Malignant Melanoma
Skin & Superficial Tumours
Cutaneous and subcutaneous melanoma metastases are the single tumour type most intensively studied with electrochemotherapy. The method is used for local control in numerous, recurrent lesions unsuited to surgery. The current research line focuses on combining it with immune checkpoint inhibitors to obtain a systemic response from a local treatment.
175total publications
57clinical studies
68preclinical studies
23reviews
1996–2026publication span
Evidence Status by Regime
Reversible electroporation (RE-ECT)
168publications
56clinical
63preclinical
Clinical Evidence
1996–2026 · In Routine Clinical Use
Irreversible electroporation (IRE-ECT)
7publications
1clinical
5preclinical
Preclinical Evidence
2013–2026 · Under Clinical Investigation
Mechanisms Reported in This Area
Terms were detected by automatic matching over publication abstracts; the figure gives the number of publications containing the term.
Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation 54
Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) 34
Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation 24
Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation 22
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination 20
Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability 18
Necrosis and Necroptosis 17
Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation 16
Apoptosis Induction 15
Optimisation of Pulse Parameters 15
Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response 14
Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death 11
Study Type Distribution
Bar length is scaled to the most common study type; the percentage gives the share of the whole area. Colour marks the evidence tier of the study type, the same scale as the evidence map.
| Study type | Publications | Share within this area |
|---|---|---|
| Randomized Clinical Trial | 3 | 2% |
| Prospective Clinical Study | 2 | 1% |
| Clinical Study | 44 | 25% |
| Retrospective Clinical Study | 7 | 4% |
| Case Series | 1 | <1% |
| Case Report | 19 | 11% |
| Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | 5 | 3% |
| Guideline / Consensus | 1 | <1% |
| Review | 18 | 10% |
| Animal Study | 59 | 34% |
| In Vitro Study | 9 | 5% |
| Survey / Field Study | 1 | <1% |
| Preprint | 1 | <1% |
| Editorial / Letter | 3 | 2% |
| Correction / Erratum | 1 | <1% |
| Not reported | 1 | <1% |
Literature Evidence Table
175 publications listed in order of evidence strength. Click a title to open the citation, mechanism and full abstract drawer.
| Regime | Publication | Year | Study type | Model | Mechanism | Abstract |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reversible | Gaudy et al · J Cutan Med Surg | 2006 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) combines intralesional injections of bleomycin with electroporation (EP), which permeabilizes tumor cells and thus increases the bleomycin efficacy at t… |
| Reversible | Byrne et al · Melanoma Res | 2005 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electroporation therapy (EPT) is a novel treatment modality that uses brief, high-intensity, pulsed electrical currents to enhance the uptake of chemotherapeutic agents, vaccines and genes i… |
| Reversible | Sersa et al · Clin Cancer Res | 2000 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Electrochemotherapy consists of chemotherapy followed by local application of electric pulses to the tumor to increase drug delivery into the cells. The aim of this Phase II clinical study w… |
| Reversible | Rózsa et al · Dermatologic Therapy | 2025 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Introduction: Immunosuppressed patients face a significantly higher risk of developing malignant skin tumors compared to the general population, often presenting with numerous, rapidly growi… |
| Reversible | Theurich et al · Cancer Immunol Res | 2016 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination, Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response | Immune checkpoint inhibition with ipilimumab has revolutionized cancer immunotherapy and significantly improved outcomes of patients with advanced malignant melanoma. Local peripheral treatm… |
| Reversible | Kempa-Kamińska et al · EJC Skin Cancer | 2026 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Differentiating dysplastic nevi from early melanoma remains one of the most challenging issues in daily practice. While dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy have improved diagnosti… |
| Reversible | Caballero-Borrego et al · Braz J Otorhinolaryngol | 2024 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerance after the electrochemotherapy treatment for local therapy of cutaneous and subcutaneous metastases of head-and-neck tumors and malignant me… |
| Reversible | Vissing · Acta Oncol | 2024 | Clinical Study | Human | Necrosis and Necroptosis, Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response | Background and purpose: Calcium electroporation (CaEP) involves injecting calcium into tumour tissues and using electrical pulses to create membrane pores that induce cell death. This study … |
| Reversible | Ascierto et al · J Transl Med | 2022 | Clinical Study | Human | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination | Advances in immune checkpoint and combination therapy have led to improvement in overall survival for patients with advanced melanoma. Improved understanding of the tumor, tumor microenviron… |
| Reversible | Kraemer et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2022 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is the combination of transient pore formation following electric pulse application with the administration of cytotoxic drugs, which enhances the cytotoxic effect … |
| Reversible | Ziętek et al · Postepy Dermatol Alergol | 2022 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Introduction: Patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma (MM), in case of non-resectability of the lesions, have only a limited pool of the available treatment options. In recent years espec… |
| Reversible | Fiorentzis et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2021 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is emerging as a complementary treatment modality for local tumor control in various cancer entities. Irradiation is an established therapeutic option for oncologic… |
| Reversible | Sersa et al · European Journal of Surgical Oncology | 2021 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | While the risks associated with sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy in the regional nodal staging for malignant melanoma are low, efforts have been made at identifying patients in whom the proc… |
| Reversible | Ascierto et al · J Transl Med | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination | The melanoma treatment landscape changed in 2011 with the approval of the first anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein (CTLA)-4 checkpoint inhibitor and of the first BRAF-targeted mo… |
