Pancreatic Cancer
Deep Organ Tumours
In locally advanced pancreatic cancer, encasement of the coeliac and mesenteric vessels blocks surgery and thermal ablation. Most publications in the corpus concern irreversible electroporation; the evidence base rests largely on single-arm series and no randomized comparison exists.
267total publications
128clinical studies
59preclinical studies
54reviews
2010–2026publication span
Evidence Status by Regime
Reversible electroporation (RE-ECT)
40publications
17clinical
10preclinical
Clinical Evidence
2012–2025 · In Routine Clinical Use
Irreversible electroporation (IRE-ECT)
227publications
111clinical
49preclinical
Clinical Evidence
2010–2026 · In Routine Clinical Use
Mechanisms Reported in This Area
Terms were detected by automatic matching over publication abstracts; the figure gives the number of publications containing the term.
Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation 237
Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death 234
Apoptosis Induction 31
Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response 17
Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation 16
Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability 16
Necrosis and Necroptosis 13
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination 12
Thermal Effect and Joule Heating 12
Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation 11
Electric Field Distribution and Modelling 11
Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement 10
Study Type Distribution
Bar length is scaled to the most common study type; the percentage gives the share of the whole area. Colour marks the evidence tier of the study type, the same scale as the evidence map.
| Study type | Publications | Share within this area |
|---|---|---|
| Randomized Clinical Trial | 8 | 3% |
| Prospective Clinical Study | 20 | 7% |
| Clinical Study | 87 | 33% |
| Retrospective Clinical Study | 8 | 3% |
| Case Series | 5 | 2% |
| Case Report | 10 | 4% |
| Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | 14 | 5% |
| Guideline / Consensus | 1 | <1% |
| Review | 40 | 15% |
| Animal Study | 48 | 18% |
| In Vitro Study | 10 | 4% |
| In Silico / Modelling | 1 | <1% |
| Preprint | 1 | <1% |
| Conference Abstract | 2 | <1% |
| Editorial / Letter | 8 | 3% |
| Correction / Erratum | 1 | <1% |
| Protocol | 3 | 1% |
Literature Evidence Table
267 publications listed in order of evidence strength. Click a title to open the citation, mechanism and full abstract drawer.
| Regime | Publication | Year | Study type | Model | Mechanism | Abstract |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Irreversible | Geboers · J Immunother Cancer | 2025 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) and stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR) are cytoreductive therapies for locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). Both may signify … |
| Irreversible | Timmer et al · Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol | 2024 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is an aggressive disease with a dismal prognosis. Stage III locally advanced pancreatic cancer is considered unresectable and current palliative … |
| Reversible | Izzo et al · J Clin Med | 2021 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | – | Background: Eighty percent of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma present a locally advanced or metastatic disease at diagnosis and are not eligible for surgery if not with palliative in… |
| Irreversible | He et al · Journal of Pancreatology | 2021 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objective: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is emerging as a new therapy for locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). We aimed to conduct survival and safety analyses in LAPC patients af… |
| Irreversible | Kundalia et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2021 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: Margin accentuation (MA) using Irreversible electroporation (IRE) offers an unique opportunity to reduce the R1 resections in resectable pancreatic cancer (RPC). This study aim… |
| Irreversible | Lin et al · Signal Transduct Target Ther | 2020 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Immunotherapy has limited efficacy against locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) due to the presence of an immunosuppressive microenvironment (ISM). Irreversible electroporation (IRE) ca… |
| Irreversible | van Veldhuisen et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2020 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To compare survival after CT-guided percutaneous irreversible electroporation (IRE) and folinic acid, fluorouracil, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin (FOLFIRINOX) chemotherapy versus FOLF… |
| Irreversible | Martin et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2017 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Improved preoperative immunonutrition has been shown to decrease the length of stay (LOS) and complications among patients undergoing elective gastrointestinal cancer surgeries. … |
| Irreversible | He et al · Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int | 2026 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) is an aggressive gastrointestinal tumor with a dismal prognosis. Conventional resection is only suitable for nearly 30% of patients. Irr… |
| Irreversible | Kwon · Korean J Radiol | 2026 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and oncologic outcomes of irreversible electroporation (IRE) using a clustered electrode in patients with locally advanced pa… |
| Reversible | Čebron et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2024 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Background: Despite extensive research in recent decades, pancreatic cancer continues to be among the most lethal forms of cancer, with no substantial increase in survival rates. Local recur… |
| Irreversible | Agnass et al · J Therm Biol | 2023 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Introduction: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is an ablation modality that applies short, high-voltage electric pulses to unresectable cancers. Although considered a non-thermal technique… |
| Irreversible | Filson et al · J Surg Oncol | 2023 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Intraoperative bile cultures (IOBCs) taken during pancreatic surgery are commonly performed and there has been limited evidence that a positive IOBC could aid in perioperative ad… |
| Irreversible | Martin et al · Surgery | 2023 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the rates of local recurrence and margin positivity in patients with borderline resectable pancreatic cancer after pancreatectomy with o… |
| Reversible | Cutolo et al · European Journal of Surgical Oncology | 2022 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Adenocarcinoma, which originates in the ducts that carry digestive enzymes, is the most common and aggressive type of pancreatic cancers. Surgical resection is a potentially curative option … |
| Reversible | Izzo et al · J Clin Med | 2021 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Objective: To assess local disease control rates (LDCR) and overall survival (OS) in locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) treated with electrochemotherapy (ECT). Methods: Electrochemoth… |
| Irreversible | Flak et al · Pancreatology | 2021 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Most pancreatic cancer (PC) patients are incurable and may need palliative treatment at some point in time. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel ablative treatment, whic… |
| Irreversible | Flak et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2021 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | (1) Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a nonthermal ablation technique that is being studied in nonmetastatic pancreatic cancer (PC). Most published studies use imaging outcom… |
| Irreversible | Rudno-Rudzińska et al · Surg Oncol | 2021 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | In this study, irreversible electroporation (IRE), electrochemotherapy (ECT), and calcium electroporation (CaEP) techniques were investigated as new strategies for human pancreatic cancer. Q… |
