Clinical adoption labels were removed. Reading clinical use out of publication counts was not a defensible inference; only literature maturity tiers, which describe literature volume, remain. Literature maturity tier names were changed to descriptions of the literature: the former names read as a verdict on how strong the evidence in an area was, whereas a tier only reflects how many publications an area holds and what types they are. The new names are broader clinical literature, early clinical literature, preclinical literature and exploratory literature; the numerical thresholds and the separation by regime are unchanged. Literature maturity is now shown separately for each regime; an area is no longer summarised by a single badge and the more mature of the two regimes no longer stands in for the other. In the clinical trials table the “Regime” column was replaced by “Application”. The registry regime field was empty for most records; the application category is derived from title and condition text, and the table states that it is derived. The correction ledger was introduced: a correction mechanism with a mandatory rationale, preserved across builds and published on this page. A data version and scope stamp was added to the footer of every page. This methodology page was published.

Version stamping starts with this revision; earlier builds carried no date stamp, so no retrospective version list is given.