Breast Cancer
Deep Organ Tumours
Chest wall recurrences and skin metastases of breast cancer are among the established uses of electrochemotherapy. These lesions often develop in irradiated tissue and may bleed and be malodorous; the method's local control and haemostatic effect can be decisive for quality of life.
107total publications
36clinical studies
44preclinical studies
8reviews
1991–2026publication span
Evidence Status by Regime
Reversible electroporation (RE-ECT)
98publications
35clinical
37preclinical
Clinical Evidence
1991–2026 · In Routine Clinical Use
Irreversible electroporation (IRE-ECT)
9publications
1clinical
7preclinical
Preclinical Evidence
2009–2026 · Under Clinical Investigation
Mechanisms Reported in This Area
Terms were detected by automatic matching over publication abstracts; the figure gives the number of publications containing the term.
Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation 30
Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation 18
Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation 16
Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability 13
Optimisation of Pulse Parameters 13
Electric Field Distribution and Modelling 11
Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death 11
Apoptosis Induction 10
Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress 10
Electrode Geometry and Placement 9
Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) 8
Necrosis and Necroptosis 8
Study Type Distribution
Bar length is scaled to the most common study type; the percentage gives the share of the whole area. Colour marks the evidence tier of the study type, the same scale as the evidence map.
| Study type | Publications | Share within this area |
|---|---|---|
| Randomized Clinical Trial | 3 | 3% |
| Prospective Clinical Study | 2 | 2% |
| Clinical Study | 28 | 26% |
| Retrospective Clinical Study | 2 | 2% |
| Case Series | 1 | <1% |
| Case Report | 11 | 10% |
| Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | 1 | <1% |
| Review | 7 | 7% |
| Animal Study | 23 | 21% |
| In Vitro Study | 21 | 20% |
| Preprint | 2 | 2% |
| Editorial / Letter | 3 | 3% |
| Correction / Erratum | 2 | 2% |
| Not reported | 1 | <1% |
Literature Evidence Table
107 publications listed in order of evidence strength. Click a title to open the citation, mechanism and full abstract drawer.
| Regime | Publication | Year | Study type | Model | Mechanism | Abstract |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reversible | Tahvildari et al · Int J Cancer Manag | 2025 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Background: Skin metastases occur in 5% - 30% of breast cancer patients, highlighting the need for effective treatments. Electrochemotherapy, which combines electric pulses with chemotherapy… |
| Reversible | Agresti et al · The Breast | 2017 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | – | The multicentre cohort analysis conducted by GISEL (Italian Senological Group for Electrochemotherapy) confirmed that Electrochemotherapy (ECT) has high antitumor activity (> 90% ORR) on ski… |
| Reversible | Rebersek et al · Anticancer Drugs | 2004 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | We have evaluated the efficiency of electrochemotherapy with cisplatin on cutaneous tumor lesions of breast cancer and have compared its efficiency with the efficiency of intratumoral (i.t.)… |
| Reversible | Lekešytė et al · Pharmaceutics | 2024 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Background/Objectives: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a safe and efficient method of targeted drug delivery using pulsed electric fields (PEF), one that is based on the phenomenon of electropo… |
| Reversible | Benevento et al · Int J Surg Case Rep | 2015 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | – | Introduction: Angiosarcomas are highly malignant endothelial cell tumors with poor prognosis. These can be due to breast cancer itself or to subsequent therapeutic modalities. No evidence-ba… |
| Reversible | Russano et al · Clin Exp Metastasis | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a local treatment combining chemotherapy with electroporation. This prospective multicentre study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ECT in the treatment of patie… |
| Reversible | Aigner et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2024 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: Relapsed unresectable triple-negative breast cancer is a demanding disease with only a few treatment options. Especially for patients with unresectable tumor masses, a treatment … |
| Reversible | Bieżuńska-Kusiak et al · Pharmaceuticals (Basel) | 2023 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Breast cancer ranks among the top three most common malignant neoplasms in Poland. The use of calcium ion-assisted electroporation is an alternative approach to the classic treatment of this… |
