Skin & Cutaneous Tumours
Skin & Superficial Tumours
This is the most mature indication group for electrochemotherapy. Tumours in the skin and subcutis form the method's first and broadest clinical application area because they are superficially located, readily accessible to electrodes and allow the response to be followed by eye. Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and cutaneous metastases from various primary tumours are collected under this heading.
275total publications
104clinical studies
53preclinical studies
42reviews
1996–2026publication span
Evidence Status by Regime
Reversible electroporation (RE-ECT)
248publications
98clinical
46preclinical
Clinical Evidence
1996–2026 · In Routine Clinical Use
Irreversible electroporation (IRE-ECT)
27publications
6clinical
7preclinical
Early Clinical Evidence
2007–2026 · Near Clinical Adoption
Mechanisms Reported in This Area
Terms were detected by automatic matching over publication abstracts; the figure gives the number of publications containing the term.
Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation 104
Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation 64
Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death 35
Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation 29
Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability 20
Electrode Geometry and Placement 20
Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement 17
Necrosis and Necroptosis 16
Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion 15
Apoptosis Induction 14
Optimisation of Pulse Parameters 13
Electric Field Distribution and Modelling 11
Study Type Distribution
Bar length is scaled to the most common study type; the percentage gives the share of the whole area. Colour marks the evidence tier of the study type, the same scale as the evidence map.
| Study type | Publications | Share within this area |
|---|---|---|
| Randomized Clinical Trial | 9 | 3% |
| Prospective Clinical Study | 12 | 4% |
| Clinical Study | 68 | 25% |
| Retrospective Clinical Study | 9 | 3% |
| Case Series | 6 | 2% |
| Case Report | 54 | 20% |
| Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | 14 | 5% |
| Guideline / Consensus | 2 | <1% |
| Review | 28 | 10% |
| Animal Study | 41 | 15% |
| In Vitro Study | 9 | 3% |
| In Silico / Modelling | 3 | 1% |
| Technical / Device Study | 3 | 1% |
| Preprint | 2 | <1% |
| Editorial / Letter | 8 | 3% |
| Correction / Erratum | 3 | 1% |
| Protocol | 2 | <1% |
| Not reported | 2 | <1% |
Literature Evidence Table
275 publications listed in order of evidence strength. Click a title to open the citation, mechanism and full abstract drawer.
| Regime | Publication | Year | Study type | Model | Mechanism | Abstract |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reversible | Tolstrup et al · J Vis Exp | 2026 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Cutaneous metastases in patients with incurable cancer represent a significant problem as they often cause pain, discomfort, and emotional distress that affect everyday life. Finding treatme… |
| Reversible | Perri et al · Cancers | 2021 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | – | Comments: We have some additional considerations about the recent published article by Perri et al [...] |
| Reversible | Clover et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2020 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | – | Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) are the commonest cutaneous malignancy and incidence continues to increase. There is a need to expand the therapeutic toolbox to increase options for patients that… |
| Reversible | Rudno-Rudzińska et al · Applied Sciences | 2020 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion | (1) Background: In the last two decades, anticancer treatment has been extensively developed based on various physical methods, including electroporation (EP). On the basis of many in vitro … |
| Reversible | Ágoston et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2020 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion | Calcium electroporation (Ca-EP) is a new anticancer treatment providing similar features to electrochemotherapy (ECT). The aim of our study is to compare the efficacy of Ca-EP with bleomycin… |
| Reversible | Brizio · cderm | 2017 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | – | Electrochemotherapy for metastases in the skin from tumours of non-skin origin and melanoma Interventional procedures guidance Published: 27 March 2013 www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg446 Your r… |
| Reversible | Falk et al · Acta Oncol | 2017 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: Calcium electroporation is a novel anticancer treatment, which utilizes high voltage pulses to permeabilize cell membranes and expose the cell to supraphysiological doses of calc… |
| Reversible | Groselj et al · Head Neck | 2017 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: In the present study, effectiveness of electrochemotherapy was compared in patients with nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) of the head and neck using standard and reduced doses of b… |
| Reversible | Peycheva et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2007 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | – | Eight patients with 29 lesions of histologically verified 1st stage of Mycosis fungoides were successfully treated by electrochemotherapy with interferon-alpha. For this purpose 8 biphasic p… |
| Reversible | Rózsa et al · Sci Rep | 2025 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | – | The rising prevalence of cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors has driven interest in electrochemotherapy (ECT) as a potential treatment. However, patient-reported outcomes remain underexplored.… |
| Reversible | Sun et al · Int J Surg | 2024 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | – | Dear Editor, Angiosarcomas, which account for 1–2% of all head and neck sarcomas, are extremely rare malignancies that penetrate local structures through anaplastic vascular or lymphatic cel… |
| Reversible | Benedik et al · Front Oncol | 2022 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | Background: Electrochemotherapy of cutaneous tumor nodules requires local or general anesthesia. For multiple and larger nodules, general anesthesia is recommended by standard operating proc… |
| Reversible | Bertino et al · Curr Oncol | 2022 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | This prospective registry-based study aims to describe electrochemotherapy (ECT) modalities in basal cell carcinoma (BCC) patients and evaluate its efficacy, safety, and predictive factors. … |
| Reversible | Campana et al · J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol | 2022 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination | Background: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) effectively controls skin metastases from cutaneous melanoma. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in melanom… |
| Reversible | Claussen et al · J Dtsch Dermatol Ges | 2022 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | – | Background: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is an effective local treatment for cutaneous tumors. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of ECT in ulcerated vs. non-ulcerated tumor… |
| Irreversible | Ma et al · J Clin Transl Hepatol | 2022 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background and aims: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is an emerging local ablation therapy which may be effective for unresectable tumors. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and effi… |
| Reversible | De Giorgi et al · Dermatol Ther | 2020 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a well-known nonconventional skin cancer ablative method that was shown to be safe and effective for treating both locoregional disease spreading and disseminate… |
| Irreversible | Zhou · World J Surg Oncol | 2020 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Familiarity with post-IRE imaging interpretation is of considerable importance in determining ablation success and detecting recurrence. CEUS can be used to assess the tumour res… |
| Reversible | Clover et al · European Journal of Surgical Oncology | 2019 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy is a treatment for cutaneous tumors, both primary and secondary metastatic tumors. The international Network for sharing practices on Electrochemotherapy (INSPECT) group … |
| Reversible | Edhemovic et al · J Surg Oncol | 2014 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Background and objectives: Electrochemotherapy is effective in treatment of various cutaneous tumors and could be translated into treatment of deep-seated tumors. With this aim a prospective… |
| Reversible | R Heller, M Jaroszeski, L Glass, J Messina, D Rapaport, R DeConti · Cancer | 1996 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | of Patient Characteristics Patient Ageisex Tumor type Previous treatment I. 2. 3. 4. 63Male 50il:ernalc 15il:emale 45iblale 391Male 571Female Yelanoma Melanoma Melanoma Basal cell carcinoma … |
| Reversible | Aigner et al · Front Oncol | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: We report a series of four patients with HPV-positive squamous cell carcinoma of the anus: two with non-previously treated grade G3 malignancies, and two with relapsing G2 tumo… |
| Reversible | Covarelli et al · Ann Ital Chir | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Aim: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) combines chemotherapy with an electric pulse to directly target tumor cells by increasing cell membrane permeability, facilitating the efficient uptake of chem… |
| Reversible | Eisele · J Oncol Res Ther | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most prevalent skin tumor worldwide.Electrochemotherapy (ECT) as an interventional treatment for BCC has been shown to be effective and is regar… |
| Reversible | Koračin et al · EJC Skin Cancer | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | – | The treatment of basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) poses significant challenges due to the invasive, time-intensive and costly nature of margin mapping techniques such as Mohs micrographic surger… |
| Reversible | Strojan et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation | Introduction: In the treatment of cancer, immunomodulatory approaches are developed to support the organism in fighting cancer or to enhance the immunomodulatory effects of local ablative te… |
| Reversible | Wilke et al · Radiol Oncol | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a local nonsurgical effective tumor treatment in the hand of the clinician for the treatment of patients with liver tumors or metastases. The study a… |