| Irreversible | Field et al · Am J Surg | 2019 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: IRE is a non-thermal ablative modality that has been shown to be safe and efficacious in LAPC and liver tumors, but few studies have shown its effects on patients' (QOL). The goa… |
| Irreversible | Liu et al · Onco Targets Ther | 2019 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objective: We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of irreversible electroporation (IRE) combined with chemotherapy for unresectable pancreatic carcinoma (stage III/IV). Methods: We pr… |
| Irreversible | Leen et al · J Gastrointest Oncol | 2018 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: The prognosis for unresectable locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma (LAPC) remains poor. There is increasing interest in modern ablative techniques to improve outcomes. We … |
| Irreversible | Marsanic et al · Med Biol Eng Comput | 2017 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | In recent years, many local ablation technologies based on thermal damage have been used in the treatment of locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma (LAPC) and borderline resectable pancreatic… |
| Irreversible | Martin · HPB (Oxford) | 2016 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | ally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma Robert C.G. Martin, II, MD, PhD, FACS Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Louisville, 315 East Broadway, Louisville, KY 40202, United States … |
| Irreversible | Akinwande et al · J Oncol | 2015 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction. In patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC), IRE has been shown to be safe for local disease control and palliation. As IRE continues to gain acceptance it is im… |
| Irreversible | Martin et al · Anesth Pain Med | 2015 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a relatively new approach to the management of multiple types of locally advanced soft tissue tumors. Unique peri-procedural anesthetic mana… |
| Irreversible | Martin et al · Ann Surg | 2015 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objectives: Ablative therapies have been increasingly utilized in the treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is an energy delivery system,… |
| Irreversible | Dunki-Jacobs et al · J Am Coll Surg | 2014 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Intraoperative evaluation of successful pancreatic tumor ablation using irreversible electroporation (IRE) is difficult secondary to lack of visual confirmation. The IRE generato… |
| Reversible | Jesenko et al · Int J Mol Sci | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Pancreatic cancer is among the deadliest malignancies, with limited treatment options and poor prognosis. Novel strategies are therefore urgently needed. Sotorasib, a KRAS G12C-specific inhi… |
| Irreversible | Brys · J Clin Med | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background : Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) presents a challenge due to its poor prognosis. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) shows promise in improving margin clearance and increa… |
| Irreversible | Gordon et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To investigate if radiomics signatures generated from longitudinal CT scans could predict IRE treatment effectiveness and outcomes in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cance… |
| Irreversible | Hendrikx · Curr Oncol | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a poor prognosis, with a 5-year survival rate of 10%. Irreversible electroporation (IRE), a non-thermal ablative technique, may improv… |
| Irreversible | Li et al · World J Gastrointest Surg | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel non-thermal ablation technology for unresectable tumors. Hypertension and tachycardia usually occur during the IRE. To date, there h… |
| Irreversible | Patel · Ann Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Backgrounds/aims: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) may have a potential application as either a "back-up therapy" or for margin accentuation during trial dissection of locally advanced pan… |
| Irreversible | Jiang et al · Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr | 2024 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | sible electroporation and intraoperative radiotherapy Lingmin Jiang1,2,3#, Xin Huang1,2,3#, Xin Hua4#, Qiaoqiao Li1,2,5, Yujing Zhang1,2,5, Jun Wang1,2,3, Shengping Li1,2,3 1 State Key Labor… |
| Irreversible | Lim et al · Ann Surg Oncol | 2024 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Margin accentuation using irreversible electroporation (MA-IRE) improves recurrence and overall survival (OS) in pancreatic cancer patients; however, there have been limited outc… |
| Irreversible | Martin et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2024 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background/objectives: Overall survival for patients with Stage 3 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains limited, with a median survival of 12 to 15 months. Irreversible electropora… |
| Irreversible | Tasu et al · Eur Radiol | 2024 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objectives: The aim of the IRECAP study was to evaluate the rate of locally advanced pancreas cancer patients (LAPC) who could undergo R0 or R1 surgery after irreversible electroporation (IR… |
| Irreversible | Zeng et al · J Cancer Res Ther | 2024 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: This study evaluates the clinical efficacy and safety of irreversible electroporation (IRE) therapy combined with chemotherapy in patients with stage IV pancreatic cancer. Methods: … |
| Irreversible | Davis et al · Surg Innov | 2023 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: A significant number of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer are unable to undergo resection due to vascular involvement. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has shown promise… |
| Irreversible | Ong · J Interv Med | 2023 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) employs the use of an electric field to cause irreversible permeability of the cell membrane, inducing apoptosis. The use of IRE for locally advanced pancr… |
| Reversible | Bosnjak et al · Radiol Oncol | 2022 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Background: One of the new treatment options for unresectable locally advanced pancreatic cancer is electrochemotherapy (ECT), a local ablative therapy that potentiates the entry of chemothe… |
| Reversible | Kovalev · Modern Medical Technology | 2022 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a malignant tumor with a poor prognosis and an extremely low 5-year survival rate. No more than 10% of patients have local cancer of the pancreas; in the rest, at t… |
| Irreversible | Ma et al · J Oncol | 2022 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a new local ablation technique for pancreatic cancer. The aim of this study is to analyse the safety and effectiveness of simultaneous gemcit… |
| Irreversible | Peng et al · Adv Sci (Weinh) | 2022 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Pancreatic cancer is a deadly disease with little response to standard therapies. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has emerged as a novel ablative technique for the clinical treatment of p… |
| Irreversible | Thomas et al · J Surg Oncol | 2022 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) expands the surgical options for patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer. This study evaluated for differences in survival stratified by t… |
| Irreversible | Woeste et al · Front Oncol | 2022 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has emerged as a viable consolidative therapy after induction chemotherapy, in which this combination has improved overall survival of locally … |
| Reversible | Rudno-Rudzińska et al · Adv Clin Exp Med | 2021 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Background According to the National Cancer Registry, 3486 people (1744 men and 1742 women) were diagnosed with pancreatic adenocarcinoma in Poland in 2018, resulting in 4908 deaths (2396 me… |
