Veterinary Oncology
Special Indications
Electrochemotherapy has long been applied clinically in veterinary oncology, on spontaneously arising tumours in client-owned animals. These records are not evidence for human indications; they do, however, form a translational bridge, since they generate dose, electrode and response data in large animals bearing spontaneous tumours.
119total publications
6clinical studies
73preclinical studies
14reviews
1991–2026publication span
Evidence Status by Regime
Reversible electroporation (RE-ECT)
119publications
6clinical
73preclinical
Early Clinical Evidence
1991–2026 · Near Clinical Adoption
Mechanisms Reported in This Area
Terms were detected by automatic matching over publication abstracts; the figure gives the number of publications containing the term.
Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation 49
Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation 32
Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) 15
Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement 13
Electrode Geometry and Placement 12
Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation 11
Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation 9
Optimisation of Pulse Parameters 8
Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response 8
Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability 6
Necrosis and Necroptosis 6
Electric Field Distribution and Modelling 5
Study Type Distribution
Bar length is scaled to the most common study type; the percentage gives the share of the whole area. Colour marks the evidence tier of the study type, the same scale as the evidence map.
| Study type | Publications | Share within this area |
|---|---|---|
| Clinical Study | 6 | 5% |
| Case Report | 21 | 18% |
| Review | 14 | 12% |
| Animal Study | 70 | 59% |
| In Vitro Study | 1 | <1% |
| In Silico / Modelling | 2 | 2% |
| Preprint | 2 | 2% |
| Editorial / Letter | 2 | 2% |
| Not reported | 1 | <1% |
Literature Evidence Table
119 publications listed in order of evidence strength. Click a title to open the citation, mechanism and full abstract drawer.
| Regime | Publication | Year | Study type | Model | Mechanism | Abstract |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reversible | Amato et al · Open Vet J | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response | Background: Canine prostatic carcinoma (PC) is an uncommon neoplasia characterized by aggressive biological behavior. Treatment options include surgery (partial or total prostatectomy), radi… |
| Reversible | Camerino et al · Vet Q | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Canine oral malignant melanoma (OMM) is an aggressive, spontaneously occurring tumor carrying a poor to guarded prognosis and relatively limited therapeutic strategies. In this landscape, ch… |
| Reversible | Diop et al · Vet Comp Oncol | 2024 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) with intravenous (IV) and/or intratumoral (IT) bleomycin has shown considerable efficacy in the treatment of non-resectable feline cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma… |
| Reversible | Cramp P · – | 2017 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Melanomas are a well-known problem of the grey horse population, with grey horses having an 80% probability of developing melanomas in their life [1]. There seems to be no sex predilection, … |
| Reversible | Spugnini et al · J Vet Intern Med | 2015 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | Background: Advanced carcinoma of the head represents a substantial health problem in cats for local control and overall survival. Objectives: Evaluate the capability of electrochemotherapy … |
| Reversible | Tozon et al · Anticancer Res | 2001 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | The aim of this study was to introduce electrochemotherapy with cisplatin into veterinary medicine, where there is a need for inexpensive and effective treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneou… |
| Reversible | Akiyoshi et al · Front Vet Sci | 2026 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | A 14-year-old spayed female Persian cat with lingual feline oral squamous cell carcinoma (FOSCC) was treated with bleomycin-based electrochemotherapy (ECT), resulting in sustained preservati… |
| Reversible | Ruanova et al · Open Vet J | 2025 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: Cutaneous mast cell tumor (MCT) is one of the most common skin neoplasms in cats and typically exhibits clinically benign behavior. Multiple MCTs, recurrent tumors, or infiltrate… |
| Reversible | Larsen et al · Vet Ophthalmol | 2024 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Objective: To describe the procedure and outcome of electrochemotherapy (ECT) with bleomycin as a first-line treatment for bilateral ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) in the eye of a … |
| Reversible | Pimentel et al · Top Companion Anim Med | 2024 | Case Report | Human | – | Apocrine sweat gland adenocarcinoma (ASGAC) is a rare skin carcinoma in cats. In some cases, this tumor occurs in anatomical sites of challenging wide surgical resection, which increases the… |
| Reversible | Salmoral et al · JFMS Open Rep | 2024 | Case Report | Human | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion | Case series summary: Malignant basal cell tumours may be seen on or near the nasal planum in cats, and include basal cell carcinomas, which are common, and basosquamous carcinomas, which are… |