| Reversible | Di Prata et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2023 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Electrochemotherapy has been proven to be an efficient treatment for cutaneous metastases of various cancers. Data on breast cancer (BC) patients with cutaneous metastases were retrieved fro… |
| Reversible | Giri et al · Explor Target Antitumor Ther | 2023 | Clinical Study | Human | Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis Induction | Aim: Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is difficult to treat since it lacks all the three most commonly targeted hormone receptors. Patients afflicted with TNBC are treated with platinum … |
| Reversible | Varadarajan et al · Appl Biochem Biotechnol | 2022 | Clinical Study | Human | – | With the absence of the three most common receptor targets, and with high vascularity and higher-grade tumors, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive of all breast cance… |
| Reversible | Matthiessen et al · Clin Breast Cancer | 2018 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: Cutaneous recurrence from breast cancer can pose a clinical challenge. It might be the only disease site, or could be part of disseminated disease, and often profoundly affects q… |
| Reversible | Vera-Tizatl et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2018 | Clinical Study | Human | Electrode Geometry and Placement, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Breast cancer represents a rising problem concerning public health worldwide. Current efforts are aimed to the development of new minimally invasive and conservative treatment procedures for… |
| Reversible | Wichtowski et al · Oncol Res Treat | 2018 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Introduction: Breast cancer is responsible for more than 50% of cutaneous metastases. One of the treatment options is electrochemotherapy (ECT). It is an effective method of local tumor abla… |
| Irreversible | Mafeld et al · Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2018 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Aim: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal ablative option in patients unsuitable for standard thermal ablation, due to its potential to preserve collagenous structures (vessel… |
| Reversible | Grischke et al · Radiol Oncol | 2017 | Clinical Study | Human | Necrosis and Necroptosis | Background: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is an established procedure for treating breast cancer loco-regional recurrences following surgical intervention and/or radiotherapy. Limited informatio… |
| Reversible | Guida et al · Annals of Oncology | 2017 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Recommendations for management of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) in elderly patients (pts) are limited because of this subgroup of pts are largely underrepresented in clinical studies and th… |
| Reversible | Banerjee et al · European Journal of Surgical Oncology (EJSO) | 2016 | Clinical Study | Human | – | This study explores clinical decision-making in advanced level nurses. Areas of interest include the influences of education and experience in addition to contrasts between simple and comple… |
| Reversible | Matthiessen et al · Annals of Oncology | 2016 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | Cutaneous recurrence from breast cancer can pose a clinical challenge. It may be the only disease site, or be part of disseminated disease, and often profoundly impacts quality of life. Elec… |
| Reversible | Cabula et al · Ann Surg Oncol | 2015 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: The management of breast cancer (BC) skin metastases represents a therapeutic challenge. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) combines the administration of bleomycin with temporary permeab… |
| Reversible | Denzi et al · Biomed Eng Online | 2015 | Clinical Study | Human | Necrosis and Necroptosis, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide and is the second most common cause of cancer death in women. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) used in early-phase clinical tr… |
| Reversible | Kalavathy et al · JCPCR | 2015 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a local cancer treatment modality where the intracellular accumulation of a chemotherapeutic agent is enhanced in the presence of an electrical field by the phen… |
| Reversible | Mercantini et al · The American Surgeon™ | 2015 | Clinical Study | Human | – | reast Cancer Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a procedure that combines the administration of a chemotherapeutic drug and the local application of electroporation pulses. The physical basis of t… |
| Reversible | Sundararajan · JCPCR | 2015 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) has poor prognosis. This is due to lack of estrogen, progesterone and HER-2 receptors. About 15% of all breast cancers are TNBC. This year in the US alon… |