| Reversible | Jamsek et al · Radiol Oncol | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a local cancer treatment based on electroporation where the electric field is used to enhance cell membrane permeability and thereby facilitating the … |
| Reversible | Campana et al · European Journal of Surgical Oncology | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) has evolved considerably over the past decade, but its application is yet to be standardized. In fact, a lack of agreement exists on eligible patients, timing of tr… |
| Reversible | Odili et al · European Journal of Surgical Oncology | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Basal cell carcinoma(BCC) is one of the most common skin malignancies worldwide. In comparison to current management strategies for BCC, electrochemotherapy (ECT) proved to be a valid altern… |
| Reversible | Ascierto · J Transl Med | 2018 | Clinical Study | Human | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination | Metastatic melanoma represents a challenging clinical situation and, until relatively recently, there was an absence of effective treatment options. However, in 2011, the advanced melanoma t… |
| Reversible | Campana et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2018 | Clinical Study | Human | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | Electrochemotherapy is an established treatment option for patients with superficially metastatic tumors, mainly malignant melanoma and breast cancer. Based on preliminary experiences, elect… |
| Reversible | Ascierto · J Transl Med | 2017 | Clinical Study | Human | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination | Major advances have been made in the treatment of cancer with targeted therapy and immunotherapy; several FDA-approved agents with associated improvement of 1-year survival rates became avai… |
| Reversible | Kunte et al · Br J Dermatol | 2017 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: (ECT) is an effective local treatment for cutaneous metastasis. Treatment involves the administration of chemotherapeutic drugs followed by delivery of electrical pulses to the t… |
| Reversible | Bigi et al · Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol | 2016 | Clinical Study | Human | Apoptosis Induction, Necrosis and Necroptosis | Background: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is increasingly used in the treatment of primary and secondary skin tumors, but little is known about the pathologic mechanism responsible for tumor cel… |
| Reversible | Di Gennaro et al · Clin Exp Metastasis | 2016 | Clinical Study | Human | Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD) | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) represents an effective local treatment for skin unresectable melanoma metastases with high overall objective response rate. ECT is based on the combination of anti… |
| Reversible | Dolinsek et al · Radiol Oncol | 2016 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Background: The aim of the study was to explore the effectiveness of electrochemotherapy (ECT) during the treatment of melanoma patients with BRAF inhibitors. Its effectiveness was tested on… |
| Reversible | Grau et al · Braz J Otorhinolaryngol | 2016 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Necrosis and Necroptosis | Introduction: Local progression of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) after failure of standard therapies may cause pain, ulceration, and bleeding. As patients are fully aware of the tumor gr… |
| Reversible | Bhatia et al · European Journal of Cancer | 2015 | Clinical Study | Human | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Interleukin-12 (IL-12), a master regulator of adaptive type-1 immunity, has demonstrated antitumor efficacy, but is associated with severe toxicities when administered systemically. Local IL-… |
| Reversible | Caracò et al · Melanoma Manag | 2015 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Aim: This study was undertaken to update the outcome of the treated lesions with electrochemotherapy (ECT) plus intravenous injection of bleomycin in patients with in-transit disease or dist… |
| Reversible | Mir-Bonafé et al · Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas (English Edition) | 2015 | Clinical Study | Human | Necrosis and Necroptosis | Electrochemotherapy is indicated for the treatment of unresectable cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors. The technique involves the synergistic use of electroporation of cell membranes to incre… |
| Reversible | Mozzillo et al · J Transl Med | 2014 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background Treatment of early and multiple cutaneous unresectable recurrences is a major therapeutic problem with around 80% of patients relapsing within 5 years [1]. For lesions refractory … |
| Reversible | Caracò et al · BMC Cancer | 2013 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: Treatment of early and multiple cutaneous unresectable recurrences is a major therapeutic problem with around 80% of patients relapsing within 5 years. For lesions refractory to … |
| Reversible | Rastrelli et al · ISRN Dermatol | 2013 | Clinical Study | Human | – | This paper reviews the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of M zero cutaneous melanoma including the most recent developments. This review also examined the main risk factors for melanom… |
| Reversible | Ricotti et al · Dermatol Ther | 2013 | Clinical Study | Human | Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | Treatment of multiple cutaneous and subcutaneous melanoma metastases is still represents a therapeutic challenge for both dermatologists and oncologists. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a promi… |
| Irreversible | Mandel et al · PLoS One | 2013 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular tumor in adults and is characterized by high rates of metastatic disease. Although brachytherapy is the most common globe-sparing t… |
| Reversible | Campana et al · Br J Surg | 2012 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: The aim of the study was to determine predictive factors for effectiveness, toxicity and local disease control in patients with malignant melanoma treated with bleomycin-based el… |
| Reversible | Di Monta et al · European Journal of Surgical Oncology (EJSO) | 2012 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Peritoneal carcinomatosis of whatever origin has been considered a systemic metastatic condition with extremely poor prognosis. Combining cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperiton… |
| Reversible | Gerlini et al · Clin Exp Metastasis | 2012 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a novel treatment for recurrent or in-transit unresectable melanoma metastases based on the administration of anti-neoplastic drugs followed by cancer cell elect… |
| Reversible | Mozzillo et al · European Journal of Surgical Oncology (EJSO) | 2012 | Clinical Study | Human | – | The treatment of iliac obturator lymph nodes in groin metastasis from melanoma is still a matter of contention. Iliac obturator laparoscopic lymphadenectomy via the transperitoneal route is … |