| Reversible | Sena et al · Front Vet Sci | 2024 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Feline histiocytic diseases are uncommon and rarely reported. Feline progressive histiocytosis (FPH) is the most common histiocytic disease in cats, predominantly affecting middle-aged anima… |
| Reversible | Dos Santos da Luz et al · Vet Res Forum | 2023 | Case Report | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Melanocytoma and malignant melanoma are the most typical eye tumors in dogs and cats. Due to the presence of melanin, the general appearance is often highly pigmented in a nodular formation … |
| Reversible | Little et al · JFMS Open Rep | 2022 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Case summary: A 4-year-old domestic shorthair cat presented to North Downs Specialist Referrals for treatment of a 7 mm melanoma of the nasal planum. Two treatments of electrochemotherapy us… |
| Reversible | Dos Anjos et al · Vet Res Forum | 2020 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Electroporation is a technique that increases the uptake of chemotherapeutic drugs by tumors. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) has been successfully used to treat solid tumors. Recently, novel appl… |
| Reversible | Martins Taques et al · Artif Organs | 2020 | Case Report | Human | Electrode Geometry and Placement, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Osteosarcoma is a bone cancer considered rare to humans, but common in dogs. Dogs and humans share genetic homology and environmental risk factors. Improving the treatment of osteosarcoma in… |
| Reversible | Santos dos Anjos et al · Top Companion Anim Med | 2020 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Plasma cell tumors can occur as solitary collections referred as extramedullary plasmocytoma (EMP). The present report describes four cases of EMP treated with a local nonthermal ablative ap… |
| Reversible | Tunikowska et al · Animals (Basel) | 2020 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Necrosis and Necroptosis | Background: The aim of this study was to present the first domestic animal trial of nanosecond electroporation with chemotherapy and CO 2 laser surgery. Methods: sixteen-year-old domestic ca… |
| Reversible | Torrigiani et al · Vet Comp Oncol | 2019 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Canine soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are locally invasive mesenchymal neoplasms. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is an antitumour local ablative treatment that uses electric pulses to enhance the in… |
| Reversible | Spugnini et al · Open Vet J | 2017 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electrode Geometry and Placement | A twelve-year-old male castrated domestic shorthair cat was presented for rapidly progressing respiratory distress. The cat was depressed, tachypneic and moderately responsive. Ultrasonograp… |
| Reversible | Spugnini et al · Can Vet J | 2013 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | This paper reports the clinical findings, histopathology, and clinical outcome of a rare case of aponeurotic fibromatosis in a dog. The dog was treated with 4 courses of electrochemotherapy … |
| Reversible | Spugnini et al · J Small Anim Pract | 2010 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | A 13-year-old male neutered cat was presented for the sudden growth of two nodular lesions close to the upper eyelid of both eyes. Fine-needle aspiration cytology was suggestive of mesenchym… |
| Reversible | Spugnini et al · In Vivo | 2008 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Canine anal sac gland carcinoma (ASGC) is a frequently described neoplasm that is highly aggressive and can frequently lead to metastatic spread. In this paper, we describe the successful tr… |
| Reversible | Spugnini et al · In Vivo | 2008 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy is gaining popularity for the treatment of malignancies of companion animals due to its efficacy and low cost. In this paper, we describe the successful treatment of a re… |
| Reversible | Spugnini et al · Vet J | 2008 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | An 8-year-old male castrated cat was referred for sudden onset of lameness. Physical examination revealed a 1x2x1cm mass originating from a footpad of the right hind leg. A diagnosis of gang… |
| Reversible | Spugnini et al · Vet Rec | 2008 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Short Communications Surgery and electrochemotherapy of a high-grade soft tissue sarcoma in a dog E. P. Spugnini, B. Vincenzi, G. Betti, F. Cordahi, I. Dotsinsky, N. Mudrov, G. Citro, A. Bal… |
| Reversible | Spugnini et al · In Vivo | 2007 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response | Canine anal melanoma is an aggressive neoplasm that rapidly leads to constipation in dogs, thus mimicking the behavior of their human counterpart. In this paper, the successful local palliat… |
| Reversible | Ramos et al · Vet Comp Oncol | 2024 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a treatment modality that combines the electroporation of cell membranes with chemotherapy to facilitate the transport of non-permeant molecules into cells. Seve… |
| Reversible | Spugnini et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2024 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Electroporation (EP) is a broadly accepted procedure that, through the application of electric pulses with appropriate amplitudes and waveforms, promotes the delivery of anticancer molecules… |