| Reversible | Schmidt et al · Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd | 2014 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Electrochemotherapy is a new method for the local treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous metastases. If surgery and/or radiotherapy are no longer possible, this innovative technology can be… |
| Reversible | Campana et al · European Journal of Surgical Oncology (EJSO) | 2013 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Utilisation of intra operative ultrasound to guide breast surgery, particularly for impalpable lesions can obviate the need for pre operative wire or similar localisation procedures. This re… |
| Reversible | Benevento et al · BMC Surg | 2012 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Background: The management of cutaneous metastases often represents a challenge because they may be widespread and may recur after radiotherapy or chemotherapy; breast cancer accounts for 51… |
| Reversible | Cabula · European Journal of Surgical Oncology (EJSO) | 2012 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT), a new palliative treatment for cutaneous metastases, involves the delivery of electrical pulses to lesions several minutes after intravenous or intratumor injectio… |
| Reversible | Campana et al · Breast Cancer Res Treat | 2012 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) represents an attractive locoregional therapy for unresectable chest wall recurrence (CWR) from breast cancer. Thirty-five patients with cutaneous CWR after mastect… |
| Reversible | Matthiessen et al · Acta Oncol | 2012 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: Cutaneous recurrences of breast cancer may cause considerable discomfort due to ulceration, oozing, and pain and can also be difficult to treat. Electrochemotherapy is a localise… |
| Reversible | Sersa et al · Radiotherapy and Oncology | 2012 | Clinical Study | Human | – | ESTRO 31 ELECTRONIC POSTER: RADIOBIOLOGY GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS S601 TRACK: EP-1566 TESTING FOR BRACA1 AND BRACA 2 GERMLINE MUTATION UNAFFECTED MEMBERS IN FAMILIES WITH BREAST/OVARIAN CANCE… |
| Reversible | Matthiessen et al · European Journal of Cancer Supplements | 2009 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is an incurable disease, and thus removal of the primary tumour (PT) is not recommended in the routine management. However, several retrospective studies suppo… |
| Reversible | Whelan et al · European Journal of Cancer Supplements | 2006 | Clinical Study | Human | – | The application of combined chemotherapy and cancer cell permeabilising electric pulses (electrochemotherapy) has been demonstrated here to be clinically effective in the treatment and contr… |
| Reversible | Russano et al · Front Oncol | 2021 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | The treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous localizations from breast cancer (BC) is still a therapeutic challenge. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is one of the available options, and it is chara… |
| Reversible | Campana et al · J Cancer Res Clin Oncol | 2014 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of electrochemotherapy (ECT) in elderly metastatic breast cancer (BC) patients. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 55 patients with superficial… |
| Reversible | Shahverdi et al · Int J Cancer Manag | 2026 | Case Series | Human | – | Background and Objective: Breast cancer (BC), the second most prevalent cancer worldwide, poses a significant health challenge. Despite major advances in therapeutic modalities for BC, patie… |
| Reversible | Mazzotti · IJCCR | 2024 | Case Report | Human | – | Electrochemotherapy represents one of the therapeutic breakthroughs in the oncology field. In this case report, we describe a woman diagnosed with breast cancer in 2005. The case was treated… |
| Reversible | Corrado et al · Anticancer Res | 2023 | Case Report | Human | – | Background: We present the case of a recurrent malignant phyllodes tumor of the breast, after mastectomy and radiotherapy, in which electrochemotherapy (ECT) was applied to the tumor bed, to… |
| Reversible | Campana et al · J Surg Case Rep | 2022 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electrode Geometry and Placement | A 55-year-old woman with previous skin-sparing mastectomy and prosthetic reconstruction for multifocal ductal carcinoma developed homolateral axillary recurrence. Following nodal dissection,… |
| Reversible | Jensen · Case Rep Dermatol | 2022 | Case Report | Human | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Disruption of Calcium Homeostasis | We report a case of successful treatment of cutaneous metastases in HER2-positive breast cancer with calcium electroporation (CaEP), in addition to trastuzumab, over a period of 5 years. CaE… |
| Reversible | Esposito et al · Transl Cancer Res | 2021 | Case Report | Human | Necrosis and Necroptosis, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy has been shown to be safe, effective and non-invasive loco-regional treatment for chest wall breast cancer recurrence. Electrochemotherapy is a palliative treatment offer… |