| Reversible | Testori et al · Dermatol Ther | 2012 | Clinical Study | Human | Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response | Nowadays, melanoma is one of the most common fatal malignancy of young adults. Incidence is increasing, but mortality rates from melanoma have remained stable. In-transit metastases from ext… |
| Reversible | Farricha et al · Melanoma Research | 2010 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Introduction We started to perform Electrochemotherapy (ECT) in Lisbon since February 2008. We initially treated mainly Melanoma patients but with the growing knowledge on this technique we … |
| Reversible | Kyrgias et al · Melanoma Research | 2010 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Introduction ECT is based on the local delivery of electric pulses that causes transient permeabilisation of the cell membrane, facilitating the intracellular delivery of chemotherapeutic dr… |
| Reversible | Bonehill et al · Clin Cancer Res | 2009 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Purpose: A critical factor determining the effectiveness of currently used dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines is the DC activation or maturation status. We have recently shown that the T-cel… |
| Reversible | Campana et al · Ann Surg Oncol | 2009 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) has emerged as a complementary treatment for superficial metastases. Fifty-two consecutive patients with different cancer histotypes, mainly melanoma and breast can… |
| Reversible | Daud et al · J Clin Oncol | 2008 | Clinical Study | Human | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation | Purpose: Gene-based immunotherapy for cancer is limited by the lack of safe, efficient, reproducible, and titratable delivery methods. Direct injection of DNA into tissue, although safer tha… |
| Reversible | Quaglino et al · Ann Surg Oncol | 2008 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Background: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) combines chemotherapy and electroporation to increase drug uptake. Its role in cutaneous melanoma metastasis treatment is not well defined; indeed, few … |
| Reversible | Sersa · European Journal of Cancer Supplements | 2006 | Clinical Study | Human | – | The first clinical study on electrochemotherapy was published in 1991, reporting good treatment effectiveness of electrochemotherapy on cutaneous tumour nodules of head and neck tumours.1 Th… |
| Reversible | Gehl et al · Melanoma Res | 2000 | Clinical Study | Human | Haemostasis and Bleeding Control, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electric pulses can cause transient permeabilization of cell membranes (electroporation) and this can be utilized to increase the uptake of chemotherapy (electrochemotherapy). Preclinical st… |
| Reversible | Rols et al · Melanoma Res | 2000 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy is a new anticancer therapy in which transient permeabilization of cells by an electric field induces a significant increase in the bleomycin concentration and toxicity i… |
| Reversible | Serša et al · Melanoma Res | 2000 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | The application of electric pulses to skin tumour nodules enhances the antitumour effectiveness of cisplatin. This treatment approach, known as electrochemotherapy, was employed in the treat… |
| Reversible | Glass · Arch Dermatol | 1996 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background Electroporation is a new technique that enhances the antitumor effects of chemotherapy by exposing cancerous tissues to pulses of electricity. When used in combination with conven… |
| Reversible | Siegmund et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2025 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | – | Background/Objectives : Electrochemotherapy (ECT) has emerged as a promising locoregional treatment modality for patients with cutaneous and subcutaneous melanoma metastases. While systemic … |
| Reversible | Campana et al · European Journal of Surgical Oncology | 2024 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination, Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response | Adjuvant BRAF/MEK inhibitors and immunotherapy with anti-PD-1 have become the standard of care for resected high-risk stage III and IV melanoma, but a head-to-head comparison in a clinical t… |
| Reversible | Zdzienicki et al · J Clin Med | 2024 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | – | Background/Objectives : Despite observing progress in recent years in the treatment of patients with advanced melanoma, the optimal management of locoregional recurrence has not been determi… |
| Reversible | Mohr et al · Adv Ther | 2019 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | – | Introduction: Talimogene laherparepvec is a first-in-class oncolytic immunotherapy for intratumoral injection with proven efficacy and tolerability in patients with unresectable early metast… |
| Reversible | Heppt et al · Cancer Immunol Immunother | 2016 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination | Growing evidence suggests that concurrent loco-regional and systemic treatment modalities may lead to synergistic anti-tumor effects in advanced melanoma. In this retrospective multicenter s… |
| Reversible | Hribernik et al · Radiol Oncol | 2016 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | – | Background: The combination of electrochemotherapy with immuno-modulatory treatments has already been explored and proven effective. However, the role of interferon alpha (IFN-α) adjuvant th… |
| Reversible | Mozzillo et al · Oncoimmunology | 2015 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Melanoma is responsible for most skin cancer-related deaths and is one of the most common cancers diagnosed in young adults. In melanoma, tumors can become established by activation of the n… |
| Reversible | YazdanParast et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2025 | Case Series | Human | – | PurposeThis study aimed to investigate the efficacy of electrochemotherapy on the three common types of skin cancer, including basal cell carcinoma (BCC), cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (… |
| Reversible | Russano et al · J Pers Med | 2024 | Case Report | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) are common human malignancies with a rising incidence in recent years. While BCCs have a low mortality rate, they are often associated with significa… |
| Reversible | Morgese et al · Mol Clin Oncol | 2023 | Case Report | Human | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination | Immune checkpoint inhibitors have changed the natural history of advanced melanoma. Despite this, a notable proportion of patients immediately relapse or develop resistance during immunother… |