| Reversible | Pazzi et al · Vet Sci | 2022 | Review | Literature Analysis | – | Critical appraisal of the available literature for the treatment of canine oral malignant melanoma (OMM) is lacking. This critical review aimed to evaluate the current literature and provide… |
| Reversible | Maglietti et al · Vaccines (Basel) | 2020 | Review | Literature Analysis | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electroporation is a technology that increases cell membrane permeability by the application of electric pulses. Electrochemotherapy (ECT), the best-known application of electroporation, is … |
| Reversible | Nemec et al · Front Vet Sci | 2020 | Review | Literature Analysis | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Electroporation is a method of inducing an increase in permeability of the cell membrane through the application of an electric field and can be used as a delivery method for introducing mol… |
| Reversible | Pavlin et al · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation | Veterinary medicine has become an important translational bridge from in vitro and preclinical studies to human medicine, offering invaluable model for research in naturally occurring diseas… |
| Reversible | Tozon et al · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | In veterinary oncology, the clinical studies on electrochemotherapy are not numerous. Electrochemotherapy in veterinary oncology is used with two chemotherapeutic drugs, cisplatin and bleomy… |
| Reversible | Impellizeri et al · Vet J | 2016 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Cancer treatments in veterinary medicine continue to evolve beyond the established standard therapies of surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. New technologies in cancer therapy inclu… |
| Reversible | Spugnini et al · J Cell Physiol | 2016 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a medical strategy that allows an increased efficacy of chemotherapy agents after the application of permeabilizing electric pulses having appropriate characteri… |
| Reversible | Spugnini et al · Curr Cancer Drug Targets | 2015 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Tumor microenvironment is one of the major obstacles to the efficacy of chemotherapy in cancer patients. The abnormal blood flow within the tumor results in uneven drug distribution. Electro… |
| Reversible | Pavlin · J Transl Med | 2012 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | The use of large animals as an experimental model for novel treatment techniques has many advantages over the use of laboratory animals, so veterinary medicine is becoming an increasingly im… |
| Reversible | Spugnini et al · Future Oncol | 2012 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Electrochemotherapy is a tumor treatment that adapts the systemic or local delivery of anticancer drugs by the application of permeabilizing electric pulses with appropriate amplitude and wa… |
| Reversible | Spugnini et al · J Exp Clin Cancer Res | 2009 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | – | The treatment of soft tissue tumors needs the coordinated adoption of surgery with radiation therapy and eventually, chemotherapy. The radiation therapy (delivered with a linear accelerator)… |
| Reversible | Cemazar et al · J Vet Intern Med | 2008 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electropermeabilization is a method that uses electric field pulses to induce an electrically mediated reorganization of the plasma membrane of cells. Electrochemotherapy combines local or s… |
| Reversible | Franchini et al · Sci Rep | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Preservation of Extracellular Matrix and Tissue Scaffold | Tumors are complex microenvironments in which uncontrolled cell proliferation alters biochemical pathways as well as the physical and electrical properties of tissues. Electrochemotherapy (E… |
| Reversible | Franchini et al · Vet Comp Oncol | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Necrosis and Necroptosis | Electrochemotherapy is increasingly used as a locoregional treatment for feline squamous cell carcinoma, but its role in advanced nasal planum disease remains poorly defined. This retrospect… |
| Reversible | Frigerio et al · Case Rep Vet Med | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant epithelial neoplasm commonly affecting the skin and oral cavity of dogs, whereas laryngeal involvement is considered rare. Neoplasms arising in t… |
| Reversible | Holanda et al · Vet J | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Necrosis and Necroptosis | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) has emerged as a valuable therapeutic option for feline cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, the influence of clinicopathological variables on treatmen… |
| Reversible | Holst et al · J Am Vet Med Assoc | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | Objective: To evaluate the clinical outcome of calcium electroporation in treating canine superficial solid tumors using 1 or 2 treatment sessions and to assess the associated adverse events… |
| Reversible | D LESCAI, B BAROIU, A COTIȚOSU, A CRISTEA · Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Veterinary Medicine | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Mast cell tumors (MCT) in anatomically complex periocular regions of cats often preclude curative surgery. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) offers local control while preserving function. A 17-year… |