| Irreversible | He et al · J Inflamm Res | 2021 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel treatment for locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC), but the predictive factors, based on cytokines and immunocytes of survival,… |
| Irreversible | He et al · J Inflamm Res | 2021 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is shown to not only improve the prognosis of patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) but also activate the immune system. Cons… |
| Irreversible | He et al · Front Oncol | 2021 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) is a lethal disease and neoadjuvant chemotherapy and conversional resection is shown to provide the best survival for LAPC patients. Irreversible el… |
| Irreversible | Heger et al · Pancreatology | 2021 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background/objectives: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is an emerging treatment for locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) which in some cohorts has been associated with severe complic… |
| Irreversible | Narayanan et al · BMC Cancer | 2021 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a local ablation technique utilizing high voltage, low energy direct current to create nanopores in cell membrane which disrupt homeostasis … |
| Irreversible | Oikonomou et al · Am J Clin Oncol | 2021 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objectives: Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) is found in about 40% of patients with pancreatic cancer. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a nonthermal ablative technique that pro… |
| Reversible | Alberici et al · Pancreatology | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | – | eatic cancer: indications, techniques and results. A single centre experience. L. Alberici 1, C. Ricci 1, C. Ingaldi 1, E. De Raffele 1, M. Di Marco 1, A. Guido 1, F. Minni 1, C. Serra 1, R.… |
| Reversible | Casadei et al · Updates Surg | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Background: Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) is usually treated with chemoradiotherapy with poor results. The aim of the study was to assess whether intraoperative electrochemothera… |
| Irreversible | Bhutiani et al · Ann Surg Oncol | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Apoptosis Induction | Background: Previously published work has demonstrated that combining gemcitabine with irreversible electroporation (IRE) results in increased drug delivery to pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell… |
| Irreversible | Chai et al · Ultrasound Med Biol | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The aim of this study was to describe ultrasound (US) and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) findings immediately and 1 d after percutaneous irreversible electroporation (IRE) of hepatic ma… |
| Irreversible | He et al · Front Oncol | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel method which was especially suitable for the treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). The purpose of this study was to evaluate p… |
| Irreversible | He et al · Front Oncol | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) has a dismal prognosis even after standard chemotherapy, and local progression contributes to nearly one-third of the deaths of these patients. As a… |
| Irreversible | He et al · Cancer Med | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) remains a challenge for current treatments. Local destructive therapies, such as irreversible electroporation (IRE) and radiofrequency a… |
| Irreversible | He et al · Pancreatology | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) is a devastating disease and irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal ablation method that is especially suitable for the tre… |
| Irreversible | Lei et al · J Nanosci Nanotechnol | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | To summarize the experience of 40 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma treated with irreversible electroporation ablation (IRE), their experiences with surgical nurses, and to explore the… |
| Irreversible | Ma et al · World J Clin Cases | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) is a common malignant digestive system tumor that ranks as the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in the world. The prognosis … |
| Irreversible | MÅNSSON et al · Anticancer Res | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background/aim: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has recently been used as an experimental treatment for cancers including locally advanced pancreatic cancer. There is very limited data on… |
| Irreversible | O’Neill et al · Surgery | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Combining immune checkpoint blockade therapy with operative disruptive immunomodulation using irreversible electroporation may overcome the resistance to systemic therapy found i… |
| Irreversible | Ruarus et al · Radiology | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background Patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer have a dismal prognosis, with a median overall survival (OS) of 12-14 months with systemic therapies. Irreversible electroporation… |
| Irreversible | Xu et al · J Cancer Res Ther | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Context: The safety and efficacy of irreversible electroporation (IRE) for locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma (LAPC) are well established. However, whether adjuvant chemoradiotherapy afte… |
| Irreversible | Yang et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a modality that utilizes high electric voltage to cause cell apoptosis. IRE has been used to treat locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAP… |
| Reversible | Granata et al · Radiol Oncol | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Background The aim of the study was to evaluate diagnostic performance of functional parameters derived by conventional mono-exponential approach of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and by d… |
| Irreversible | Beitel-White · Sci Rep | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Immunotherapies have demonstrated limited efficacy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients despite their success in treating other tumor types. This limitation is largely due to … |
| Irreversible | Flak et al · Scand J Gastroenterol | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objectives: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel non-thermal ablative technique applied in the treatment of unresectable locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). This paper report… |
| Irreversible | He et al · J Oncol | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has been demonstrated to be a safe and effective method for locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the im… |
| Irreversible | He et al · BMC Cancer | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) represents more than one third of pancreatic cancers and owns poor survival after the standard chemotherapy. Irreversible electroporatio… |
| Irreversible | Holland et al · HPB (Oxford) | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: The optimal treatment and management of locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) remains unclear and controversial. This study aimed to report the initial outcomes of the AHPBA … |
| Irreversible | MÅNSSON et al · Anticancer Res | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background/aim: Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) is a tumor marker for pancreatic cancer. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is an experimental treatment modality for pancreatic cancer. Th… |
| Irreversible | Månsson et al · Anticancer Res | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background/aim: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has recently been used as an experimental ablation treatment following systemic chemotherapy in locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). … |
| Irreversible | Pandit et al · Ann Surg Oncol | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has been demonstrated as an effective local method for locally advanced (stage 3) pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Immune regulatory T cells (Tregs) … |