| Reversible | Maglietti et al · Mundo Saúde | 2024 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy is an innovative technology used to treat skin and mucosal cancers. It consists of intravenous administration of bleomycin followed by the application of electroporation … |
| Reversible | Wiegell et al · Acta Derm Venereol | 2024 | Clinical Study | Human | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion | In electrochemotherapy, permeabilization of the cell membrane by electric pulses increases the anti-tumour effect of chemotherapeutics. In calcium electroporation, chemotherapy is replaced b… |
| Irreversible | Flak · iScience | 2024 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination | Preclinical studies suggest that irreversible electroporation (IRE) increases the effect of immune checkpoint inhibition in pancreatic cancer (PC). Patients with PC received PD-1 inhibitor p… |
| Irreversible | Narayanan · Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2024 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: Hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (HEHE) is a rare tumor with currently no established standard of care. This international multicenter retrospective study assesses the use o… |
| Reversible | Bonadies et al · Il Giornale di Chirurgia - Journal of the Italian Association of Hospital Surgeons | 2023 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, most of the surgical units involved in the treatment of skin cancers could continue their activities, but the reevaluation of cases and the adaptati… |
| Reversible | Lyons et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2023 | Clinical Study | Human | Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | High-frequency electroporation (HF-EP) with chemotherapy is a novel therapy proposed for both curative and palliative treatment of cutaneous malignancies. The use of high-frequency biphasic … |
| Reversible | Salence et al · British Journal of Dermatology | 2023 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) has gained recognition as an effective treatment that uses electrical pulses to permeabilize cell membranes in tumours, enhancing the cytotoxicity of anticancer age… |
| Reversible | Vestergaard · Cancers (Basel) | 2023 | Clinical Study | Human | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion | (1) Background: Calcium electroporation is a novel cancer treatment. It includes injecting calcium-solution and applying electric pulses to tumour tissue. Data on quality of life for patient… |
| Reversible | Vissing et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2023 | Clinical Study | Human | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Background: Cutaneous metastases can cause distressing symptoms and be challenging to treat. Local therapies are essential in management. Calcium electroporation uses calcium and electrical … |
| Reversible | Bertino et al · Front Oncol | 2022 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Introduction: Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a frequent skin cancer with a high risk of recurrence characterized by tumor infiltration and, in advanced cases, a poor prognosis. … |
| Reversible | Mascherini et al · European Journal of Surgical Oncology | 2022 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Melanoma is a tumor with increased incidence and new treatment options have emerged in recent years. The histopathological characteristics predictive of sentinel lymph node positivity are we… |
| Reversible | Pervan et al · Annals of Oncology | 2022 | Clinical Study | Human | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion | Globally, 40 to 60% of all patient deaths occur in an acute hospital setting. Patients with cancer make up a significant proportion of those who die in hospitals. Clinicians involved in their… |
| Reversible | Trotovsek et al · Front Oncol | 2022 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy is an effective treatment modality for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Electrochemotherapy for HCC was initially used in the setting of open surgery. Recently, with the d… |
| Reversible | Wolff et al · Int J Mol Sci | 2022 | Clinical Study | Human | Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Despite continuous advancement in skin cancer therapy, the disease is still fatal in many patients, demonstrating the need to improve existing therapies, such as electrochemotherapy (ECT). E… |
| Reversible | Falk et al · Dermatology | 2021 | Clinical Study | Human | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion | Background: Keloid scarring is a pathologic proliferation of scar tissue that often causes pruritus, pain, and disfigurement. Keloids can be difficult to treat and have a high risk of recurr… |
| Reversible | Fusco et al · World J Clin Oncol | 2021 | Clinical Study | Human | Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Background: In the first studies of electrochemotherapy (ECT), small cutaneous metastases were treated and only mild or moderate pain was observed; therefore, pain was not considered a signi… |
| Reversible | Lyons et al · JPRAS Open | 2021 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Introduction: The establishment and success of new treatments are significantly influenced by patient satisfaction. Post-operative scarring is an important outcome for patients, and subseque… |
| Reversible | Sersa et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2021 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Background: With extending life expectancy, more people are diagnosed with cutaneous malignancies at advanced ages and are offered nonsurgical treatment. We assessed outcomes of the oldest-o… |
| Reversible | Bartolo et al · Dermatol Ther | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Epidermolysis Bullosa (EB) is a rare group of diseases caused by genetic variants in skin structural proteins. EB is characterized by varying degrees of skin fragility, blisters and impaired… |
| Reversible | Bhatia et al · Clin Cancer Res | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Purpose: IL12 promotes adaptive type I immunity and has demonstrated antitumor efficacy, but systemic administration leads to severe adverse events (AE), including death. This pilot trial in… |
| Reversible | Clover et al · Eur J Cancer | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a treatment for both primary and secondary cutaneous tumours. The international Network for sharing practices on ECT group investigates treatment out… |
| Reversible | Campana et al · Int J Surg | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | Haemostasis and Bleeding Control | Background: Cutaneous angiosarcoma (cAS) is a highly aggressive malignancy that challenges the radicality of surgical treatment. Electrochemotherapy (ECT), a skin-directed treatment based on… |
| Reversible | Kis et al · Sci Rep | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | There is increasing evidence about the effectiveness of electrochemotherapy (ECT) in the treatment of basal cell carcinomas in the head and neck region, although its role in the management o… |
| Reversible | Kristiansson et al · Acta Otolaryngol | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a cancer treatment modality where the intracellular accumulation of chemotherapeutic agents is enhanced by an applied electrical field. Aims/objectiv… |
| Reversible | Padilla-España et al · Actas Dermosifiliogr (Engl Ed) | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | iento del carcinoma de células de Merkel irresecable Electrochemotherapy With Intravenous Bleomycin in the Treatment of Unresectable Merkel Cell Carcinoma L. Padilla-España ∗ , T. Toledo-Pa… |
| Reversible | Pichi et al · J Craniomaxillofac Surg | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Background: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a well established treatment strategy for skin tumors of different histology. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of e… |
| Reversible | Racnik et al · Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | A 12-year-old female cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) was presented with a squamous cell carcinoma involving the uropygial gland. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) as a minimally invasive treatment… |
| Reversible | Ullrich et al · Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Electrochemotherapy has been used successfully for treatment of recurrent head and neck skin cancers and skin metastasis. It combines both electroporation and chemotherapy. The authors repor… |
| Reversible | Gargiulo et al · J Craniomaxillofac Surg | 2018 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Purpose: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a therapeutic approach based on the local application of electrical pulses that permeabilize cell membranes to enhance the uptake of low-permeant chemot… |
| Reversible | Rotunno et al · G Ital Dermatol Venereol | 2018 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: The management of non-melanoma skin cancers may benefit from alternative treatments and in this spectrum electrochemotherapy plays a pivotal role. The aim was to describe the pre… |
| Reversible | Campana et al · J Transl Med | 2017 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: Electrochemotherapy (ECT), by combining manageable cytotoxic agents with short electric pulses, represents an effective palliative skin-directed therapy. The accumulated evidence… |
| Reversible | Rotunno et al · J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol | 2017 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is currently used to treat unresectable superficial tumours of different histotypes through the combination of cytotoxic chemotherapy and local applicat… |
| Reversible | Campana et al · Radiol Oncol | 2016 | Clinical Study | Human | Electrode Geometry and Placement | Background: In recent years, superficial chest wall recurrence from breast cancer can be effectively treated by means of electrochemotherapy, with the majority of patients achieving response… |
| Reversible | Campana et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2016 | Clinical Study | Human | Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | Background: Cutaneous metastases represent a therapeutic challenge. An increasing body of experience suggests that electrochemotherapy (ECT) provides effective tumor control, although its ev… |
| Reversible | Cemazar et al · Vet Comp Oncol | 2016 | Clinical Study | Human | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Electrochemotherapy combined with peritumoral interleukin-12 (IL-12) gene electrotransfer was used for treatment of mast cell tumours in 18 client-owned dogs. Local tumour control, recurrenc… |