| Reversible | Lisjak et al · Vet Sci | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Cancer is a major health concern, with its incidence rate continuing to increase. There is growing interest in the microbiota and its role in carcinogenesis, as it significantly influences p… |
| Reversible | Martins et al · Braz J Vet Med | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Multilobular Bone Tumor (MBT) is a rare, slow-growing, and locally invasive neoplasm in middle-aged to older dogs, occurring predominantly in flat bones of the skull, pelvis, or ribs. This w… |
| Reversible | Milevoj et al · Vet Q | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Bleomycin (BLM) is a cytotoxic antibiotic used in veterinary oncology, primarily in electrochemotherapy (ECT), a local ablative therapy where electric pulses increase drug uptake in tumours.… |
| Reversible | Ojeda et al · J Vet Intern Med | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Background Mast cell tumors (MCTs) in dogs pose therapeutic challenges that vary with histopathological grade. Hypothesis/objectives Electrochemotherapy (ECT) alone would result in a clinica… |
| Reversible | Regadas et al · Top Companion Anim Med | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | In cats, the high incidence of malignant mammary neoplasms with elevated rates of metastasis and recurrence underscores the need for more effective therapies to prevent disease progression. … |
| Reversible | Sofia et al · Vet Comp Oncol | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | The predominant challenge in canine soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) is achieving local tumour control, for which surgical excision remains the standard treatment. When complete margins are not a… |
| Reversible | Spadari et al · Vet Sci | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Despite the wide range of therapeutic options currently available for equine sarcoids, recurrence of these lesions remains a major clinical challenge. Consequently, the identification of eff… |
| Reversible | Foo et al · J Feline Med Surg | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | ObjectivesFeline cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a malignant tumour arising from squamous epithelium and accounts for 15% of all skin tumours, commonly involving the nasal planum… |
| Reversible | Ferrer-Jorda et al · J Feline Med Surg | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Objectives: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common tumour in the nasal planum of cats. Surgery has traditionally been the treatment of choice but might not be feasible in locally a… |
| Reversible | dos Santos et al · Front Vet Sci | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response | Introduction: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant neoplasm that accounts for approximately 15-25% and 70-80% of all feline cutaneous and oral tumors, respectively. Similar to that i… |
| Reversible | Lampreht Tratar et al · Int Immunopharmacol | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | The combined treatment of electrochemotherapy (ECT) and interleukin-12 (IL-12) gene electrotransfer (GET) has already been used in clinical studies in dogs to treat various histological type… |
| Reversible | de Castro Cunha et al · Vet Comp Oncol | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is an important malignancy in dogs, due to its incidence and clinical presentation, which can be of locally aggressive single or multiple lesions with a metasta… |
| Reversible | Moretti et al · Front Vet Sci | 2022 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a highly developed treatment for many solid tumours that provides good local control in 80% of neoplasms in dogs. ECT can be used to treat different types of tum… |
| Reversible | Tellado et al · Cancer Drug Resist | 2022 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Electrode Geometry and Placement, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Aim: Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a common disease in patients exposed to UV-light and human papillomavirus. Electrochemotherapy, a well-established treatment modality with mi… |
| Reversible | Brloznik et al · Front Vet Sci | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) and/or gene electrotransfer of plasmid DNA encoding interleukin-12 (GET pIL-12) are effective treatments for canine cutaneous, subcutaneous, and maxillofacial tumor… |
| Reversible | Simčič et al · Vet Sci | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Feline squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is currently treated with surgery, radiation therapy and electrochemotherapy (ECT). Both the efficacy and/or safety of ECT were evaluated as a sole thera… |
| Reversible | Spugnini et al · Open Vet J | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | Background: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) promotes the increased uptake of antitumor agents through the administration of permeabilizing electric pulses, thus enhancing chemotherapy effectivenes… |
| Reversible | Dos Anjos et al · Sci Rep | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is one of the most common skin tumors in cats due to chronic exposure to ultraviolet light. Local treatments such as electrochemotherapy (ECT) promot… |