| Reversible | Vissing et al · Acta Oncol | 2023 | Case Report | Human | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination | Calcium electroporation (CaEP) has demonstrated promising results for local treatment of cutaneous metastases from breast cancer, melanoma, and head-and-neck cancer in initial clinical trial… |
| Reversible | Corvino et al · J Ultrasound Med | 2022 | Case Report | Human | – | Cutaneous melanoma incidence is increasing worldwide, representing an aggressive tumor when evolving to the metastatic phase. High-resolution ultrasound (US) is playing a growing role in the… |
| Reversible | Landström et al · Melanoma Manag | 2022 | Case Report | Human | – | Despite the progress in immunotherapy and targeted therapy for patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma not all patients with loco-regional recurrences will respond to treatment. Electroch… |
| Reversible | Russano et al · Oncol Lett | 2022 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | The Buschke-Löwenstein tumor (BLT), also known as giant condyloma acuminatum, is a rare sexually transmitted disease often associated with human papillomavirus types 6 and 11. There are no s… |
| Reversible | Quaresmini et al · Front Oncol | 2021 | Case Report | Human | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination | Background: Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors is one of the main therapies for advanced melanoma. Nevertheless, albeit remarkable, immunotherapy results are still unsatisfactor… |
| Reversible | Gallagher et al · JPRAS Open | 2020 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Bleomycin electrochemotherapy (ECT) has emerged as a treatment modality for locally advanced metastatic melanoma over the past decade. The phenomenon of reversible electroporation enhances c… |
| Reversible | Saad et al · Eur J Plast Surg | 2020 | Case Report | Human | – | The management of sinister cutaneous lesions including malignant melanoma in the clinically frail patient tends to present clinicians with a professional and ethical dilemma on the optimal b… |
| Reversible | Falk et al · Acta Oncol | 2017 | Case Report | Human | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response | In this case study, we report a remarkable systemic response after treatment with electrochemotherapy and calcium electroporation in a patient with disseminated malignant melanoma.Electroche… |
| Reversible | Brizio et al · Eur J Dermatol | 2015 | Case Report | Human | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination, Necrosis and Necroptosis | Skin metastases represent a relatively frequent event in the natural history of melanoma, developing both in early and in late disease stages. Cutaneous or subcutaneous lesions arise in 15-2… |
| Reversible | Valpione et al · Radiol Oncol | 2015 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: Small molecules that inhibit V600 mutated BRAF protein, such as vemurafenib and dabrafenib, are effective in treatment of metastatic melanoma. Case report: We here describe the c… |
| Reversible | Mozzillo et al · J Transl Med | 2012 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: Approximately 200,000 new cases of melanoma are diagnosed worldwide each year. Skin metastases are a frequent event, occurring in 18.2% of cases. This can be distressing for the … |
| Reversible | Miklavcic et al · Biomed Eng Online | 2010 | Case Report | Human | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Background: Electrochemotherapy treats tumors by combining specific chemotherapeutic drugs with an intracellular target and electric pulses, which increases drug uptake into the tumor cells.… |
| Reversible | Snoj et al · Tumori | 2009 | Case Report | Human | Electrode Geometry and Placement, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Aims and background: Electrochemotherapy is an effective local treatment for tumors that combines administration of a chemotherapeutic drug with the subsequent application of electric pulses… |
| Reversible | Snoj et al · Croat Med J | 2007 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Multiple unresectable melanoma skin metastases pose a treatment problem, especially in centers where isolated limb perfusion is not available. We report the case of a 59-year-old woman who d… |
| Reversible | Gehl et al · European Journal of Cancer Supplements | 2006 | Case Report | Human | Haemostasis and Bleeding Control | Increasing emphasis is being put on palliation of terminally ill cancer patients. Bleeding skin metastases are one of the many grievances that may negatively affect quality of life. In the s… |
| Reversible | Kubota et al · Melanoma Res | 2005 | Case Report | Human | – | Kubota, Yoko; Tomita, Yoshihiko; Tsukigi, Masaaki; Kurachi, Hirohisa; Motoyama, Teiichi; Mir, Lluis M. Author Information |
| Reversible | Snoj et al · Anticancer Drugs | 2005 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Anorectal malignant melanoma is a rare tumor and there is no consensus on whether aggressive or local management is more appropriate. Local sphincter-saving excision has been shown to have a… |
| Reversible | Vickars et al · Cureus | 2025 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | – | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a locoregional cancer treatment primarily used in the palliative management of cutaneous metastases from malignant melanoma. However, its clinical effectiveness,… |
| Reversible | Milicevic et al · Int J Mol Sci | 2023 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination | Cutaneous melanoma is a highly aggressive form of skin cancer. The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized the management of advanced melanoma, led to durable r… |
| Reversible | Ferioli et al · Clin Exp Metastasis | 2022 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Necrosis and Necroptosis | The main treatment of MM metastases are systemic therapies, surgery, limb perfusion, and intralesional talimogene laherparepvec. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is potentially useful also due to t… |
| Reversible | Aguado-Romeo et al · Actas Dermosifiliogr | 2017 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | – | Electrochemotherapy is a therapeutic option for the treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous metastases from melanoma and other tumors. The procedure consists of the administration of antican… |
| Reversible | Kis et al · Dermatologic Surgery | 2011 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | OBJECTIVES Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a novel therapeutic option for the treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous metastases of malignant melanoma. During the treatment, electric pulses are… |
| Reversible | Campana et al · Br J Surg | 2023 | Guideline / Consensus | Human | – | Background Skin metastases are an important co-morbidity in melanoma. Despite broad adoption, electrochemotherapy implementation is hindered by a lack of treatment indications, uncertainty r… |