| Reversible | Olasz et al · Br J Dermatol | 2016 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Linked Article:Sommerlad et al. Br J Dermatol 2016; 175:1342–1345. |
| Reversible | Rotunno et al · G Ital Dermatol Venereol | 2016 | Clinical Study | Human | Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | Background: The main purposes of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of electrochemotherapy in head and neck tumors, to assess local tumor control, its safety profile and its impact on … |
| Reversible | Wichtowski et al · European Journal of Surgical Oncology (EJSO) | 2016 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a ablation method based on reversible electroporation combination with concurrent chemotherapy (intravenous administration or into the tumor). This m… |
| Reversible | Zygogianni et al · Asian Pac J Cancer Prev | 2016 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Background: The aim of this study was to investigate whether electrochemotherapy is a clinically and cost-effective treatment option against skin tumors. Materials and methods: We performed … |
| Reversible | Allegra et al · Drug Des Devel Ther | 2015 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Introduction: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a new therapeutic method that is used in oncology as palliative treatment in patients with recurrent head and neck tumors and who are not candidate… |
| Reversible | Kreuter et al · J Dtsch Dermatol Ges | 2015 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Background and objectives: Once classic treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy have been exhausted, only few therapeutic options remain for extensive skin tumors or cutaneous m… |
| Reversible | Salwa et al · J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg | 2014 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) affecting the ocular region is potentially problematic due to its ability to infiltrate aesthetic and functional structures. Due to the paucity of local tissue, re… |
| Reversible | Campana et al · Radiol Oncol | 2013 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Background: Peristomal metastases are rare, but potentially associated with relevant morbidity. Surgical resection, followed by stoma relocation, represent the gold standard in most patients… |
| Reversible | Kendler et al · Dermatol Surg | 2013 | Clinical Study | Human | Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: The surgical management of cutaneous metastasis (CM) is challenging, particularly in elderly patients, in whom general anesthesia can be difficult because of comorbidity. Objecti… |
| Reversible | Manca et al · Plast Reconstr Surg | 2013 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: Keloids and hypertrophic scars are the result of abnormal healing responses and dermal tissue proliferation; current surgical procedures can give rise to exuberant scarring and p… |
| Reversible | Tozon et al · J Feline Med Surg | 2013 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of electrochemotherapy (ECT) with bleomycin for treatment of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in cats. Between March 2008 and Octob… |
| Reversible | Wichmann Matthiessen et al · Radiol Oncol | 2013 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Background: Electrochemotherapy is a local anticancer treatment very efficient for treatment of small cutaneous metastases. The method is now being investigated for large cutaneous recurrenc… |
| Reversible | Solari et al · European Journal of Surgical Oncology (EJSO) | 2012 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT), a new palliative treatment for cutaneous metastases, involves the delivery of electrical pulses to lesions several minutes after intravenous or intratumor injectio… |
| Reversible | Wang et al · PLoS One | 2012 | Clinical Study | Human | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Apoptosis Induction | Treatment of cancer often involves uses of multiple therapeutic strategies with different mechanisms of action. In this study we investigated combinations of nanosecond pulsed electric field… |
| Reversible | Matthiessen et al · Acta Oncol | 2011 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: Cutaneous metastases may cause considerable discomfort as a consequence of ulceration, oozing, bleeding and pain. Electrochemotherapy has proven to be highly effective in the tre… |
| Reversible | Sersa et al · Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc | 2011 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy consists of administration of the chemotherapeutic drug followed by application of electric pulses to the tumor, in order to facilitate the drug uptake into the cells. On… |
| Reversible | Kis et al · Orv Hetil | 2010 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | Unlabelled: Electrochemotherapy is an effective treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous metastases in patients with malignant melanoma. During the treatment, electric pulses are applied to t… |
| Reversible | Landström et al · Dermatol Surg | 2010 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: Electroporation therapy is a new cancer treatment modality in which a locally applied electrical field enhances cell membrane permeability, allowing greater intracellular accumul… |
| Reversible | Quaglino et al · European Journal of Cancer Supplements | 2009 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is an emerging treatment modality for cutaneous and subcutaneous metastases from different tumour types; it combines electroporation with injection of a chemotherap… |
| Reversible | Mali et al · Med Biol Eng Comput | 2008 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Electrochemotherapy is an effective antitumor treatment currently applied to cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors. Electrochemotherapy of tumors located close to the heart could lead to adverse… |
| Reversible | Sersa et al · J Vis Exp | 2008 | Clinical Study | Human | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy is a combined use of certain chemotherapeutic drugs and electric pulses applied to the treated tumour nodule. Local application of electric pulses to the tumour increases… |
| Reversible | Muñoz Madero et al · European Journal of Surgical Oncology (EJSO) | 2006 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Electrochemotherapy is an unexpensive and effective therapy for local control of cancer. In our experience, it has shown to be effective against a variety of cancer types. In developing coun… |
| Reversible | Rodríguez-Cuevas et al · Arch Med Res | 2001 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Background: Surgery and/or radiotherapy are the elective therapies for most primary skin cancers. Nevertheless, some patients develop recurrences, and chemotherapy has resulted in poor compl… |
| Reversible | R Heller, M Jaroszeski, D Reintgen, C Puleo, R DeConti, R Gilbert · Cancer | 1998 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is performed by locally administering a chemotherapeutic agent in combination with electric pulses. Previous clinical studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of… |
| Reversible | Mir et al · Br J Cancer | 1998 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) enhances the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents by administering the drug in combination with short intense electric pulses. ECT is effective because electric… |
| Reversible | Glass et al · J Am Acad Dermatol | 1997 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: A new anticancer therapy, electrochemotherapy (ECT), has been introduced that entails exposing cancerous tissues to short pulses of electricity during chemotherapy. This enhances… |
| Reversible | Glass et al · J Am Acad Dermatol | 1996 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: A new technique, electroporation, enhances the antitumor effects of a variety of chemotherapeutic agents. When used in combination with conventional chemotherapy, the procedure i… |
| Reversible | Sena et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2026 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | – | Background: Cutaneous and subcutaneous recurrence of breast cancer represents a challenging clinical scenario, particularly in patients previously treated with surgery, radiotherapy, and sys… |
| Reversible | Grošelj et al · Sci Rep | 2025 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a minimally invasive treatment option for basal cell carcinoma (BCC), which is particularly advantageous in the elderly population. This study evaluated the long… |
| Reversible | Luerken et al · Biomedicines | 2024 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | – | Background and Objectives : To report on the first results of safety, efficacy, and outcome of CT-navigated stereotactic percutaneous electrochemotherapy (SpECT) in patients with primary and… |
| Reversible | Iezzi et al · Life (Basel) | 2023 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | Interventional Oncology treatments grant low-risk mini-invasive alternatives to surgery for cancer patients. Percutaneous ablative therapies represent a cornerstone for treatment of liver ca… |
| Irreversible | Li et al · Curr Oncol | 2022 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Tumors at the hepatocaval confluence are difficult to treat, either surgically or ablatively. Methods: A retrospective longitudinal study on patients ineligible for thermal ablat… |
| Reversible | Campana et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2021 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination, Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD) | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is an effective locoregional therapy for cutaneous melanoma metastases and has been safely combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors in preliminary experiences. Si… |
| Reversible | Bertino et al · European Journal of Surgical Oncology | 2019 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | – | Despite a well-organized Hungarian national invitational breast screening that is free of charge, the participation rate has never reached 70%. This study assessed the socioeconomic factors … |
| Reversible | Di Monta et al · J Transl Med | 2017 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Necrosis and Necroptosis | Background: Extensive squamous cell carcinoma has few therapeutic options. In such cases, electrochemotherapy involving electroporation combined with antineoplastic drug appears to be a new … |