| Reversible | Cencelj-Arnez et al · Radiol Oncol | 2020 | Case Report | Human | – | Background: Radiotherapy-associated angiosarcoma (RAA) of the breast is a rare complication of radiotherapy, which is often difficult to identify and has poor prognosis. It usually presents … |
| Reversible | Radica et al · AME Case Rep | 2020 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Necrosis and Necroptosis | Breast cancer is the most common cause of chest wall recurrence, skin, and subcutaneous tissue metastases which mainly occur as multiple nodes in the skin and subcutaneous tissue. When it oc… |
| Reversible | Mofid et al · Acta Med Iran | 2017 | Case Report | Human | Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a new local treatment method for solid and superficial tumors. During this new technique, patients experience an unpleasant sensation and slight edema. Most unpl… |
| Reversible | Mocerino et al · Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol | 2016 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Angiosarcomas are malignant tumors of endovascular origin, which may be divided into primary and secondary forms. Secondary breast angiosarcomas are an increasing problem, especially in pati… |
| Reversible | Wichtowski et al · Breast Care (Basel) | 2016 | Case Report | Human | – | Background: Chest wall recurrence (CWR) from breast cancer after mastectomy is a difficult to treat disease. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) provides a safe, efficient, and non-invasive locoregion… |
| Reversible | Cabula · Updates Surg | 2012 | Case Report | Human | – | Neoadjuvant electrochemotherapy of breast cancer: our experience on first case treated in Italy Carlo Cabula Received: 29 December 2010 / Accepted: 17 July 2012 / Published online: 12 August… |
| Reversible | Ferioli et al · Clin Exp Metastasis | 2020 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Skin metastases occur in 5-30% of breast cancer (BC) patients. Standard treatments include systemic therapies (chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, and immunotherapy) and local treatments (surge… |
| Reversible | Russano et al · Ther Adv Med Oncol | 2025 | Review | Literature Analysis | – | Cutaneous metastases from breast cancer, although relatively uncommon, represent the most frequent form of skin metastases overall and pose a significant clinical and therapeutic challenge. … |
| Reversible | Russano et al · Biomedicines | 2025 | Review | Literature Analysis | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Cutaneous metastases from breast carcinoma represent a debilitating complication of advanced disease progression, significantly impacting patients' quality of life. Electrochemotherapy (ECT)… |
| Reversible | Parisi et al · J Clin Med | 2024 | Review | Literature Analysis | – | Breast angiosarcoma is a rare malignancy, accounting for less than 1% of all soft tissue cancers. It comprises primitive and secondary subtypes, such as radiogenic breast angiosarcoma (RAS).… |
| Reversible | Campana et al · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | – | Skin metastases occur more commonly in breast cancer (BC) than in any other malignancy in women, exceeding 20% of all cutaneous metastases. They most commonly present on the chest wall (CW),… |
| Reversible | Wichtowski et al · Breast Care (Basel) | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Breast cancer is the most common cause of skin metastases in women. The probability of their occurrence ranges from about 5% in the entire population to as much as 30% in the late stages of … |
| Irreversible | Thomson et al · Tech Vasc Interv Radiol | 2015 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel nonthermal focal ablation technique that uses a series of brief but intense electric pulses delivered by paired electrodes into a targeted regio… |
| Reversible | Sersa et al · Cancer Treat Rev | 2012 | Review | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Chest wall breast cancer recurrence after mastectomy is a disease difficult to treat. Its incidence varies between 5% and 30% in different subset of patients. When possible, radical surgical… |
| Reversible | Radzevičiūtė-Valčiukė et al · Front Immunol | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Calcium electrochemotherapy (CaECT) is an effective alternative to standard chemotherapeutic treatments, utilizing intracellular delivery of supraphysiological calcium concentrations to indu… |
| Reversible | YazdanParast et al · Biomedicines | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Background : Electrochemotherapy enhances the intracellular delivery of anticancer agents through electroporation but is traditionally limited to cytotoxic drugs associated with significant … |
| Reversible | Barauskaitė-Šarkinienė et al · Int J Mol Sci | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) uses electroporation to enhance drug delivery into tumor cells, triggering bystander effects like immunogenicity and cell death. This study investigated bystander e… |