| Irreversible | Scheffer et al · Oncoimmunology | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose : Local tumor ablation through irreversible electroporation (IRE) may offer a novel therapeutic option for locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). It may also serve as a means of … |
| Reversible | Ali et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2018 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal cancers with high metastatic potential and strong chemoresistance. The capability of a tumor to grow and propagate is dependent on a small subset … |
| Irreversible | Huang et al · J Surg Oncol | 2018 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background and objectives: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal focal therapy that utilizes high voltage electric pulses to permanently rupture the cellular membrane and induc… |
| Irreversible | Lin et al · Cell Physiol Biochem | 2018 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background/aims: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is often diagnosed at an advanced stage, resulting in extremely poor 5-year survival. Late diagnosis of PDAC is mainly due to lack of… |
| Irreversible | Sugimoto et al · Intern Med | 2018 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objective To evaluate irreversible electroporation (IRE) for locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). Methods This study was approved by our local review board. Eight patients with histolo… |
| Irreversible | Tartaglia et al · Int J Surg Case Rep | 2018 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal cancers worldwide, with 5-years survival rate as low as 6%. The majority of pancreatic cancer patients present locally advanced or m… |
| Reversible | Granata et al · World J Gastroenterol | 2017 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Aim: To report early imaging assessment of ablated area post electrochemotherapy (ECT) in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). Methods: ECT was performed in 19 LAPC patie… |
| Irreversible | Belfiore et al · Med Oncol | 2017 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is one of the most fatal cancers, characterized by aggressive tumor growth and a short patient survival time between diagnosis and death. Safe and effective treatme… |
| Irreversible | Deiters et al · Liver Pancreat Sci | 2017 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Isolated local recurrence after surgical resection for pancreatic cancer is rare. Current common therapies for recurrence include chemotherapy or chemoradiation. There are few, i… |
| Irreversible | Latouche et al · J Surg Oncol | 2017 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background and objectives: Irreversible Electroporation (IRE) is a focal ablation technique highly attractive to surgical oncologists due to its non-thermal nature that allows for eradicatio… |
| Irreversible | Lin et al · Oncotarget | 2017 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To study the safety and clinical efficacy on combination of irreversible electroporation and allogeneic natural killer cell therapy for treating Stage III/IV pancreatic cancer, eval… |
| Irreversible | Lin et al · J Cancer Res Clin Oncol | 2017 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: This study was attempted to investigate the safety and clinical efficacy of percutaneous irreversible electroporation combined with allogeneic natural killer cell therapy for treati… |
| Irreversible | Lin et al · Immunol Lett | 2017 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | This study was to determine how the short-term clinical efficacy of irreversible electroporation (IRE) combined with allogeneic natural killer (NK) cell therapy for treating metastatic pancr… |
| Irreversible | Scheffer et al · Radiology | 2017 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose To (a) investigate the safety of percutaneous irreversible electroporation (IRE) for locally advanced pancreatic cancer and (b) evaluate the quality of life (QOL), pain perception, a… |
| Irreversible | Bhutiani et al · CSurgeries | 2016 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To explore the efficacy and safety of irreversible electroporation (IRE) ablation combined with natural killer (NK) cells in the treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAP… |
| Irreversible | Lambert et al · Neoplasma | 2016 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of irreversible electroporation (IRE) and the outcome of patients undergoing IRE of locally advanced pancreatic cancer (PC). Twenty-one patie… |
| Irreversible | Li et al · Biomed Res Int | 2016 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The aim of this article is to evaluate and compare the postprocedure pain in patients with pancreatic carcinoma treated with irreversible electroporation (IRE) and cryoablation (CRYO). We co… |
| Irreversible | Martin et al · J Surg Oncol | 2016 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible Electroporation (IRE) is used to treat locally advanced cancers, commonly of the pancreas, liver, kidney, and other soft tissues. Precise eligibility for IRE should be establish… |
| Irreversible | Månsson et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2016 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal based tumor ablation method used close to vessels and ducts and has the potential of treating locally advanced pancreatic canc… |
| Irreversible | Papamichail et al · Korean J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg | 2016 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Backgrounds/aims: Resection or enucleation is currently the treatment of choice for small pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Irreversible electroporation is a novel ablative method tha… |
| Irreversible | Stillström et al · Surg Endosc | 2016 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Background: Palliative irreversible electroporation of pancreatic adenocarcinomas is rapidly gaining in interest since a large proportion of these patients cannot be radically resected. Meth… |
| Irreversible | Vroomen et al · Eur Radiol | 2016 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objectives: To assess specific imaging characteristics after irreversible electroporation (IRE) for locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma (LAPC) with contrast-enhanced (ce)MRI and ceCT, and … |
| Irreversible | Wichtowski et al · Contemp Oncol (Pozn) | 2016 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Aim of the study: Irreversible electroporation is a new, non-thermal ablation technique in the treatment of parenchymal organ tumors which uses short high voltage pulses of electricity in or… |
| Reversible | Granata et al · Int J Surg | 2015 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Objective: Report the preliminary results on electrochemotherapy (ECT) in the treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer of a phase I/II study and described the new functional imaging t… |
| Irreversible | Belfiore et al · Int J Surg | 2015 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal ablation technique recently used in pancreatic cancer. In our prospective study we evaluated safety, feasibility and efficac… |
| Irreversible | Gonzalez-Beicos et al · Tech Vasc Interv Radiol | 2015 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel therapy that has shown to be a feasible and promising alternative to conventional ablative techniques when treating tumors near vital structures… |
| Irreversible | Kluger et al · Ann Surg Oncol | 2015 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) for treatment of locally advanced pancreatic tumors is garnering increasing attention. This study was conducted to determine perioperative morb… |
| Irreversible | Martin · Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr | 2015 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation is a non-thermal injury ablative modality that has been in clinical use since 2008 in the treatment of locally advanced soft tissue tumors. It has been reported … |
| Irreversible | Paiella et al · Dig Surg | 2015 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To evaluate the safety of the NanoKnife Low Energy Direct Current (LEDC) System (Irreversible Electroporation, IRE) in order to treat patients with unresectable pancreatic adenocarc… |