| Reversible | Ahmad et al · J Clin Med | 2024 | Review | Literature Analysis | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response | Electroporation with chemotherapy (ECT) is currently offered as a treatment in Europe for locoregional or metastatic melanoma with cutaneous lesions. However, the role of surgery and other f… |
| Reversible | Criado-Otero et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2024 | Review | Literature Analysis | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response | Cutaneous melanoma is a malignant neoplasm with local and distant metastatic potential. When feasible, surgery is the first line of treatment in locoregionally advanced disease. Topical and … |
| Reversible | Russano et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2024 | Review | Literature Analysis | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination | In-transit metastases (ITM) in melanoma present a significant therapeutic challenge due to their advanced stage and complex clinical nature. From traditional management with surgical resecti… |
| Reversible | Justesen et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2022 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The discovery of electroporation in 1968 has led to the development of electrochemotherapy (ECT) and irreversible electroporation (IRE). ECT and IRE have been established as treatments of cu… |
| Reversible | Cucu et al · Materials (Basel) | 2021 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is an effective bioelectrochemical procedure that uses controlled electrical pulses to facilitate the increase of intracellular concentration of certain substances … |
| Reversible | Sagwal et al · Oxid Med Cell Longev | 2021 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress | Metabolic energy production naturally generates unwanted products such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing oxidative damage. Oxidative damage has been linked to several pathologies, in… |
| Reversible | Zawit · Ann Transl Med | 2021 | Review | Literature Analysis | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Prognosis of metastatic melanoma has undergone substantial improvement with the discovery of checkpoint inhibitors. Immunotherapies and targeted therapies have improved the median overall su… |
| Reversible | Goggins et al · Int J Dermatol | 2018 | Review | Human | – | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a treatment modality that combines low-dose chemotherapy with electroporation, thereby enhancing cytotoxicity. ECT was first utilized in the treatment of metasta… |
| Reversible | Wichtowski et al · Contemp Oncol (Pozn) | 2018 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electrochemotherapy is a new therapeutic option for patients with locally spread melanoma. It is based on the phenomenon of reversible electroporation, i.e. a transient increase in permeabil… |
| Reversible | Campana et al · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | – | Cutaneous metastases are not unusual in the clinical course of malignant melanoma, occurring in 2–20% of patients, depending on primary tumor features and disease stage. Patients with superfi… |
| Reversible | Rutkowski et al · Melanoma Manag | 2014 | Review | Literature Analysis | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination, Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response | The majority of locoregional relapses of cutaneous melanoma occur as subcutaneous local recurrences/in-transit metastases; subcutaneous metastases (SMs) are also common in distant metastases… |
| Reversible | Solivetti et al · J Exp Clin Cancer Res | 2014 | Review | Human | – | Background: Over the past several years the incidence of cutaneous melanoma has rapidly increased. This tumor develops often in-transit metastases that significantly reduce patient survival … |
| Reversible | Campana et al · J Surg Oncol | 2013 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Superficially metastatic melanoma still represents a challenging situation for oncologists and a distressing condition for patients. In this circumstance, local treatment by electrochemother… |
| Reversible | Wong et al · N Am J Med Sci | 2013 | Review | Literature Analysis | – | Skin metastases are rare in the routine clinical practice of dermatology, but are of major clinical significance because they usually indicate advanced disease. We reviewed the literature on… |
| Reversible | Good et al · J Am Acad Dermatol | 2011 | Review | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Intralesional agents have a role in the management of cutaneous malignancies. In this article, the efficacy, side effects, strengths, limitations, costs, and practical considerations regardi… |
| Reversible | C. Heller et al · Curr Gene Ther | 2010 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation | In vivo electroporation (EP) is a versatile delivery method for gene transfer which can be applied to any accessible tissue. Delivery of plasmid DNA encoding therapeutic genes or cDNAs with … |
| Reversible | Möller et al · Expert Rev Anticancer Ther | 2009 | Review | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Treatment of recurrent or in-transit unresectable melanoma continues to be a major therapeutic challenge. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a therapeutic option for those patients whose lesions a… |
| Reversible | Byrne et al · Expert Rev Anticancer Ther | 2006 | Review | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Electroporation is a novel therapeutic modality that uses pulsed electrical currents to enhance the uptake of drugs, vaccines and genes into cells, and has been used for over 20 years. Elect… |
| Reversible | Blažič et al · Sci Rep | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | High-intensity pulsed electric fields induce transient increase in membrane permeability, a phenomenon known as electroporation, with broad applications in medicine, including electrochemoth… |
| Reversible | Brišar · Sci Rep | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Our study introduces a novel bacteriophage-based vaccine strategy and evaluates its antitumor efficacy, both as a standalone therapy and in combination with gene electrotransfer (GET) of int… |
| Reversible | Heller et al · Mol Ther Oncol | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a potent immune stimulator that induces the proliferation and activation of natural killer (NK) and T cells and the secretion of interferon (IFN)-γ. While IL-12 is … |
| Reversible | Kamenšek · Pharmaceutics | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Background/Objectives : Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) hold the potential for tumor-targeted gene delivery due to their ex vivo manipulability, low immunogenicity, scalability, and inheren… |
| Reversible | Omerzel et al · Radiol Oncol | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Background: In recent years, various gene therapy strategies have been developed for cancer treatment. One of these strategies is electroporation-based delivery of therapeutic transgenes - g… |