| Reversible | Guida et al · J Surg Oncol | 2016 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Antivascular Effect and Vessel Disruption | Background: Angiosarcoma is an aggressive vascular neoplasm with a high propensity for local recurrence. Electrochemotherapy is an emerging skin-directed therapy, exerting prominent cytotoxi… |
| Irreversible | Zhang · Eur Radiol Exp | 2026 | Case Series | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objective: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal ablation technique suitable for tumors near critical structures, but its widespread use is limited by technical complexity and … |
| Reversible | Groselj et al · Radiol Oncol | 2025 | Case Series | Human | – | Background: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a cutaneous malignancy that typically appears in sun-exposed areas. We analyzed data from the Insp-ECT registry of all patients affected by BCC in t… |
| Reversible | Vass et al · Int J Dermatol | 2025 | Case Series | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: While electrochemotherapy (ECT) is increasingly utilized as a highly effective method in the treatment of tumors in the head and neck region, there is significantly less data ava… |
| Reversible | Ahmed-Salim et al · EJGO | 2021 | Case Series | Human | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Necrosis and Necroptosis | Objective: Calcium electroporation (CaEP) is a new technique whereby intracellular concentrations of calcium are elevated by transient permeabilisation of the cell membrane using high-voltag… |
| Reversible | McCaffer et al · J Laryngol Otol | 2021 | Case Series | Human | – | Objectives: Electrochemotherapy uses electric fields to facilitate the influx of chemotherapy into cancer cells, producing a targeted effect. For head and neck cancer, it is mainly used for … |
| Reversible | Carrera et al · J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol | 2013 | Case Series | Human | – | Background: Desmoplastic malignant melanoma (DMM) is a rare and usually misdiagnosed type of melanoma. Delayed detection at complicated anatomical locations can lead to the necessity of alte… |
| Reversible | Maggi et al · Front Vet Sci | 2026 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Electrochemotherapy is a local anticancer treatment used for selected cutaneous tumors, but its application in veterinary medicine for nasal neoplasms is only rarely reported. Two dogs with … |
| Reversible | Nicolai et al · Int Med Case Rep J | 2026 | Case Report | Human | Necrosis and Necroptosis | Background: Squamous cell carcinoma is a malignant tumor that affects the skin and mucous membranes. It may present as painless superficial lesions, or as rapidly growing, exophytic masses, … |
| Reversible | Nicolai et al · J Med Case Rep | 2026 | Case Report | Human | Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | Background: Skin areas chronically exposed to solar radiation, such as the face, neck, scalp, and upper limbs, are at significantly increased risk of developing basal cell carcinoma. The obj… |
| Reversible | Nicolai et al · Clin Case Rep | 2026 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a malignant epithelial tumor of the skin, classified as a nonmelanoma skin cancer. It may develop from precancerous conditions such as chronic inf… |
| Reversible | Peña et al · Vet Ophthalmol | 2026 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the most common malignant eyelid tumors in cats, especially in white-haired individuals chronically exposed to sunlight. Electrochemothera… |
| Reversible | de Moraes-Souza et al · Actas Dermosifiliogr | 2026 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | , Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a localized and targeted form of chemotherapy used to treat various types of primary and secondary cutaneous tumors.1,2 This technique combines the administrat… |
| Irreversible | Pusceddu · Diagn Interv Radiol | 2026 | Case Report | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Bone metastases are common in advanced solid tumors and often require local control strategies in addition to systemic therapy. Although thermal ablation is an established method for selecte… |
| Reversible | Peña et al · Animals (Basel) | 2025 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Captive birds of prey often exceed their wild counterparts' lifespan, as seen in bald eagles ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus , ~20 years wild vs. ~40 years captive), golden eagles ( Aquila chrysa… |
| Reversible | Andrade et al · Braz J Vet Med | 2024 | Case Report | Human | Necrosis and Necroptosis | An 8-year-old male rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) presented with a subcutaneous mass in the proximal region of the fourth and accessory digit measuring 5.5 x 3.5 x 5.2cm. The mass was non-… |
| Reversible | Carpenè et al · Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol | 2024 | Case Report | Human | – | Background: Sinonasal Mucosal Melanoma (SNMM) is a rare but aggressive disease. Surgery with free margins, when feasible, is the treatment of choice. In the last three decades, electrochemot… |
| Irreversible | Schmid · Einstein (Sao Paulo) | 2024 | Case Report | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Radical treatment for prostate cancer is associated with significant morbidity. Percutaneous image-guided irreversible electroporation is a non-thermal ablative technique that has emerged as… |
| Irreversible | Ong · Diagnostics (Basel) | 2023 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Pancreatic cancer is a lethal disease, with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) having a dismal prognosis. For patients with LAPC, gemcitabine-based regimens, with or without radiation… |
| Reversible | Schmelter et al · J Dtsch Dermatol Ges | 2022 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | asal cell carcinoma of the eyelids DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14747 Dear Editors, in addition to classical dermatosurgery, various alternative treatment methods for combating tumors, such as cryothera… |
| Reversible | De Angelis et al · Curr Oncol | 2021 | Case Report | Human | DNA Damage and Double-Strand Breaks | Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most common malignancy skin cancer. It is characterized by abnormal, accelerated growth of squamous cells (SCs). SCC occurs when DNA damage from e… |
| Reversible | Gambichler et al · J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol | 2021 | Case Report | Human | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Hydroxyurea and ruxolitinib are frequently used to treat myeloproliferative disorders, including polycythaemia vera, and chronic treatment is associated with many cutaneous adverse effects s… |
| Reversible | Landström et al · Anticancer Res | 2021 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Background/aim: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a predominately palliative treatment for cutaneous metastases where an electric field is used to increase the intracellular accumulation of a che… |
| Reversible | Luerken et al · Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2021 | Case Report | Human | – | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a novel non-thermal ablative technique that combines chemotherapy and the application of electric pulses for reversible cell membrane electroporation. This metho… |
| Reversible | Mastrandrea et al · Medicine (Baltimore) | 2021 | Case Report | Human | – | Rationale: According to scientific literature, cryoablation (CA) and electrochemotherapy (ECT) have been used for the treatment of small renal masses. However, no data have been published re… |
| Reversible | Stranzenbach et al · J Dtsch Dermatol Ges | 2021 | Case Report | Human | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion | ymphoma DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14583 Dear Editors, patients with primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma (PCMZL) may suffer from multiple recurrences during the course of their disease [1]. Stand… |
| Reversible | Torchio et al · Front Oncol | 2021 | Case Report | Human | Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response | This case report shows, for the first time, a patient experiencing a complete response after one dose of avelumab following extensive disease progression with prior electrochemotherapy (ECT)… |
| Reversible | Cavaco et al · Eur Thyroid J | 2020 | Case Report | Human | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Advanced papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) with cutaneous metastases may cause pain, ulceration, and bleeding. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a minimally invasive treatment of tumors located i… |
| Reversible | Djokic et al · Radiol Oncol | 2020 | Case Report | Human | Electrode Geometry and Placement | Background Electrochemotherapy is an effective treatment of colorectal liver metastases and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) during open surgery. The minimally invasive percutaneous approach o… |
| Reversible | Fabrizio et al · J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg | 2020 | Case Report | Human | Necrosis and Necroptosis, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a local treatment and its use has been standardised for cutaneous nodules of any histological origin. In this study, we use ECT as a neoadjuvant therapy to reduc… |
| Reversible | Pichi et al · Anticancer Drugs | 2020 | Case Report | Human | Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck district are generally treated with surgery. Surgery is the standard treatment in early stages and local advanced tumors, followed by a… |
| Reversible | Crimini et al · Case Rep Oncol Med | 2019 | Case Report | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background Atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX) is a tumor that commonly presents on the head or neck in older individuals. Making a definitive diagnosis of AFX is challenging, and frequently, it is… |
| Reversible | Lanza et al · Open Vet J | 2019 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: Cutaneous tumors are rarely described in avian and are frequently of viral origin. Solid tumors of vascular origin are seldom reported and usually result in difficult management … |
| Reversible | Racnik et al · N Z Vet J | 2019 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Fibromas are uncommon benign neoplasms in birds; they originate in fibrous connective tissue and can be found almost everywhere, most frequently on the head, face, beak and cere, legs, wings… |