| Reversible | Frandsen · Animals (Basel) | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Sarcoids are common equine skin tumors where the risk of recurrence after treatment is high, and better treatment options are warranted. Calcium electroporation is a novel anti-cancer treatm… |
| Reversible | Milevoj et al · Vet Med Sci | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | The aim of this study was to evaluate the owners' perception of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of dogs after treatment with electrochemotherapy (ECT) alone or combined with interleuk… |
| Reversible | Tellado et al · Radiol Oncol | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Background Oral malignant melanoma is the most common, but aggressive oral cancer in dogs with poor prognosis. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) has therapeutic potential in such tumors as effective… |
| Reversible | dos Anjos et al · Data Brief | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Over the past 15 years, lipophobic drugs, such as bleomycin and cisplatin, have been used combined with electroporation, which promotes their uptake through the cell membrane. The present da… |
| Reversible | Boncea et al · Vet Record Case Reports | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Canine squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common cutaneous neoplasm in dogs. Treatment options are limited. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) has been proposed as an alternative treat… |
| Reversible | Dos Anjos et al · Sci Rep | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Apoptosis Induction | Canine cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the most common skin cancer in dogs, and, due to its low metastatic rate, local treatments, such as electrochemotherapy (ECT), promote dise… |
| Reversible | Galant et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Necrosis and Necroptosis, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is an anticancer bioelectrochemical therapy where electrical field pulses (electropermeabilization) increase intracellular concentration of antitumor drugs. The pro… |
| Reversible | Milevoj et al · Res Vet Sci | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the combination of electrochemotherapy (ECT) with bleomycin and gene electrotransfer (GET) of plasmid encoding canine interle… |
| Reversible | Rangel et al · Austral j. vet. sci. | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a technique that combines chemotherapy with local application of specific electric pulses with the aim of increasing the permeability of the plasma membrane in a… |
| Reversible | Simčič et al · Vet Comp Oncol | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Non-tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma (ntSCC) is a common and locally aggressive oral tumour in dogs. The treatments of choice are currently surgery and radiotherapy. Electrochemotherapy (EC… |
| Reversible | Spugnini et al · Open Vet J | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) couples the administration of anticancer drugs with the delivery of electric pulses that increase the drug uptake through the cell membranes, thus resulting in an i… |
| Reversible | Thalmensi · Oncotarget | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is highly expressed in more than 90% of canine cancer cells and low to absent in normal cells. Given that immune tolerance to telomerase is easily bro… |
| Reversible | Impellizeri et al · J Transl Med | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Background: we have recently shown that Tel-eVax, a genetic vaccine targeting dog telomerase (dTERT) and based on Adenovirus (Ad)/DNA Electro-Gene-Transfer (DNA-EGT) technology can induce st… |
| Reversible | Kulbacka et al · SVR | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Oral melanomas commonly occur in elderly dogs resulting in darkly pigmented areas of the mouth, tongue and gums. The main object of this study was a severe melanoma diagnosed in the jaw of a… |
| Reversible | Maglietti et al · Radiol Oncol | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Electrode Geometry and Placement | Background: Nasal cavity tumors are usually diagnosed late, when they already have infiltrated adjacent tissues thus requiring very aggressive treatments with serious side effects. Here we u… |
| Reversible | Lowe et al · Vet Comp Oncol | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | To describe the results of electrochemotherapy (ECT) in dogs with mast cell tumours (MCTs) either as first line therapy or as an adjuvant to surgery. The treatment combines administration of… |
| Reversible | Souza et al · J Vet Pharmacol Ther | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Electroporation is a method used to deliver poorly permeant chemotherapeutic drugs to tumor cells, potentiating the cytotoxic effects of drugs and overall clinical response. Despite existing… |
| Reversible | Suzuki et al · Artif Organs | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Electrode Geometry and Placement, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy is a new modality of local cancer treatment that increases the delivery of chemotherapy drugs into tumor cells by applying intense electric fields. This novel electrochem… |