| Irreversible | Kwon et al · Surgery | 2014 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: Complete tumor extirpation (R0 resection) remains the best possibility for long-term survival in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Unfortunately, approximately 80% of pa… |
| Irreversible | Narayanan et al · Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2014 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of Irreversible Electroporation (IRE) on vessel patency in close proximity to the ablation zone. Materials and methods: Between J… |
| Irreversible | Martin · J Gastrointest Surg | 2013 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Irreversible electroporation of locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma has been used to palliate appropriate patients with locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The setting was at … |
| Irreversible | Philips et al · PLoS One | 2013 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel technology that uses peri-target discrete probes to deliver high-voltage localized electric current to induce cell death without the… |
| Irreversible | Bagla et al · Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology | 2012 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | No. 128 Percutaneous irreversible electroporation (IRE) of surgically unresectable pancreatic carcinoma: single center safety experience MONDAY: Scientific Sessions S. Bagla, D. Papadouris, … |
| Irreversible | Martin et al · J Am Coll Surg | 2012 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Locally advanced pancreatic cancer patients have limited options for disease control. Local ablation technologies based on thermal damage have been used but are associated with m… |
| Irreversible | Martin et al · Ann Surg Oncol | 2012 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Locally advanced unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma (LAC) is characterized by poor survival despite chemotherapy and conventional radiation therapy. We have recently reported… |
| Irreversible | Narayanan et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2012 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: Treatment of unresectable locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) usually includes chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy in an attempt to downstage these tumors to the extent of r… |
| Reversible | Qin · J Inflamm Res | 2025 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | – | Background: Pancreatic cancer (PCA) is a highly malignant tumor with a 5-year survival rate of <10%. It is characterized as a cold tumor with an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Liver dys… |
| Irreversible | Narayanan et al · Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2025 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To evaluate the safety and local efficacy of irreversible electroporation (IRE) for soft tissue lesions near or involving gastrointestinal structures. Material and methods: This sin… |
| Irreversible | Xi et al · Front Immunol | 2025 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has shown promise in improving survival outcomes and activating the immune response in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC).… |
| Irreversible | Ma et al · Front Immunol | 2023 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel local tumor ablation approach with the potential to stimulate an antitumor immune response. However, it is not effective in preventi… |
| Irreversible | Fang et al · Clin Radiol | 2021 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Aim: To report initial experience with irreversible electroporation (IRE) in a single tertiary oncology centre and to describe its role in the management of liver and pancreatic tumours. Mat… |
| Irreversible | Simmerman et al · J Surg Res | 2020 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a relatively new ablation technique utilized as focal therapy to target areas of significant tumor burden to ablate tumors in situ or improv… |
| Irreversible | Narayanan et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2017 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To describe safety and effectiveness of percutaneous irreversible electroporation (IRE) for treatment of unresectable, locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma (LAPC). Materials a… |
| Irreversible | Braucci et al · Pancreatology | 2013 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Pancreaticoduodenectomy is treatment of choice for periampullary tumors. This procedure carry a significant risk and morbidities. Most of them are related to pancreatic anastomotic failure. F… |
| Reversible | Lauzana et al · European Journal of Surgical Oncology | 2023 | Case Series | Human | – | Studies that include long-term follow-up of endocrine function including serial volume of pancreas in patients with pancreaticoduodenectomy for peri-ampullary neoplasm are very rare due to t… |
| Irreversible | Shen · Cancers (Basel) | 2022 | Case Series | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has emerged as a promising treatment for patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). Therefore, in this study, we evaluate the safety and effi… |
| Irreversible | Vogel et al · Ann Surg Oncol | 2017 | Case Series | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Following induction chemotherapy, both resection or irreversible electroporation (IRE) may further improve survival in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). Ho… |
| Irreversible | Yan et al · Chin Med J (Engl) | 2016 | Case Series | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma (LAPC) is characterized by poor prognosis despite recommended concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has emerged a… |
| Reversible | Granata et al · Eur J Inflamm | 2014 | Case Series | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy is an effective treatment for various cutaneous tumors and could be translated into treatment of deep-seated tumors. With this aim, a prospective clinical phase I/II stud… |
| Irreversible | Ma et al · World J Clin Cases | 2020 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Pancreatic cancer has a poor prognosis; 40%-50% of patients have liver metastases at the time of initial diagnosis and only 15%-20% undergo surgical resection. Irreversible elect… |
| Irreversible | Wang et al · Radiol Case Rep | 2020 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | A 44-year-old gentleman with stage III (T4N1M0) unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma at the uncinate process underwent percutaneous image guided Irreversible Electroporation (IRE). At day-… |
| Irreversible | Papalampros et al · World J Surg Oncol | 2019 | Case Report | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Background: Primary pancreatic leiomyosarcoma is an extremely rare entity that needs high clinical suspicion in order to diagnose it at an early stage. Clinical characteristics, diagnosis, a… |
| Irreversible | Papoulas et al · J Surg Case Rep | 2018 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Achieving clear microscopic resection margins following pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is challenging particularly in borderline resectable pancreatic carcinoma (BRPC). Positive resection marg… |
| Irreversible | Tarantino et al · Ann Med Surg (Lond) | 2018 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: Solid pseudopapillary Carcinoma (SPC) is a rare pancreatic Tumor with variable, usually low, malignancy potential. Howewer, several SPC are associated with aggressive behavior,… |
| Irreversible | Orcutt et al · Int J Surg Case Rep | 2017 | Case Report | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Introduction: For patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma who are not candidates for surgical resection, long-term survival is poor, even with currently available systemic and radiation ther… |
| Irreversible | Su et al · World J Gastroenterol | 2017 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a rare but serious postoperative complication associated with irreversible electroporation (IRE). We report a case of postoperative PVT in a 54-year-old woman… |