| Reversible | Pasquali et al · Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) | 2018 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Introduction: Few studies have evaluated the efficacy of intralesional bleomycin injection combined with electroporation for the treatment of cutaneous tumors. However, the phenomenon that e… |
| Reversible | Baltás et al · Acta Derm Venereol | 2017 | Case Report | Human | – | An 11-year-old girl with XP was referred to our dermato-oncology centre with advanced non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) on her face. Xerosis, skin atrophy, freckling and numerous scars from … |
| Reversible | Guida et al · Br J Dermatol | 2017 | Case Report | Human | – | Funding sources: S.S. is supported by a grant from the ‘Maria Ruggieri No Profit Association for research on angiosarcoma and rare tumors’. Conflicts of interest: none declared. Dear Editor,… |
| Reversible | Sponghini et al · Anticancer Drugs | 2017 | Case Report | Human | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination | The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors anti-PD-1/PD-L1 has delivered new and effective treatment options with proven clinical benefits for patients affected by metastatic melanoma. The 3… |
| Reversible | Spugnini et al · Open Vet J | 2017 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | A twenty-year-old female saddle horse was referred for evaluation of a seven month, non-healing erosive lesion of the right hind hoof with proliferation and bleeding of the underlying soft t… |
| Reversible | Tarantino et al · World J Gastroenterol | 2017 | Case Report | Human | Apoptosis Induction, Necrosis and Necroptosis | Aim: To treated with electrochemotherapy (ECT) a prospective case series of patients with liver cirrhosis and Vp3-Vp4- portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), … |
| Reversible | Campana et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2016 | Case Report | Human | – | LETTERS TO THE EDITOR Angiosarcoma on Lymphedema (Stewart–Treves Syndrome): A 12-Year Follow-up after Isolated Limb Perfusion, Limb Infusion, and Electrochemotherapy From: Luca G. Campana, M… |
| Reversible | Ribero et al · Dermatol Ther | 2016 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Generalized eruptive keratoacanthoma, is considered a serious condition because the eruptions are diffuse, persistent, and recurrent. Constant pruritus, visceral neoplasms, and unsatisfactor… |
| Reversible | Sommerlad et al · Br J Dermatol | 2016 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Porokeratosis is a clonal epidermal disorder of keratinization characterized by annular lesions with an atrophic centre and a hyperkeratotic edge. The cornoid lamella is the histopathologica… |
| Reversible | Diociaiuti et al · J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol | 2015 | Case Report | Human | – | ement of squamous cell carcinoma in patients with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa: report of three cases Editor Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a rare congenital disorder caused by … |
| Reversible | Lanza et al · J Am Vet Med Assoc | 2015 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Case description: A 5-year-old female yellow-bellied slider (Trachemys scripta scripta) was referred for evaluation of a 2-month nonhealing ulcerated mass on the dorsal aspect of the neck. C… |
| Reversible | Lido et al · An Bras Dermatol | 2015 | Case Report | Human | – | We describe herein what is to our knowledge the first reported case of an invasive cutaneous metastasis with unknown primary, electively treated solely with electrochemotherapy. We describe … |
| Reversible | Ruggeri et al · Melanoma Manag | 2015 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin cancer in Caucasian population. Surgical excision is the gold standard treatment for BCC. Secondary surgical approach in patients presentin… |
| Irreversible | Melenhorst et al · Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2015 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel image-guided ablation technique that is rapidly gaining popularity in the treatment of malignant tumors located near large vessels or bile ducts… |
| Reversible | Brunner et al · J Zoo Wildl Med | 2014 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Fibropapillomatosis continues to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in sea turtles, particularly in Chelonia mydas. Turtles with this debilitating herpesvirus disease usually p… |
| Reversible | Gatti et al · Dermatol Ther | 2014 | Case Report | Human | – | In the present study, we describe the use of electrochemotherapy as alternative therapy for primary cutaneous marginal zone B-cell lymphomas in patients unsuitable for surgery or radiotherap… |
| Reversible | Macri et al · Head Neck | 2014 | Case Report | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common oral cavity malignant tumor. Surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have been the major options for its treatment. Electrochemot… |
| Reversible | di Meo et al · Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol | 2014 | Case Report | Human | – | No post-operative complications such as scar contracture, graft failure or relapse of disease were encountered. With regard to hemostasis, high flow vessels greater than 500 m are likely to … |
| Reversible | Scelsi et al · Radiol Oncol | 2013 | Case Report | Human | – | Background: Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive tumour, arising from a cutaneous mechanoceptor cell located in the basal layer of epidermis, with poor prognosis. The treatme… |
| Reversible | Wiater et al · Eur J Dermatol | 2013 | Case Report | Human | – | ejd.2013.1992 Auteur(s) : Katarzyna Wiater1 wiater.katarzyna@gmail.com, Marcin Zdzienicki1, Tadeusz Morysinski1, Hanna Kosela1, Anna Klimczak1, Mariusz Obrebski2, Konrad Ptaszynski3, Piotr R… |
| Reversible | Kis et al · Acta Derm Venereol | 2012 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Gorlin-Goltz syndrome is a rare multisystemic disease, characterized by numerous basal cell carcinomas. The ideal approach for patients with the syndrome would be a treatment with a high cur… |
| Reversible | Marenco et al · Eur J Dermatol | 2011 | Case Report | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) has recently emerged as a treatment for cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions from different malignancies, including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), with curative or pa… |
| Reversible | Marone et al · World J Surg Oncol | 2011 | Case Report | Human | Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response | Eccrine porocarcinoma (EPC) is a rare type of skin cancer arising from the intraepidermal portion of eccrine sweat glands or acrosyringium, representing 0.005-0.01% of all cutaneous tumors. … |
| Reversible | Richetta et al · Clin Ter | 2011 | Case Report | Human | – | Basal cell carcinoma is the most common cutaneous malignant tumor, accounting for up to 80% of non melanoma skin cancers. Surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy have been for long time the m… |
| Reversible | Kaehler et al · Dermatol Surg | 2010 | Case Report | Human | – | Log in or Register Subscribe to journalSubscribe Get new issue alertsGet alerts Enter your Email address: Wolters Kluwer Health may email you for journal alerts and information, but is commi… |
| Reversible | Sainsbury et al · J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg | 2010 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy, a tumour ablation modality, which facilitates intracellular delivery of poorly-permeable cytotoxic drugs, such as bleomycin, has shown promising results in the treatment… |
| Reversible | Fantini et al · Arch Dermatol | 2008 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: Metastatic basal cell carcinoma is a rare disease with poor prognosis. Palliative therapeutic approaches include surgery, radiotherapy, and/or chemotherapy. These treatment modal… |
| Irreversible | Mariussi · Einstein (Sao Paulo) | 2026 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Objective The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine the efficacy and safety of percutaneous irreversible electroporation combined with immunotherapy compared with irreversible electropo… |
| Irreversible | Pallas · Liver Int | 2026 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the second most common primary liver cancer and is being diagnosed with increasing frequency worldwide. We performed a systematic review on radiofrequency (RFA), … |
| Reversible | Tan et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2025 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Background: Keratinocyte carcinomas, including basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), presents a growing concern. Electrochemotherapy (ECT), an emerging treatment moda… |
| Reversible | Wu et al · Clin Transl Oncol | 2024 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | – | Objective: Treating aggressive superficial squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) poses challenges due to invasiveness. Palliative care is recommended for inoperable cases with extensive tumors near … |
| Reversible | McMillan et al · PLoS One | 2023 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | – | Background: Electrochemotherapy has gained international traction and commendation in national guidelines as an effective tool in the management of cutaneous malignancies not amenable to sur… |
| Irreversible | Song · Front Oncol | 2023 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Objective: Ablation is a common treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to assess research trends in the ablation treatment of HCC using bibliometric analysis. Methods… |
| Reversible | Bastrup et al · Acta Oncol | 2022 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is an established treatment for primary and secondary cutaneous tumours. The method combines chemotherapy with electroporation, thus increasing the cyto… |
| Irreversible | Hilton · Urologia | 2022 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | We review the safety and early oncological outcomes of irreversible electroporation (IRE), a novel non-thermal ablation technique, in small renal masses (SRMs). Following PROSPERO registrati… |
| Reversible | Hendel et al · J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol | 2021 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of cancer and an increasing incidence stimulates the interest in new treatments such as electrochemotherapy (ECT) with bleomycin. This syst… |
| Reversible | Petrelli et al · Acta Oncol | 2021 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Background: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) harnesses electric pulses to enhance cytotoxic drug delivery into tumors and has entered the armamentarium to treat superficially metastatic melanoma. W… |