| Reversible | Uršič Valentinuzzi et al · Front Immunol | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Introduction: In addition to its direct cytotoxic effects, ablative therapies as electrochemotherapy (ECT) can elicit indirect antitumor effects by triggering immune system responses. Here, … |
| Irreversible | Wu et al · Cancer Immunol Immunother | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Melanoma is one of the deadliest forms of skin cancer. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is an innovative, non-thermal ablation technology for treating irresectable solid cancer… |
| Reversible | Anastasova et al · Pharmaceuticals (Basel) | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion | Uveal melanoma (UM) represents a rare tumor of the uveal tract and is associated with a poor prognosis due to the high risk of metastasis. Despite advances in the treatment of UM, the mortal… |
| Reversible | Heller · Mol Ther Nucleic Acids | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination, Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation | Interleukin-12 (IL-12) gene electrotransfer (GET) delivery is highly effective in inducing long-term, complete regression in mouse and human melanoma and other solid tumors. Therapeutic effi… |
| Reversible | Mickevičiūtė et al · Int J Mol Sci | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | The phenomenon known as bipolar cancellation is observed when biphasic nanosecond electric field pulses are used, which results in reduced electroporation efficiency when compared to unipola… |
| Reversible | Tsimpaki et al · Int J Mol Sci | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion | Despite recent advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of uveal melanoma (UM), its metastatic rate remains high and is accompanied by a highly dismal prognosis, constituting an unmet nee… |
| Reversible | Ušaj · J Membr Biol | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Cell-based therapies hold great potential for cancer immunotherapy. This approach is based on manipulation of dendritic cells to activate immune system against specific cancer antigens. For … |
| Irreversible | Fesmire · Front Vet Sci | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Introduction: Integrated time nanosecond pulse irreversible electroporation (INSPIRE) is a novel tumor ablation modality that employs high voltage, alternating polarity waveforms to induce c… |
| Reversible | Lisec et al · Front Immunol | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Introduction: In calcium electroporation (CaEP), electroporation enables the cellular uptake of supraphysiological concentrations of Ca 2+ , causing the induction of cell death. The effectiv… |
| Reversible | Lv et al · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Hundreds of high frequency bipolar pulse bursts with ∼1 μs have been suggested to alleviate muscle contractions and pain during the irreversible electroporation (IRE) tumor treatment. This s… |
| Reversible | Savarin · Int J Mol Sci | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Antivascular Effect and Vessel Disruption | Targeting the tumor vasculature through specific endothelial cell markers involved in different signaling pathways represents a promising tool for tumor radiosensitization. Two prominent tar… |
| Reversible | Tellado et al · Vaccines (Basel) | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a standard of care in veterinary and human oncology. The treatment induces a well-characterized local immune response which is not able to induce a systemic resp… |
| Reversible | Kamensek · Heliyon | 2022 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is a cytokine used as a therapeutic molecule in cancer immunotherapy. Gene electrotransfer mediated delivery of IL-12 gene has reached clinical evaluation in the USA u… |
| Reversible | Vega Díez et al · Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas | 2022 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | ACTAS Dermo-Sifiliográficas 113 (2022) T817---T818 RESIDENT’S FORUM [Translated article] RF----Electrochemotherapy in the Treatment of Primary and Secondary Skin Tumors FR----Electroquimiotera… |
| Reversible | Vizintin et al · Radiol Oncol | 2022 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Background: Nanosecond electric pulses showed promising results in electrochemotherapy, but the underlying mechanisms of action are still unexplored. The aim of this work was to correlate ce… |
| Irreversible | Rao et al · Sci Rep | 2022 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Microsecond pulsed electric fields (PEF) have previously been used for various tumour therapies, such as gene therapy, electrochemotherapy and irreversible electroporation (IRE), due to its … |
| Reversible | Brloznik et al · Sci Rep | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation | Electrochemotherapy with bleomycin (ECT BLM) is an effective antitumor treatment already used in clinical oncology. However, ECT alone is still considered a local antitumor therapy because i… |
| Reversible | Savarin · Int J Mol Sci | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Antivascular Effect and Vessel Disruption | Targeting tumor vasculature through specific endothelial cell markers represents a promising approach for cancer treatment. Here our aim was to construct an antibiotic resistance gene-free p… |
| Reversible | Chung et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The effectiveness of electrochemotherapy (ECT) in local eradication of tumours in human and veterinary medicine has been proven. ECT consists of increasing the uptake of cytotoxic drugs by m… |
| Reversible | Kranjc · Vaccines (Basel) | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The contactless high intensity pulsed electromagnetic field (HI-PEMF)-induced increase of cell membrane permeability is similar to conventional electroporation, with the important difference… |
| Reversible | Kranjc · Vaccines (Basel) | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | In this study, radiotherapy was combined with the gene electrotransfer (GET) of plasmid encoding shRNA against melanoma cell adhesion molecule (pMCAM) with dual action, which was a vascular-… |
| Reversible | Remic · Vaccines (Basel) | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation | Tumor cell-based vaccines use tumor cells as a source of tumor-associated antigens. In our study, we aimed to develop and test a tumor vaccine composed of tumor cells killed by irradiation c… |
| Reversible | Shirley · Cancers (Basel) | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Gene electrotransfer (GET) is a safe, reliable, and effective method of delivering plasmid DNA (pDNA) to solid tumors. GET has been previously used to deliver interleukin-15 (IL-15) to mouse… |
| Reversible | Tremble · Sci Rep | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electroporation in combination with chemotherapy is an established treatment used on solid malignancies that results in enhanced chemotherapeutic uptake. Recent advances have begun to transi… |