| Irreversible | Trueba-Arguiñarena et al · Medicine (Baltimore) | 2015 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a new nonthermal tumor ablation modality that induces apoptosis in the treated tissue without affecting collagen. Its use is particularly indicated for … |
| Irreversible | Scheffer et al · Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2014 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel image-guided ablation technique that is increasingly used to treat locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma (LAPC). We describe a 67-year-old male … |
| Irreversible | Bagla et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2012 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The present report describes a case of percutaneous irreversible electroporation (IRE) in a 78-year-old man with surgically unresectable stage III (tumor/node/metastasis stages, T4N0M0) panc… |
| Reversible | Marcellier et al · Clin Transl Gastroenterol | 2025 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Introduction: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Electroporation-based therapies, such as electroche… |
| Reversible | Rompianesi et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2025 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | – | Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most difficult cancers to treat, with a dismal 5-year survival rate of only 8-10%. This challenging prognosis highlights the… |
| Irreversible | Shuiqing et al · Health Sciences Review | 2022 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background/objectives To evaluate the safety and efficacy of irreversible electroporation (IRE) for treating local advanced pancreatic carcinoma. Methods Relevant literature published from J… |
| Irreversible | Sugumar et al · HPB (Oxford) | 2022 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is used as a locoregional treatment modality for patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC), but is non-curative and is associated… |
| Irreversible | Ratnayake et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2021 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The present systematic review aimed to summarise the available evidence on indications and oncological outcomes after MA IRE for stage III pancreatic cancer (PC). A literature search was per… |
| Reversible | Granata et al · Front Oncol | 2020 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | This article provides an overview of imaging assessment of ablated pancreatic cancer. Only studies reporting radiological assessment on pancreatic ablated cancer were retained. We found 16 c… |
| Irreversible | Charalambous et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2020 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible Electroporation (IRE) is a novel non-thermal ablation technique used in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC), in the proximity of sensitive struct… |
| Irreversible | Lafranceschina · Cancers (Basel) | 2019 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Ablative techniques provide in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) symptomatic relief, survival benefit and potential downsizing. Irreversible Electroporation… |
| Irreversible | Moris et al · Ann Surg Oncol | 2019 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objective: The aim of the present systematic review was to collect, analyze, and critically evaluate the role of irreversible electroporation (IRE) in locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAP… |
| Irreversible | Tian et al · Biomed Res Int | 2018 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a deadly disease with poor prognosis in the general population. We aimed to quantitate overall survival of patients with PC after irreversible electropor… |
| Irreversible | Ansari et al · Scand J Gastroenterol | 2017 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objectives: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a new modality for tumor ablation. Electrodes are placed around the tumor, and a pulsed, direct current with a field strength of 2000 V/cm i… |
| Irreversible | Vogel et al · PLoS One | 2016 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Apoptosis Induction | Introduction: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel ablation technique in the treatment of unresectable cancer. The non-thermal mechanism is thought to cause mostly apoptosis compare… |
| Irreversible | Moir et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2014 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel procedure to combat pancreatic cancer, whereby high voltage pulses are delivered, resulting in cell death. This represents an ideal … |
| Irreversible | Scheffer et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2014 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To provide an overview of current clinical results of irreversible electroporation (IRE), a novel, nonthermal tumor ablation technique that uses electric pulses to induce cell death… |
| Irreversible | He et al · Journal of Pancreatology | 2024 | Guideline / Consensus | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies, with increasing morbidity and mortality. Only 20% of all cases are candidates for surgical resection. Most locally advanced pancreat… |
| Reversible | Vemulapalli · Cancers (Basel) | 2025 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the most challenging malignancies to treat, largely due to late diagnosis, limited surgical options, and profound resistance to systemi… |
| Irreversible | Stephens et al · Surgery | 2024 | Review | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Background: Irreversible electroporation is a novel approach for treating locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma. However, this ablative technique is not without risk and has the potenti… |
| Irreversible | Vos et al · Semin Intervent Radiol | 2024 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Since no uniform treatment protocol for pancreatic irreversible electroporation (IRE) exists, the heterogeneity throughout literature complicates the comparison of results. To reach agreemen… |
| Irreversible | Zhang · Ann Transl Med | 2024 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background and objective: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is 3 rd most lethal cancer in the USA leading to a median survival of six months and less than 5% 5-year overall survival (O… |
| Irreversible | De Grandis et al · Int J Mol Sci | 2023 | Review | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Despite the advances made in treatment, the prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains dismal, even in the locoregional and locally advanced stages, with high relapse rates… |
| Irreversible | Gajewska-Naryniecka · Int J Mol Sci | 2023 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Pancreatic cancer has no symptoms until the disease has advanced and is aggressive cancer with early metastasis. Up to now, the only curative treatment is surgical resection, which is possib… |
| Irreversible | Oei et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2023 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Numerous clinical studies have been conducted to improve the outcomes of patients suffering from pancreatic cancer. Different approaches using targeted therapeutic strategies and precision m… |
| Irreversible | Spiliopoulos · World J Gastroenterol | 2023 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Pancreatic cancer is currently the seventh leading cause of cancer death (4.5% of all cancer deaths) while 80%-90% of the patients suffer from unresectable disease at the time of diagnosis. … |
| Irreversible | Yun et al · Curr Oncol Rep | 2023 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose of review: This review will describe the various applications, benefits, risks, and approaches of conventional irreversible electroporation (IRE), as well as highlight the new techno… |
| Irreversible | da Silva et al · Radiol Bras | 2023 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is one of the most aggressive malignant neoplasms, with a one-year survival rate below 20%. Axial methods (computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging… |