| Reversible | Maciulevičius et al · Ultrason Sonochem | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Calcium-based treatments have gained considerable attention in the field of electroporation, primarily, due to their comparable efficacy to conventional electro-chemotherapy. However, their … |
| Reversible | Omerzel et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Background : Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a clinically validated local ablative treatment increasingly recognized for its ability to induce immunogenic cell death and stimulate antitumor imm… |
| Reversible | Bosnjak et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, DNA Damage and Double-Strand Breaks | Electrochemotherapy (ECT), a local therapy, has different effectiveness among tumor types. In breast cancer, its effectiveness is low; therefore, combined therapies are needed. The aim of ou… |
| Reversible | Guo · Front Immunol | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Interleukin 15 (IL-15) has been evaluated as a potential treatment for solid tumors in clinical trials, but the effectiveness of systemic IL-15 administration as a monotherapy has not been r… |
| Reversible | Sundararajan et al · Biomedicines | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | In the US, every 12 min, six women are diagnosed with breast cancer and one dies. This highlights a critical need for developing alternate therapies using natural compounds, which are cost e… |
| Reversible | Savarin · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Antivascular Effect and Vessel Disruption, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Vascular-targeted therapies exhibit radiosensitizing effects by remodeling tumor vasculature, thus facilitating the increased oxygenation of the remaining tumor tissue. To examine these phen… |
| Reversible | Lanza et al · J Vet Med Sci | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Two male rats (Rattus norvegicus; 18 and 24 months old), were referred for treatment of large masses located in the axillary area. Following total body radiography and hematological and seru… |
| Irreversible | Zhang et al · PLoS One | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background and aim: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) was confirmed to control several solid tumors effectively in vivo. Our preclinical study aimed to assess the feasibility and safety of … |
| Irreversible | Zhang et al · Biomed Microdevices | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is considered predominantly as a non-thermal ablative technique that uses electrical fields to permeabilize cell membranes and lead to cell death. In this … |
| Reversible | Stimac · PLoS One | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Antivascular Effect and Vessel Disruption | Vascular targeted therapies, targeting specific endothelial cell markers, are promising approaches for the treatment of cancer. One of the targets is endoglin, transforming growth factor-β (… |
| Reversible | Mahna et al · J Membr Biol | 2013 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | From a fundamental point of view, chemotherapy is the most widely used treatment for cancers despite its side effects on normal cells and tissues. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a method for i… |
| Reversible | Wezgowiec et al · Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther | 2013 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Background: Ineffective drug delivery is a vast problem of anticancer therapies. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of enhancement of cyanines transport through the cel… |
| Reversible | Raeisi et al · Radiol Oncol | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the antitumor effectiveness of electrochemotherapy with cisplatin combined with suboptimal radiotherapy doses. Tumor radiosensitization w… |
| Reversible | Haller et al · Oncogene | 2010 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | The Notch ligand delta-like ligand 4 (DLL4) is an essential component expressed by endothelial tip cells during angiogenic sprouting. We have described a conceptually novel therapeutic strat… |
| Reversible | Shibata · BMC Med | 2010 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Apoptosis Induction | Background: Cancer metastasis contributes significantly to cancer mortality and is facilitated by lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis. A new splicing variant, endogenous soluble vascular endo… |
| Irreversible | Neal et al · Breast Cancer Res Treat | 2010 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a therapeutic technology for the ablation of soft tissues using electrodes to deliver intense but short electric pulses across a cell membrane, creating… |
| Reversible | Shibata et al · Cancer Gene Ther | 2008 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Cancer metastasis contributes significantly to cancer mortality and is facilitated by lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) and VEGF-A are involve… |