| Reversible | Tozon et al · Vet Rec | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy of electrochemotherapy (ECT) with cisplatin as a single or adjuvant treatment for sarcoids in equids. Different treatment options with diffe… |
| Reversible | Tozon et al · J Vis Exp | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a local approach which is used for treating solid tumors of different histologies. Its mechanism is based on cell membrane permeabilization by means of "electrop… |
| Reversible | Dudemaine et al · J Dairy Sci | 2014 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Necrosis and Necroptosis | Paratuberculosis-infected cattle initially develop an effective cell-mediated immune response that declines as the disease progresses. Blood is one of best sources for characterizing the inf… |
| Reversible | F.H. Maglietti et al · J. Anal. Oncol. | 2014 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | Background: Electrochemotherapy is a novel tumor treatment routinely used for cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors in human patients in the European Union since 2006. Here we used it to treat a… |
| Reversible | Riccardo et al · Clin Cancer Res | 2014 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Purpose: Due to the many similarities with its human counterpart, canine malignant melanoma (cMM) is a valuable model in which to assess the efficacy of novel therapeutic strategies. The mod… |
| Reversible | Scacco et al · Journal of Equine Veterinary Science | 2013 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | A 25-year-old gelding sport horse was referred for the treatment of recurring bilateral anal amelanotic melanoma. On physical examination, the horse presented bilateral poorly delimited peri… |
| Reversible | Pavlin · Radiol Oncol | 2011 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Background: Mast cell tumors (MCT) are the most common malignant cutaneous tumors in dogs with extremely variable biological behaviour. Different treatment approaches can be used in canine c… |
| Reversible | Spugnini et al · Journal of Equine Veterinary Science | 2011 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | A 22-year-old Camargue mare was referred for showing signs of discomfort during chewing, building up of food in the mouth, and foul odor from the mouth. On physical examination, the mare pre… |
| Reversible | Tamzali et al · Equine Vet J | 2011 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Reasons for performing study: Sarcoids are the commonest form of equine skin tumour. Several therapeutic measures have been described but none is considered to be universally effective. Elec… |
| Reversible | Chuang et al · Int J Cancer | 2009 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is effective in treating many types of rodent tumors, but has been unsuccessful in most human clinical trials, suggesting that animal models of more clinical relevance… |
| Reversible | Kodre et al · In Vivo | 2009 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Unlabelled: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of local treatment electrochemotherapy (ECT) with cisplatin and to compare it with effectiveness of surgery for treatment … |
| Reversible | Spugnini et al · Vet J | 2009 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the skin are commonly described in cats. Reported treatments include surgery, radiation therapy and photodynamic therapy. This preliminary study reports on … |
| Reversible | Spugnini et al · J Exp Clin Cancer Res | 2008 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Sticker's sarcoma (also known as transmissible venereal tumor) is a horizontally transmitted neoplasm of the dog, that is passed with coitus. It is a locally aggressive tumor with a low tend… |
| Reversible | Spugnini et al · In Vivo | 2007 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a new therapeutical technique that combines the administration of trains of biphasic pulses with the local application of poorly permeant anticancer molecules, t… |
| Reversible | Spugnini et al · J Exp Clin Cancer Res | 2007 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Perianal tumors (adenoma and carcinoma of the hepatoid glands) are frequently reported in veterinary literature. They are locally aggressive tumors with a low tendency to metastatic spread. … |
| Reversible | Spugnini et al · J Exp Clin Cancer Res | 2007 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Non Hogdkin's lymphoma is the commonest malignant neoplasm in humans and in pets. Treatments include systemic chemotherapy eventually combined with radiation therapy. Radiation therapy is al… |
| Reversible | Spugnini et al · J Transl Med | 2007 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Apoptosis Induction, Necrosis and Necroptosis | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a novel anticancer therapy that is currently being evaluated in human and pet cancer patients. ECT associates the administration of an anti-tumor agent to the de… |
| Reversible | Théon et al · J Am Vet Med Assoc | 2007 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Objective: To determine outcome associated with cutaneous tumors treated via intratumoral chemotherapy with cisplatin and identify risk factors affecting local tumor control and complication… |
| Reversible | Hewes et al · J Am Vet Med Assoc | 2006 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Objective: To determine outcome for equids with cutaneous neoplasms treated with cisplatin-containing biodegradable beads, alone or in conjunction with debulking. Design: Retrospective case … |