| Reversible | Fiorentzis et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular tumor that arises from neoplastic melanocytes in the choroid, iris, and ciliary body. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) has been successful… |
| Reversible | Guida et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Background : A limited degree of progression after a response to treatment is labelled as oligoprogression and is a hot topic of metastatic melanoma (MM) management. Rogue progressive metast… |
| Reversible | Rossi et al · Sci Rep | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Apoptosis Induction | Accumulating data indicates that some cancer treatments can restore anticancer immunosurveillance through the induction of tumor immunogenic cell death (ICD). Nanosecond pulsed electric fiel… |
| Reversible | Scuderi et al · Radiol Oncol | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | Background In electrochemotherapy (ECT), chemotherapeutics are first administered, followed by short 100 μs monopolar pulses. However, these pulses cause pain and muscle contractions. It is … |
| Reversible | Bosnjak · Cancers (Basel) | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Several studies have shown that different control plasmids may cause antitumor action in different murine tumor models after gene electrotransfer (GET). Due to the differences in GET protoco… |
| Reversible | Groselj et al · Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Pre-clinical and clinical data indicate differences in the responses of melanoma and carcinoma tumours to electrochemotherapy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the origin of this… |
| Reversible | Kamensek · Cancer Immunol Immunother | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Gene electrotransfer (GET) is one of the most efficient non-viral gene therapy approaches for the localized transfer of multiple genes into tumors in vivo; therefore, it is especially promis… |
| Reversible | Kamensek et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Plasmids, which are currently used in interleukin 12 (IL-12) gene electrotransfer (GET) clinical trials in the USA, contain antibiotic resistance genes and are thus, according to the safety … |
| Reversible | Shi · Cancers (Basel) | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation | Metastatic melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer with a relatively low survival rate. Immune-based therapies have shown promise in the treatment of melanoma, but overall complete response ra… |
| Reversible | Ursic et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD) | Interest in platinum-based chemotherapeutics such as oxaliplatin (OXA) and cisplatin (CDDP) has been reinvigorated by their newly described impacts on tumor-specific immune responses. In add… |
| Reversible | Lampreht · Mediators Inflamm | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Cancer immunotherapy is currently one of the leading approaches in cancer treatment. Gene electrotransfer of plasmids encoding interleukin 12 (IL-12) into the cells leads to the production o… |
| Reversible | Savarin · Radiol Oncol | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Antivascular Effect and Vessel Disruption | Background: Tumor irradiation combined with adjuvant treatments, either vascular targeted or immunomodulatory, is under intense investigation. Gene electrotransfer of therapeutic genes is on… |
| Reversible | Kranjc et al · Radiol Oncol | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Introduction: Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) induces pulsed electric field, which presumably increases membrane permeabilization of the exposed cells, similar to the conventional electr… |
| Reversible | Maglietti et al · European Journal of Cancer | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Apoptosis Induction, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Immune checkpoint inhibitor Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) is upregulated in many malignancies which often correlates with unfavorable prognosis. PD-L1 on cancer cells can induce an “exha… |
| Reversible | Dolinsek et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Endoglin overexpression is associated with highly proliferative tumor endothelium and also with some tumors, including melanoma. Its targeting has anti-tumor effectiveness, which can also be… |
| Reversible | Forde · Gene Ther | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Antitumour efficacy of electroporated pEEV, coding for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and the B7-1 costimulatory immune molecule (pEEVGmCSF-b7.1) in growing solid tumours, … |
| Reversible | Forde · Cancer Gene Ther | 2014 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Regulatory T cells (T-regs) can negatively impact tumor antigen-specific immune responses after infiltration into tumor tissue. However, depletion of T-regs can facilitate enhanced anti-tumo… |
| Reversible | Shirley et al · Curr Gene Ther | 2014 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Effective delivery still remains a major hurdle in the development of gene based therapies. While technological advances have occurred that have improved delivery in general, there is still … |
| Reversible | Daeschlein et al · Exp Dermatol | 2013 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | The study was undertaken to compare antitumor efficacy of electrochemotherapy (ECT) with cold plasma therapy (CP) in a melanoma mouse model. After melanoma implantation into the flank of C57… |
| Reversible | Gerlini et al · Oncoimmunology | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Combining electrochemotherapy with dendritic cell-based immunotherapy is a promising strategy against human metastatic melanoma that deserves to be clinically assessed. While electrochemothe… |
| Reversible | Beebe et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2010 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Two new cancer therapies apply bioelectric principles. These methods target tumor structures locally and function by applying millisecond electric fields to deliver plasmid DNA encoding cyto… |
| Reversible | Lladser et al · Cancer Immunol Immunother | 2009 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Survivin is an intracellular tumor-associated antigen that is broadly expressed in a large variety of tumors and also in tumor associated endothelial cells but mostly absent in differentiate… |
| Reversible | Kang et al · Cancer Lett | 2008 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Electroporation is a useful means for non-viral gene delivery. Here, we investigated the use of electroporation to deliver polymer-DNA complexes into living cells using a protein kinase C (P… |
| Reversible | Spugnini et al · Microsc Res Tech | 2007 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Electroporation (EP) has been widely employed in the past years as a safe and effective technique to drive drugs and DNA plasmids into target cells both for experimental and therapeutic purp… |