| Reversible | Strojan et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2021 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a local ablative treatment that is based on the reversible electroporation and intracellular accumulation of hydrophilic drug molecules, which greatly increases … |
| Reversible | Morley et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2019 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | – | Background: Electrochemotherapy combines electroporation in conjunction with chemotherapeutic agents and is used to treat tumours in many localisations, including cutaneous metastases. The s… |
| Reversible | Seyed Jafari et al · Eur J Dermatol | 2018 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy is becoming a promising technique for the management of malignancies of skin and non-skin origin. The current review aims to clarify current knowledge on administration o… |
| Reversible | Spratt et al · J Clin Oncol | 2014 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | – | Purpose: To perform the first meta-analysis of the efficacy of skin-directed therapies for cutaneous metastases. Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov databa… |
| Reversible | Peris et al · Eur J Cancer | 2023 | Guideline / Consensus | Human | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination | Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common malignant tumour in white populations. Multidisciplinary experts from European Association of Dermato-Oncology (EADO), European Dermatology Foru… |
| Reversible | Stratigos et al · Eur J Cancer | 2023 | Guideline / Consensus | Human | Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination | In order to update recommendations on treatment, supportive care, education, and follow-up of patients with invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), a multidisciplinary panel of ex… |
| Reversible | Papalexis et al · Curr Oncol | 2026 | Review | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Electrochemotherapy is a minimally invasive treatment based on the principle of reversible electroporation of target cells in pathologic tissues in order to increase the local effect of chem… |
| Reversible | Chan · Medicina (Kaunas) | 2025 | Review | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Percutaneous image-guided ablation (IGA) has emerged as an established alternative to surgical management for small renal masses. This comprehensive review examines traditional and emerging … |
| Reversible | Iorga et al · Medicina (Kaunas) | 2025 | Review | Human | – | Skin metastases represent a rare finding in dermatological practice, but their presence signifies an advanced disease and usually portends a poor prognosis. They commonly arise as multiple p… |
| Irreversible | Franke · Pol J Radiol | 2025 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Colorectal cancer is a prevalent malignancy, with colorectal liver metastases (CLM) being a common and challenging clinical issue. Traditionally, surgical resection was the only curative tre… |
| Reversible | Canala · – | 2024 | Review | Literature Analysis | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | 3 Capitolo 1: Introduzione ..........................................................................................5 1.1 Epidemiologia dei NMSC ............................................… |
| Reversible | Baeza-Hernández et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2023 | Review | Literature Analysis | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most frequent cancer in humans and has the potential to progress locally, metastasize, and cause death in a subset of patients. cSCC is… |
| Reversible | Charalampopoulos et al · Medicina (Kaunas) | 2023 | Review | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an invasive cancer accounting for <1% of all cancers and 10-15% of primary liver cancers. Intrahepatic CCA (iCCA) is associated with poor survival rates and high … |
| Reversible | Zhou et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2023 | Review | Human | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Thermal Effect and Joule Heating | Background: Nanosecond pulsed electric field, with its unique bioelectric effect, has shown broad application potential in the field of tumor therapy, especially in malignant tumors and skin… |
| Irreversible | Shu · Life (Basel) | 2023 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Soft tissue tumors (STTs) include a range of benign and malignant tumors originating from soft tissues. Transarterial and percutaneous therapies are image-guided and minimally invasive appro… |
| Irreversible | Belfiore · Front Oncol | 2022 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Tumour ablation is an established therapy for local treatment of liver metastases and hepatocellular carcinoma. Most commonly two different kind of thermic ablation, radiofrequency ablation … |
| Irreversible | Granata et al · World J Gastroenterol | 2021 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Currently, the technologies most commonly used to treat locally advanced pancreatic cancer are radiofrequency ablation (RFA), microwave ablation, and irreversible (IRE) or revers… |
| Reversible | Campana et al · Semin Oncol | 2019 | Review | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Treatment of superficial tumors with electrochemotherapy (ECT) has shown a steep rise over the past decade and indications range from skin cancers to locally advanced or metastatic neoplasms… |
| Reversible | Kovács · J Contemp Brachytherapy | 2019 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Local non-surgical interventional percutaneous ablation represents nowadays an important part of the potential treatment strategies. Although surgical ablation represents the gold standard, … |
| Reversible | O'Donoghue et al · Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) | 2019 | Review | Human | – | Although surgery and radiotherapy remain the most commonly used treatments for non-melanoma skin cancer, there are a variety of alternatives. Here we discuss the use of electrochemotherapy a… |
| Irreversible | Zondervan · World J Urol | 2019 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: An increasing interest in percutaneous ablation of renal tumors has been caused by the increasing incidence of SRMs, the trend toward minimally invasive nephron-sparing treatments a… |
| Reversible | Frandsen et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2018 | Review | Cell Culture | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Calcium electroporation is a potential novel anticancer treatment, where high concentrations of calcium are introduced into the cell cytosol by electroporation. This is a method where short,… |
| Reversible | Gehl et al · Acta Oncol | 2018 | Review | Human | – | Electrochemotherapy is now in routine clinical use to treat cutaneous metastases of any histology, and is listed in national and international guidelines for cutaneous metastases and primary… |
| Reversible | Clover et al · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | – | Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) represents an evolving clinical challenge. It is the most common form of skin cancer and is increasing in prevalence due to aging populations and greater recreatio… |
| Reversible | Snoj et al · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | – | Cutaneous metastases are fairly frequent manifestation of advanced malignant disease, comprising about 0.7–9% of all cancer patients. The cutaneous metastases may present itself as an isolat… |
| Reversible | Vogl · Viszeralmedizin | 2015 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: The purpose of this review is to demonstrate the clinical indications, technical developments, and outcome of liver-directed therapies in interventional oncology of non-colorecta… |
| Reversible | Queirolo et al · Arch Dermatol Res | 2014 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Despite surgical treatment of primary tumor, about 5-10 % of melanoma patients will eventually suffer from cutaneous or subcutaneous metastasis. The presence of skin metastases decreases pat… |
| Reversible | Grocott et al · Curr Opin Support Palliat Care | 2013 | Review | Human | – | Purpose of review: This article describes why this review is timely and relevant. To report on the recent research, which advances our understanding and practice of palliative wound care (wo… |
| Reversible | Muñoz Madero et al · Clin Transl Oncol | 2011 | Review | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a therapeutical procedure based on the induction of cell membrane electroporation, by cell exposure to electric fields lasting a few microseconds, combined with … |
| Reversible | Reinhold · Hautarzt | 2011 | Review | Human | – | Electrochemotherapy represents a new innovative technology using a combination of electroporation and application of very low dose cytotoxic drugs for the treatment of cutaneous and subcutan… |
| Reversible | Testori et al · Dermatol Ther | 2010 | Review | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electroporation uses pulsed, high-intensity electric fields to temporarily increase cell membrane permeability by creation of pores, through which small molecules, such as chemotherapeutic a… |
| Reversible | Mir · Mol Biotechnol | 2009 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | About 25 years after the publication of the first report on gene transfer in vitro in cultured cells by the means of electric pulses delivery, reversible cell electroporation for gene transf… |
| Reversible | Colombo · Ther Clin Risk Manag | 2008 | Review | Literature Analysis | – | Introduction: Tumors of any histological origin can give rise to cutaneous and subcutaneous metastases during follow-up. This study aims to evaluate the costs and benefits of electrochemothe… |
| Reversible | Giardino et al · Biomed Pharmacother | 2006 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a new treatment for metastatic nodules of solid tumors on the skin or subcutaneous tissue. ECT is a combination of a physical effect, cell membrane poration, and… |
| Reversible | Ciccarelli et al · Sci Rep | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Necrosis and Necroptosis | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) presents an effective alternative for local tumor management, particularly valuable when surgery is not feasible. The side effects are generally mild, including loc… |
| Reversible | Holanda et al · Bioelectricity | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) has emerged as an effective local treatment for cancer in dogs and cats. This technique consists of the transient and reversible permeabilization of cell membranes … |