| Reversible | Curcio et al · Cancer Gene Ther | 2007 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | A recently developed, adaptive constant-current electroporation technique was used to immunize mice with an intramuscular injection of plasmid coding for the extracellular and transmembrane … |
| Reversible | Wells et al · Gene Ther | 2000 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Electroporation was applied to enhance gene transfer into subcutaneous MC2 murine breast tumors. Cultured MC2 cells were also transfected by electroporation or by cationic liposomes in the p… |
| Reversible | Belehradek et al · Eur J Cancer | 1991 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Electrochemotherapy delivers external electric pulses to the tumour site to induce local potentiation of the antitumour activity of intramuscular injections of bleomycin. C3H/Bi mice with sp… |
| Reversible | Li · Mater Today Bio | 2026 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) exhibits high local-recurrence risk despite modern systemic therapy assisted with surgery or irradiation therapy. Here, we report an injectable nano-in-m… |
| Reversible | Rembiałkowska et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2026 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress | Electrochemotherapy (ECT), combining pulsed electric fields (PEFs) with cytotoxic drugs, enhances intracellular drug delivery and tumor control; however, cellular stress responses determinin… |
| Irreversible | Wei et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2026 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress, Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD) | This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effect of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) and pulsed electric field (PEF) in inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD) in triple-negative breast can… |
| Reversible | Michel et al · Front Oncol | 2025 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF) | Introduction: Electroporation (EP) is a technique that transiently increases the permeability of the cell membrane through the application of high-voltage electric pulses, facilitating the i… |
| Reversible | Bute et al · Med Oncol | 2022 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Traditional cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy have several limitations. Therefore, their performance must be enhanced with combined methods. The purpose of this study … |
| Reversible | Rembiałkowska et al · Molecules | 2022 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | (1) Background: Pulsed electric field (PEF) techniques are commonly used to support the delivery of various molecules. A PEF seems a promising method for low permeability drugs or when cells… |
| Irreversible | Jiang et al · Biosensors (Basel) | 2022 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal tumor ablation technique that delivers short pulses of strong electric fields to cancer tissues and induces cell death through the destruc… |
| Reversible | Abd-Elghany · Electromagn Biol Med | 2021 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The study aimed to evaluate the possibility to perform electrochemotherapy using nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) and low electric field (LEF) monopolar electrical impulses to allevi… |
| Reversible | Sundararajan et al · Appl Biochem Biotechnol | 2021 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Apoptosis Induction | Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are available and/or induced for the survival of all organisms, including eukaryotic, prokaryotic, and plants, from higher temperature stresses. They are the chape… |
| Reversible | Mittal et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2020 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Apoptosis Induction | Curcumin (Cur), the yellow pigment of well-known turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is effective in multiple cancers including triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). In combination with electrical p… |
| Reversible | Mittal et al · Sci Rep | 2020 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress | Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents 15-20% of the over one million new breast cancer cases occurring each year. TNBC is an aggressive cancer phenotype, with low 5-year survival r… |
| Reversible | Rembiałkowska et al · Applied Sciences | 2020 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Electroporation increases the transmembrane transport of molecules. The combination of electric pulses with cytostatic compounds is beneficial for cancer treatment. Doxorubicin (DOX) is a co… |
| Reversible | Sieni · Cancers (Basel) | 2020 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Preservation of Extracellular Matrix and Tissue Scaffold | Gene Electro-Transfer (GET) is a powerful method of DNA delivery with great potential for medical applications. Although GET has been extensively studied in vitro and in vivo, the optimal pa… |