| Reversible | Spugnini et al · Anticancer Res | 2006 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Background: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a novel anticancer therapy that combines the delivery of trains of appropriate waveforms with the local administration of chemotherapy agents. The pu… |
| Reversible | Tozon et al · Anticancer Res | 2005 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Background: Electrochemotherapy is an antitumor therapy that utilizes locally-delivered, short intense direct current electric pulse to the tumor nodule plus chemotherapy. The aim of the pre… |
| Reversible | Boria et al · J Am Vet Med Assoc | 2004 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Objective: To determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of cisplatin administered with piroxicam, the antitumor activity and toxicity of cisplatin combined with piroxicam in dogs with oral … |
| Reversible | Rols et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2002 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Sarcoids are skin spontaneous tumours detected in horses. It can be cured by chemotherapy by using cisplatin. A multisequence treatment must be performed. Problems are present due to the poo… |
| Reversible | Théon et al · javma | 1999 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Objective To determine the benefits of reducing the interval between surgical cytoreduction and intratumoral administration of cisplatin. Design Randomized clinical study. Animals 70 horses … |
| Reversible | Yoshida et al · J Am Anim Hosp Assoc | 1998 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Four dogs with recurrent acanthomatous epulis (AE) were injected with bleomycin (5 mg) intralesionally once a week. In three cases, tumors were clinically indistinguishable within three-to-e… |
| Reversible | Mir et al · Br J Cancer | 1997 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy combines bleomycin and local electric pulses that allow cell permeabilization and free access of bleomycin to its intracellular target. We report the first veterinarian c… |
| Reversible | Théon et al · javma | 1994 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Summary Twenty-seven horses (and 1 mule) with 32 histologically confirmed cutaneous tumors were studied to evaluate the effects of intratumoral injection of cisplatin initiated at the time o… |
| Reversible | Théon et al · Int J Hyperthermia | 1991 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Local hyperthermia combined with intralesional cisplatin chemotherapy is a logical and potentially effective therapeutic approach for localized cancers. A trial using outbred animals with sp… |
| Reversible | Tellado et al · Front Vet Sci | 2022 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) consists in the application of electric pulses to increase chemotherapeutic drug intake (bleomycin, cisplatin, or calcium) into the tumor cells. It has become a ver… |
| Reversible | Suzuki et al · Artif Organs | 2017 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electrochemotherapy (EQT) is a local cancer treatment well established to cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors. Electric fields are applied to biological tissue in order to improve membrane per… |
| Reversible | Suzuki et al · Artif Organs | 2014 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Electrochemotherapy is a combination of high electric field and anticancer drugs. The treatment basis is electroporation or electropermeabilization of the cell membrane. Electroporation is a… |
| Reversible | Franchini et al · – | 2026 | Preprint | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Preservation of Extracellular Matrix and Tissue Scaffold | Tumors are complex microenvironments in which uncontrolled cell proliferation alters biochemical pathways as well as the physical and electrical properties of tissues. Electrochemotherapy (E… |
| Reversible | Tellado et al · – | 2019 | Preprint | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy is a treatment modality which has been increasingly used in veterinary and human medicine for treating cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors. In this prospective work we eval… |
| Reversible | Rangel · Artif Organs | 2018 | Editorial / Letter | Animal (In Vivo) | – | , First of all, thank you for your inquiries and your careful reading of our published article (1). The following is a response to valuable questions in our work: 1. Nasal carcinoma (TVT)—Ye… |
| Reversible | Osorio‐Morales et al · Artif Organs | 2017 | Editorial / Letter | Animal (In Vivo) | – | , We refer you to the study entitled “Novel Application for Electrochemotherapy: Immersion of Nasal Cavity in Dog” in which, Suzuki et al. (1) report the successful chemotherapeutic treatmen… |
| Reversible | Ertürk ve Özsoy · – | 2026 | Not reported | – | – | ( ) * Corresponding author: Esma Hande Ertürk Phone: +90 535 015 23 61 E-mail: esmahande.sevis@ogr.iuc.edu.tr How to cite this article? Ertürk EH, Özsoy S: Electrochemotherapy as an Emerging… |
Limitations
The counts on this page are bounded by the scope of the source PDF archive and are not a systematic review of the area's literature. Study type and mechanism labels are derived automatically; for critical decisions consult the full texts of the publications listed. The evidence level reflects the number of publications, not their methodological quality.