| Irreversible | Fang · Front Immunol | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a relatively new, non-thermal ablation technology for cancer treatment that requires further investigation to optimize its therapeutic efficacy. To impr… |
| Irreversible | Xi et al · Front Immunol | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible Electroporation (IRE) offers a promising treatment for pancreatic cancer by using high-voltage pulses to kill tumor cells. But variations in tumor size and shape can… |
| Irreversible | Wang · Biochem Biophys Rep | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The current study aimed to investigate the antitumor effects and potent mechanism of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells combined with irreversible electroporation (IRE) via Panc02 cell-bear… |
| Reversible | Silva-Pilipich et al · Mol Ther Nucleic Acids | 2022 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation | Alphavirus vectors based on self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) generate high and transient levels of transgene expression and induce innate immune responses, making them an interesting tool for ant… |
| Reversible | Dos Anjos et al · Life (Basel) | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Canine cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common type of skin cancer in tropical countries and is generally associated with exposure to solar ultraviolet light. It has a low… |
| Irreversible | Song · J Am Heart Assoc | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Background Esophageal ulceration and fistula are severe complications of pulmonary vein isolation using thermal ablation. Nonthermal irreversible electroporation (NTIRE) is a promising new t… |
| Reversible | Garcia-Sanchez et al · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | Objective: The purpose of this work is to assess the ability of sine waves to perform electrochemotherapy (ECT) and to study the dependence of the frequency of the applied sine wave on the t… |
| Reversible | Guenther et al · PeerJ | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Percutaneous image-guided tissue ablation (IGA) plays a growing role in the clinical management of solid malignancies. Electroporation is used for IGA in several modalities: irre… |
| Reversible | Weissman et al · Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: With increasing numbers of Vietnamese pot-bellied pigs (Susscrofa) being cared for as pets and increased survival times due to improved husbandry and veterinary care, the possibi… |
| Reversible | Chopra et al · Int J Mol Sci | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Electrochemotherapy is an efficient method for the local treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous metastases, but its efficacy as a systemic treatment remains low. The application of gene ele… |
| Reversible | Pasquet et al · J Immunother Cancer | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Melanoma is a very aggressive skin tumor that can be cured when diagnosed and treated in its early stages. However, at the time of identification, the tumor is frequently in a me… |
| Reversible | Prevc et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an important etiological factor in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Standard treatment of HPV-positive tumors with platinum-based radio(chemo)ther… |
| Reversible | Racnik et al · Radiol Oncol | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: Mast cell tumour, sebaceous gland adenoma, and less common squamous papilloma are skin tumours in ferrets ( Mustela putorius furo ), and early excisional surgery is usually the t… |
| Reversible | Szewczyk · Oncotarget | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Disruption of Calcium Homeostasis | Calcium electroporation (CaEP) describes the use of electric pulses (electroporation) to transiently permeabilize cells to allow supraphysiological doses of calcium to enter the cytosol. Cal… |
| Reversible | Zhao et al · Theranostics | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Electrochemotherapy (ECT), as one of the very few available treatments for cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors when surgery and radiotherapy are no longer available, requires applying a proper… |
| Irreversible | Wang et al · Biomed Microdevices | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a kind of promising cancer treatment technology. However, local recurrence still occurs because of incomplete ablation. The aim of this study was to inv… |
| Reversible | Cunha et al · Cienc. Rural | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | : Extramedullary plasmacytomas (EPs) are responsible for 2.5% of neoplasms in dogs. They are solitary, smooth, elevated, pink or red nodules, of 1 to 2cm in diameter. Cutaneous and oral extr… |
| Reversible | Cutrera et al · J Cell Mol Med | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electroporation improves the anti-tumour efficacy of chemotherapeutic and gene therapies. Combining electroporation-mediated chemotherapeutics with interleukin 12 (IL-12) plasmid DNA produce… |
| Reversible | Suzuki et al · Artif Organs | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Electrode Geometry and Placement, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | The combination of chemotherapy drugs and high electric field treatment in local cancer is named electrochemotherapy. The European Standard Operation Procedure of Electrochemotherapy (ESOPE)… |
| Reversible | Chen et al · Eur J Cancer | 2014 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Apoptosis Induction | Strategies for treating liver cancer using radiation, chemotherapy combinations and tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting specific mutations have provided longer survival times, yet multiple … |
| Reversible | Guo · PLoS One | 2013 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Electrode Geometry and Placement | Topical gene delivery to the epidermis has the potential to be an effective therapy for skin disorders, cutaneous cancers, vaccinations and systemic metabolic diseases. Previously, we report… |
| Reversible | Nuccitelli et al · Biochem Biophys Res Commun | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Apoptosis Induction | When skin tumors are exposed to non-thermal, low energy, nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEF), apoptosis is initiated both in vitro and in vivo. This nanoelectroablation therapy has alr… |
| Reversible | Yin et al · PLoS One | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEF) induce apoptotic pathways in human cancer cells. The potential therapeutic effective of nsPEF has been reported in cell lines and in xenograft anima… |
| Reversible | Spugnini et al · J Vet Intern Med | 2011 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Background: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) couples the administration of anticancer drugs with the delivery of electric pulses that increase the drug uptake through the cell membranes, resulting … |
| Reversible | Zibert et al · J Clin Invest | 2011 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Dysregulated angiogenesis is a hallmark of chronic inflammatory diseases, including psoriasis, a common skin disorder that affects approximately 2% of the population. Studying both human pso… |
| Reversible | Sersa et al · J Membr Biol | 2010 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy is an efficient local treatment of tumors that combines administration of a chemotherapeutic drug with the subsequent application of electric pulses to the tumor. Althoug… |
| Reversible | Tsoneva et al · J Biomed Biotechnol | 2010 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | In the present study it is shown that poloxamer 188, added before or immediately after an electrical pulse used for electroporation, decreases the number of dead cells and at the same time d… |
| Reversible | Liu et al · J Cell Physiol | 2008 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Wound healing is impaired in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus. We hypothesized that age-dependent impairment of cutaneous wound healing in db/db diabetic mice: (a) would correlate wit… |
| Reversible | Reberšek et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2008 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Electrochemotherapy is a treatment based on combination of chemotherapeutic drug and electroporation. It is used in clinics for treatment of solid tumours. For electrochemotherapy of larger … |
| Reversible | Roux et al · Cancer Immunol Immunother | 2008 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response | Purpose: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is an effective local therapy of human cutaneous cancers but has no effect on distant untreated tumors. We addressed whether tumor-associated antigens rele… |
| Reversible | Sersa et al · Br J Cancer | 2008 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Antivascular Effect and Vessel Disruption, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy has a direct cytotoxic effect on tumour cells, and presumably, a vascular disrupting effect. In this study, on the basis of the prediction of the mathematical model, hist… |
| Reversible | Ueki et al · BJU Int | 2008 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Apoptosis Induction | Objective: To investigate the antitumour effect of electroporation (EP), a drug delivery system that has been shown to be effective synergistically with antitumour drugs, with bleomycin on t… |
| Reversible | Larkin et al · Ann Surg | 2007 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Objective: To develop an optimized, reproducible system of electrochemotherapy, and to investigate its clinical application in patients with cutaneous or subcutaneous recurrences of inoperab… |
| Irreversible | Al-Sakere · PLoS One | 2007 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | We report the first successful use of irreversible electroporation for the minimally invasive treatment of aggressive cutaneous tumors implanted in mice. Irreversible electroporation is a ne… |
| Reversible | McCray et al · Mol Ther | 2006 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Apoptosis Induction | Novel therapies and delivery methods directed against malignancies such as melanoma, and particularly metastatic melanoma, are needed. The HIV-1 accessory protein Vpr (viral protein R) has p… |
| Reversible | Torrero et al · Clin Cancer Res | 2006 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation | Purpose: Bleomycin electrochemotherapy has been successfully used in preclinical studies and clinical trials for treating squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma; however, it is not… |