| Reversible | Granata et al · Pol J Radiol | 2022 | Review | Literature Analysis | – | ENWEndNote BIBJabRef, Mendeley RISPapers, Reference Manager, RefWorks, Zotero AMA Granata V, Palaia R, Izzo F. Comments on "The beneficial role of electrochemotherapy in locally advanced pan… |
| Reversible | Kozak et al · Pol J Radiol | 2022 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) of locally advanced pancreatic cancer is an increasingly used method for unresectable pancreatic cancer that can be used in cytoreduction followed by surgi… |
| Irreversible | Gyftopoulos · Front Oncol | 2022 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a local ablative technique used in conjunction with chemotherapy to treat locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). The combination of IRE and chemothe… |
| Irreversible | Imran · Front Oncol | 2022 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Advancements in medical sciences and technologies have significantly improved the survival of many cancers; however, pancreatic cancer remains a deadly diagnosis. This malignancy is often di… |
| Irreversible | Lambin et al · World J Gastroenterol | 2022 | Review | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is expected to become the second leading cause of death from cancer by 2030. Despite intensive research in the field of therapeutics, the 5-year overa… |
| Irreversible | Bibok et al · World J Gastroenterol | 2021 | Review | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Pancreatic cancer is a challenging malignancy with limited treatment options and poor life expectancy. The only curative option is surgical resection, but only 15%-20% of patients are resect… |
| Irreversible | Kwon et al · Semin Oncol | 2021 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) constitutes approximately one-third of all pancreatic cancer, with standard of care inconsistently defined and achieving modest outcomes at best. Wh… |
| Irreversible | Rai et al · J Clin Med | 2021 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) accounts for 30% of patients with pancreatic cancer. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel cancer treatment that may improve survival and qu… |
| Irreversible | Tian · Front Oncol | 2021 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Emerging studies have showed irreversible electroporation (IRE) focused on pancreatic cancer (PC). However, the effects of IRE treatment on the immune response of PC remain unknown. Moreover… |
| Irreversible | Timmer et al · Tech Vasc Interv Radiol | 2020 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Several minimally invasive image guided tumor ablation techniques have been added to the treatment spectrum for locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). Irreversible electroporation (IRE) … |
| Reversible | Campana et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2019 | Review | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | The treatment of tumors with electrochemotherapy (ECT) has surged over the past decade. Thanks to the transient cell membrane permeabilization induced by the short electric pulses used by EC… |
| Irreversible | Aycock · Bioelectricity | 2019 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has established a clinical niche as an alternative to thermal ablation for the eradication of unresectable tumors, particularly those near critical vascula… |
| Irreversible | Chan et al · Semin Intervent Radiol | 2019 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a relatively recent method of ablation. In contrast to many ablation devices that use thermal methods to induce cell death, IRE employs the use of an el… |
| Irreversible | Frey et al · Semin Intervent Radiol | 2019 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Efforts to improve mortality associated with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) have shown minimal gains despite advances in surgical technique, systemic treatments, and radiation the… |
| Irreversible | Wu et al · Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int | 2019 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel ablative technique for hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers. This review summarizes the data regarding the safety and efficacy of IR… |
| Irreversible | Paiella et al · Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol | 2018 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a solid tumor with still a dismal prognosis. Diagnosis is usually late, when the disease is metastatic or locally advanced (LAPC). Only 20% of PC are amenable to su… |
| Irreversible | Ruarus et al · Can Assoc Radiol J | 2018 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Hepatopancreaticobiliary tumours are often diagnosed at an advanced disease stage, in which encasement or invasion of local biliary or vascular structures has already occurred. Irreversible … |
| Irreversible | de Liguori Carino et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2018 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: The incidence of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is rapidly increasing. Up to 30% of patients present with locally advanced disease and therefore are not candidates for s… |
| Reversible | Granata et al · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | – | Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is currently one of the deadliest cancers with high mortality rate. This disease leads to an aggressive local invasion and early metastases and is poorly responsive… |
| Irreversible | Martin · J Surg Oncol | 2017 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The essential diagnosis for LAPC is based on high-quality cross-sectional imaging, which demonstrates tumor invasion into the celiac/superior mesenteric arteries and/or superior mesenteric/p… |
| Irreversible | Rashid et al · Abdom Radiol (NY) | 2017 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is increasingly used for the ablation of unresectable locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Unlike other ablation technologies that cannot be safely … |
| Reversible | Bimonte et al · Radiol Oncol | 2016 | Review | Literature Analysis | – | Background: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is currently one of the deadliest cancers with high mortality rate. This disease leads to an aggressive local invasion and early metastases, and is poor… |
| Irreversible | Paiella et al · Gastroenterol Res Pract | 2016 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has still a dismal prognosis. Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) accounts for the 40% of the new diagnoses. Current treatment options are based… |
| Irreversible | Paiella et al · Updates Surg | 2016 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Thanks to continuous research and investment in technology, the ablation of tumors has become common. Through the application of different types of energy is possible to induce cellular inju… |
| Irreversible | Tasu et al · Diagn Interv Imaging | 2016 | Review | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is one of the solid cancers associated with the poorest prognosis; the only curative treatment remains surgical resection but in most cases, this treatment is not p… |
| Reversible | Tafuto et al · Int J Surg | 2015 | Review | Human | – | Electrochemotherapy is a local non-thermal treatment for cancer ablation. Currently, many studies and case report have investigated the differences in effectiveness of electrochemotherapy wi… |
| Irreversible | Al Efishat et al · BMJ | 2015 | Review | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | About a third of patients with pancreatic cancer present with locally advanced disease that is not amenable to resection. Because these patients have localized disease, conventional ablative… |
| Irreversible | Martin · J Vis Surg | 2015 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objective: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) of stage 3 pancreatic adenocarcinoma has been used to provide quality of life time in patients who have undergone appropriate induction therapy.… |
| Irreversible | Young · World J Gastrointest Surg | 2015 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Pancreatic adenocarcinoma continues to have a poor prognosis with 1 and 5 years survival rates of 27% and 6% respectively. The gold standard of treatment is resection, however, only approxim… |