| Reversible | Vera-Tizatl et al · Electromagn Biol Med | 2020 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | In order to establish cancer-type-specific electroporation protocols for breast cancer, electroporation was performed in vitro in two modalities: in-suspension and adhered cells. Electropora… |
| Reversible | Aslam et al · RSC Adv | 2019 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Transmembrane Potential Change, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Electroporation has offered important biomedical applications in electrochemotherapy, tissue ablation and gene editing recently. Time and computation efficient analytical and numerical model… |
| Reversible | Hoejholt et al · Sci Rep | 2019 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Calcium electroporation is a novel anti-cancer treatment investigated in clinical trials. We explored cell sensitivity to calcium electroporation and electroporation with bleomycin, using vi… |
| Reversible | Mittal et al · Sci Rep | 2019 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Apoptosis Induction | Due to the lack of the three main receptors, triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is refractive to standard chemotherapy. Hence, alternate therapies are needed. TNBCs utilize glycolysis, whi… |
| Irreversible | Goswami et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2017 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Low-level electric fields have been demonstrated to induce spatial re-distribution of cell membrane receptors when applied for minutes or hours. However, there is limited literature on the i… |
| Reversible | Pehlivanova et al · Cancer Cell Int | 2012 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Recently electroporation using biphasic pulses was successfully applied in clinical developments for treating tumours in humans and animals. We evaluated the effects of electrica… |
| Reversible | Kulbacka et al · Folia Biol (Praha) | 2011 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | – | Phototoxicity of drugs used in cancer photodynamic therapy could be augmented by increased accumulation of a photosensitizer in target cells. The intracellular delivery mode that enhances dr… |
| Irreversible | Neal et al · Ann Biomed Eng | 2009 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Developments in breast cancer therapies show potential for replacing simple and radical mastectomies with less invasive techniques. Localized thermal techniques encounter difficulties, preve… |
| Reversible | Parisi et al · – | 2023 | Preprint | – | – | Breast Angiosarcoma is a rare malignancy, accounting less than 1% of all soft tissue. It comprises primitive and secondary subtypes, such as radiogenic breast angiosarcoma (RAS). Despite the… |
| Reversible | Esposito et al · – | 2020 | Preprint | – | Necrosis and Necroptosis, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Background Electrochemotherapy has been shown to be safe, effective and non-invasive loco-regional treatment for chest wall breast cancer recurrence. Electrochemotherapy is the gold standard… |
| Reversible | Łapińska et al · Adv Clin Exp Med | 2022 | Editorial / Letter | Human | – | Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women, and its incidence is increasing every year. Current treatment is based on surgical resection, chemotherapy (CT), radiotherapy, and horm… |
| Reversible | Di Meo et al · J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol | 2019 | Editorial / Letter | Human | – | N/A |
| Reversible | Campana et al · Breast Cancer Res Treat | 2017 | Editorial / Letter | Human | – | Breast Cancer Res Treat (2017) 163:403–405 DOI 10.1007/s10549-017-4187-7 REBUTTAL LETTER Effective treatment of intractable cutaneous metastases of breast cancer with electrochemotherapy: a … |
| Reversible | Bosnjak et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2021 | Correction / Erratum | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Bioelectrochemistry 141 (2021) 107865 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Bioelectrochemistry journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/bioelechem Corrigendum Corrigendum to ‘‘PARP inh… |
| Reversible | Mittal et al · Sci Rep | 2019 | Correction / Erratum | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. |
| Reversible | Zheng et al · Gland Surg | 2012 | Not reported | – | – | Luca G. Campana, MD, PhD, Sarcoma and Melanoma Unit, Veneto Region Oncology Research Institute (IOVIRCCS) (Figure 1). |
Limitations
The counts on this page are bounded by the scope of the source PDF archive and are not a systematic review of the area's literature. Study type and mechanism labels are derived automatically; for critical decisions consult the full texts of the publications listed. The evidence level reflects the number of publications, not their methodological quality.