| Reversible | Nuccitelli et al · Biochem Biophys Res Commun | 2006 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF) | We have discovered a new, drug-free therapy for treating solid skin tumors. Pulsed electric fields greater than 20 kV/cm with rise times of 30 ns and durations of 300 ns penetrate into the i… |
| Reversible | Snoj et al · European Journal of Cancer Supplements | 2006 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | The optimal treatment of multiple cutaneous and subcutaneous metastases of melanoma still remains unresolved. There are many different possible treatment modalities. We present a case of mel… |
| Reversible | Ayyavoo et al · Molecular Therapy | 2004 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Apoptosis Induction | Melanoma is an aggressive form of skin cancer. Effective treatment of this disease requires the development of new therapeutic strategies. One promising strategy is treatment of the tumor wi… |
| Reversible | Entin et al · Clin Cancer Res | 2003 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Apoptosis Induction | Purpose: The exposure of cells in vitro to trains of low voltage-pulsed electric fields in the range of 20-100 V/cm was previously shown to induce an efficient uptake of macromolecules with … |
| Reversible | Heller et al · Melanoma Res | 2000 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | When cancer cells, including melanoma cells, are genetically altered to secrete cytokines, irradiated and injected into subjects, long-term antitumour immunity is induced. Optimally, existin… |
| Reversible | Heller et al · Melanoma Res | 1997 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Electrochemotherapy (ECT), chemotherapy administered in combination with electric fields, has the potential to be an effective localized treatment for cutaneous malignancies. Bleomycin's cyt… |
| Irreversible | Vallin · Bioeng Transl Med | 2026 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a focal ablative cancer therapy that destroys cells through membrane destabilization via pulsed electric fields. It also has the capacity to induce a sy… |
| Reversible | Heinzelmann et al · J Clin Med | 2023 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Apoptosis Induction | Background: Conjunctival melanoma (CM) is associated with a high rate of local recurrence and poor survival rate. Novel therapeutic options are needed to reduce recurrence rate. The objectiv… |
| Reversible | Fiorentzis et al · Biomedicines | 2020 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures represent small avascular tumors in vitro and simulate some of the biological characteristics of solid tumors, enhancing the evaluation of anticancer dru… |
| Irreversible | Szlasa et al · Molecules | 2020 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is today used as an alternative to surgery for the excision of cancer lesions. This study aimed to investigate the oxidative and cytotoxic effects the cell… |
| Reversible | Fiorentzis et al · Acta Ophthalmol | 2019 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Purpose: To investigate the cytotoxic effect of bleomycin, mitomycin C (MMC) and Fluorouracil (5-FU) in combination with electroporation (EP) on human conjunctival melanoma (CM) and normal c… |
| Reversible | Fiorentzis et al · Neoplasma | 2018 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) enhances responsiveness to cytotoxic drugs in numerous cell lines in vitro. Clinically ECT is widely applied for skin tumor ablation and has shown efficacy in treat… |
| Reversible | Kulbacka et al · Cell Stress Chaperones | 2013 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress | Two porphyrins, CoTPPS and MnTMPyPCl5, were tested for their photodynamic activity and potential novel use in a therapy of human cancers. We investigated an effect of photodynamic reaction (… |
| Reversible | Todorovic et al · Radiol Oncol | 2012 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: Electrochemotherapy is a local treatment combining chemotherapy and electroporation and is highly effective treatment approach for subcutaneous tumours of various histologies. Co… |
| Reversible | Mlakar et al · BMC Cancer | 2009 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Apoptosis Induction | Background: Electroporation is a versatile method for in vitro or in vivo delivery of different molecules into cells. However, no study so far has analysed the effects of electric pulses use… |
| Reversible | Fania et al · Discov Oncol | 2021 | Survey / Field Study | Human | – | Non-melanoma skin cancers include basal and squamous cell carcinoma. These tumors have become an important health issue for their high incidence and for the morbidity, especially if untreate… |
| Reversible | Molina-Pineda et al · – | 2026 | Preprint | Animal (In Vivo) | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Background/Objectives: Melanoma affects both sexes, and its incidence has increased in recent years. It is currently among the most common types of cancer. Standard chemotherapy, although ef… |
| Reversible | Perusseau-Lambert et al · Cureus | 2025 | Editorial / Letter | Cell Culture | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Skin malignancies such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma are increasingly prevalent in the UK, particularly among frail and elderly patients who are often unsuit… |
| Reversible | Choromańska et al · Adv Clin Exp Med | 2023 | Editorial / Letter | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | The cell membrane can be permeabilized when subjected to calibrated short electric pulses. This membrane alteration can be reversible, leaving cell viability unaffected. This set of events i… |
| Reversible | Giraud et al · Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys | 1996 | Editorial / Letter | Human | – | Infusional brachytherapy, the use of macroaggregated albumin and colloidal 32P in solid tumors, has been easy to reproduce in the clinic in Uppsala, Sweden; Brussels, Belgium; Seoul, Korea; … |
| Reversible | Campana et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2025 | Correction / Erratum | – | – | European Journal of Surgical Oncology 51 (2025) 111158 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect European Journal of Surgical Oncology journal homepage: www.ejso.com Corrigendum to “Treatmen… |
| Irreversible | KURATA et al · JBSE | 2013 | Not reported | – | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is attracting much attention as a less-invasive therapy to ablate abnormal tissues. With a pair of electrodes inserted into the tissue, the IRE perforates … |
Limitations
The counts on this page are bounded by the scope of the source PDF archive and are not a systematic review of the area's literature. Study type and mechanism labels are derived automatically; for critical decisions consult the full texts of the publications listed. The evidence level reflects the number of publications, not their methodological quality.