| Reversible | Goto et al · Mol Ther | 2004 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | We report the use of plasmid DNA-mediated combination gene therapy for tumor-bearing mice using in vivo electroporation, also called electro-gene therapy (EGT), that resulted in uncomplicate… |
| Reversible | Sersa et al · Br J Cancer | 2002 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Vascular Lock Effect | Electrochemotherapy is an antitumour treatment that utilises locally delivered electric pulses to increase cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs. Besides increased drug delivery, applicatio… |
| Reversible | Dev et al · Drug Deliv | 1997 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electroporation therapy (EPT), also known as electrochemo-therapy (ECT), of a poorly differentiated human pancreatic carcinoma (Panc-3) implanted subcutaneously in nude mice significantly en… |
| Reversible | Malyško et al · Int J Mol Sci | 2026 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Bipolar cancellation (BPC) is an efficiency-limiting phenomenon in bipolar nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) exposures, in which the second, opposite-polarity phase reduces or partial… |
| Reversible | Szwedowicz et al · Biomed Pharmacother | 2026 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Background: Electroporation (EP) is widely applied in electrochemotherapy to enhance drug delivery by transient membrane permeabilization. However, its impact on intercellular communication … |
| Reversible | Lindelauf et al · Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2024 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Purpose: Electrochemotherapy, clinically established for treating (sub)cutaneous tumors, has been standardized in the framework of the European Standard Operating Procedure on Electrochemoth… |
| Reversible | Doneley et al · Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine | 2022 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: Bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) are one of the most popular reptile pets globally. As their longevity increases with better care and nutrition, conditions common to many older… |
| Reversible | Choromanska et al · Pharmaceutics | 2020 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress | Melanoma is one of the most serious skin cancers. The incidence of this malignant skin lesion is continuing to increase worldwide. Melanoma is resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs and highly … |
| Reversible | Bisceglia et al · COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering | 2013 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Purpose – Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is an outstanding technique for treatment of tumor nodules which is currently used for treatment of skin metastases, and now it is being developed for tre… |
| Reversible | Meulenberg et al · PLoS One | 2012 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Vascular Lock Effect | In vivo electroporation of tumours shows disruption of blood flow and creates a vascular effect with an initial rapid and transient vasoconstriction phase and a much longer lasting phase wit… |
| Irreversible | Yang et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2011 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Apoptosis Induction | Pulsed electric fields with nanosecond duration and high amplitude have effects on biological subjects and bring new venue in disease diagnosis and therapy. To address this respect, we inves… |
| Reversible | Kubota et al · Journal of Urology | 1998 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | No AccessJournal of UrologyClinical Urology: Case Reports1 Oct 1998SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF METASTATIC SKIN LESIONS WITH ELECTROCHEMOTHERAPY YOKO KUBOTA, LLUIS M. MIR, TERUHIRO NAKADA, ISOJI … |
| Reversible | Ongaro et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2018 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Electrochemotherapy is an emerging local treatment for the management of superficial tumors and, among these, also chest wall recurrences from breast cancer. Generally, the treatment of this… |
| Reversible | Forjanič et al · Med Biol Eng Comput | 2016 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | The effectiveness of electrochemotherapy, a local treatment using electric pulses to increase the uptake of chemotherapeutic drug, includes several antitumor mechanisms. In addition to the c… |
| Reversible | Pavselj et al · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng | 2005 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | One of the ways to potentiate antitumor effectiveness of chemotherapeutic drugs is by local application of short intense electric pulses. This causes an increase of the cell membrane permeab… |
| Irreversible | Wardhana · Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg | 2024 | Technical / Device Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: Accurate needle placement is crucial for successful tumor treatment using the irreversible electroporation (IRE) method. Multiple needles are inserted around the tumor, ideally in p… |
| Reversible | Kos · Mol Ther Nucleic Acids | 2016 | Technical / Device Study | – | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation | Skin is an attractive target for gene electrotransfer. It consists of different cell types that can be transfected, leading to various responses to gene electrotransfer. We demonstrate that … |
| Reversible | Tokmakçı · J Med Syst | 2006 | Technical / Device Study | Human | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a new method that uses anticancer drugs delivery with intensive electrical pulses. Recently, ECT as the treatment method can be applied for basal cell and spin c… |
| Reversible | Heidari et al · – | 2025 | Preprint | – | – | Background Electrochemotherapy (ECT), a nonthermal locoregional modality, has emerged as a promising alternative for management of basal and squamous cell carcinoma (BCC & SCC) in head a… |
| Reversible | Anjos et al · – | 2018 | Preprint | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Apoptosis Induction | Canine cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the most common skin cancer in dogs, and due to its low metastatic rate, local treatments such as electrochemotherapy (ECT) promote disease… |
| Reversible | Bastrup et al · Acta Oncol | 2022 | Editorial / Letter | Human | – | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a treatment method, which uses electroporation to permeabilize the cell membrane and improve the delivery of chemotherapy into cells, thus increasing the cytotox… |
| Reversible | Li · J Surg Oncol | 2022 | Editorial / Letter | Human | – | Wai‐Yee Li MD, PHD We thank our learned colleagues, Campana and Gehl, for drawing our carcinoma of head and neck, and others.1 We would like to thank attention to the promising results on th… |
| Reversible | Campana et al · Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) | 2020 | Editorial / Letter | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy and Enable Comparisons with Other Skindirected Therapies Madam d We welcome the recent overview of electrochemotherapy (ECT) and other skin-directed treatments [1]. Local… |
| Reversible | Kunte et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2020 | Editorial / Letter | Human | – | The need for timely referral and comprehensive reporting Keywords: Skin metastases Electrochemotherapy Palliative care Scientific reporting Treatment outcome The article by Josephine Morley a… |
| Reversible | Alagkiozidis · Int J Surg | 2019 | Editorial / Letter | Human | – | International Journal of Surgery 72 (2019) 196–197 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal of Surgery journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijsu Invited Commentar… |
| Reversible | Zhou et al · Int J Surg | 2019 | Editorial / Letter | Human | – | uropean register-based cohort study from the international network for sharing practices of electrochemotherapy (InspECT)-An invited commentary The current cohort published in a recent issue… |
| Reversible | Cerio et al · Br J Dermatol | 2017 | Editorial / Letter | Human | – | Linked Article: Kunte et al. Br J Dermatol 2017; 176:1475–1485. |
| Reversible | Curatolo et al · Arch Dermatol | 2009 | Editorial / Letter | Human | – | [No abstract available] |
| Reversible | Salmoral et al · JFMS Open Rep | 2025 | Correction / Erratum | Animal (In Vivo) | – | [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1177/20551169231213499.]. |
| Reversible | Dos Anjos et al · Sci Rep | 2021 | Correction / Erratum | – | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. |
| Reversible | Szewczyk · Oncotarget | 2019 | Correction / Erratum | – | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion | [This corrects the article DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24352.]. |
| Reversible | Tolstrup et al · Bioelectricity | 2025 | Protocol | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Introduction: Cutaneous metastases in patients with incurable cancer can severely impact quality of life, highlighting the need for minimally invasive treatment options. Electrochemotherapy … |
| Reversible | Claussen et al · J Dtsch Dermatol Ges | 2022 | Not reported | – | – | Hintergrund: Elektrochemotherapie (ECT) ist eine wirksame lokale Behandlung von Hauttumoren. Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Wirksamkeit der ECT bei ulzerierten gegenüber nichtulzerierten Tum… |
| Reversible | Vega Díez et al · Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas | 2022 | Not reported | – | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | de Kaposi; Oncología cutánea Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a technique for the treatment of primary and secondary skin tumors based on the use of low-dose chemotherapy combined with pulsed ap… |
| Reversible | Vissing · BMJ Open | 2021 | Protocol | Human | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Disruption of Calcium Homeostasis | Introduction: Skin malignancy is a distressing problem for many patients, and clinical management is challenging. This article describes the protocol for the Calcium Electroporation Response… |
Limitations
The counts on this page are bounded by the scope of the source PDF archive and are not a systematic review of the area's literature. Study type and mechanism labels are derived automatically; for critical decisions consult the full texts of the publications listed. The evidence level reflects the number of publications, not their methodological quality.