| Irreversible | Weiss et al · Adv Surg | 2014 | Review | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Approximately 43,000 new cases of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are identified yearly in the United States. Surgical resection offers the only chance for cure, with 5-year survival… |
| Irreversible | Jacobs · Research (Wash D C) | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a nonthermal ablation modality used clinically for treating unresectable tumors while preserving vital structures through controlled application of puls… |
| Irreversible | Jiang et al · Front Immunol | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) represents a potential therapeutic approach for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, differences in tumor size and shape can lead … |
| Irreversible | Ko et al · Sci Rep | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) can be considered as an alternative therapy for pancreatic tumors. However, a previous study revealed that the difference in electrical conductivity betwee… |
| Irreversible | Li et al · Nat Commun | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is an ablative treatment for pancreatic cancer. It utilizes high-intensity pulsed electric field (PEF) to eliminate cancer cells by irreversibly disrupting… |
| Irreversible | Zhang et al · Adv Mater | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal malignancy, primarily attributable to its immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and limited responsiveness to conventional thera… |
| Irreversible | Cao et al · Magn Reson Med | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination | Purpose: To investigate contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRI and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) for early prediction of tumor response to combined irreversible electroporat… |
| Irreversible | Jacobs · BME Front | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objective: This study characterizes the effects of external conductivity on electroporation to develop methods to overcome potential patient-to-patient variability. Impact Statement: We demo… |
| Irreversible | Jacobs et al · bioRxiv | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal ablation modality used clinically for treating unresectable tumors while preserving vital structures through controlled application of pul… |
| Irreversible | Kim · Biomedicines | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background/Objectives : Traditional thermal ablation for pancreatic cancer is limited by collateral injury, often leading to complications such as pancreatitis. Irreversible electroporation … |
| Irreversible | Rugivarodom · VideoGIE | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electroporation (EP) is a novel, highly selective, nonthermal modality for tissue ablation.1 Reversible EP occurs when an electrical field is applied to the target cell creating transmembran… |
| Irreversible | Wu et al · Adv Sci (Weinh) | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Minimally invasive irreversible electroporation ablation shows promise for pancreatic cancer (PCa), but the high recurrence and metastasis rates pose a therapeutic challenge for loco-regiona… |
| Irreversible | Xu et al · Sci Adv | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal malignancy with pronounced resistance to conventional therapies. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a promising therapy for PDAC… |
| Irreversible | Huang et al · Mol Pharm | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Pancreatic cancer is a deadly disease with a five-year overall survival rate of around 11%. Chemotherapy is a cornerstone in the treatment of this malignancy, but the intratumoral delivery o… |
| Irreversible | Imran · Front Immunol | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Pancreatic cancer is a significant cause of cancer-related mortality and often presents with limited treatment options. Pancreatic tumors are also notorious for their immunosuppressive micro… |
| Reversible | Stupan et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Electrochemotherapy (ECT 1 ) is used for treatment of unresectable abdominal malignancies. This study aims to show that ECT of porcine portal vein anastomosis is safe and feasible in order t… |
| Irreversible | Liu · Nat Commun | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The response rate of pancreatic cancer to chemotherapy or immunotherapy pancreatic cancer is low. Although minimally invasive irreversible electroporation (IRE) ablation is a promising optio… |
| Irreversible | Shankara · J Immunother Cancer | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Pancreatic cancer (PC) has a poor prognosis, and most patients present with either locally advanced or distant metastatic disease. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-the… |
| Irreversible | Woeste · J Immunother Cancer | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a challenging diagnosis that is yet to benefit from the advancements in immuno-oncologic treatments. Irreversible electroporation (IRE), a non-thermal m… |
| Irreversible | Yan et al · World J Gastrointest Oncol | 2022 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a local non-thermal ablative technique which has been suggested as a potential cancer therapy. However, the specific anatomic characteristic… |
| Irreversible | Sun et al · Cancer Lett | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | NanoKnife, a nonthermal ablation technique also termed irreversible electroporation (IRE), has been adopted in locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) treatment. However, reversible electr… |
| Irreversible | Yang et al · Oncoimmunology | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is associated with highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) that can limit the efficacy of dendritic cell (DC) vaccine immunotherapy. Irr… |
| Reversible | Dežman et al · Pancreas | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Objectives: The use of thermal ablative therapies in the pancreatic tumors is limited because of the risk of the vessel injury and potential pancreatitis or fistula formation. Electrochemoth… |
| Irreversible | Brock et al · Front Oncol | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | New methods of tumor ablation have shown exciting efficacy in pre-clinical models but often demonstrate limited success in the clinic. Due to a lack of quality or quantity in primary maligna… |
| Irreversible | He et al · Clin Transl Med | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD) | Background: Irreversible electroporation is shown to induce immune changes in pancreatic cancer while the histology evidences are still lacking. The aim of this study is to show the immune c… |
| Reversible | Fernandes et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability, Apoptosis Induction | Pancreatic cancer represents a major challenge in oncology. Poor permeability of the pancreas and resistance to currently available therapies are impediments to improved patient survival. By… |
| Irreversible | Narayanan et al · Cancer Immunol Res | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a nonthermal ablation technique that is used clinically in selected patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer, but most patients develop recurren… |
| Irreversible | O’Brien et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Apoptosis Induction, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To investigate the feasibility of single-needle high-frequency irreversible electroporation (SN-HFIRE) to create reproducible tissue ablations in an in vivo pancreatic swine model. … |
| Irreversible | Zhao et al · Nat Commun | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Immunotherapy has only limited efficacy against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) due to the presence of an immunosuppressive tumor-associated stroma. Here, we demonstrate an effective… |
| Irreversible | Lee et al · Surg Endosc | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Endoscopic irreversible electroporation (IRE) can be performed using a flexible, thin, needle-shaped electrode for an endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided procedure. This study aim… |
| Irreversible | Shankara Narayanan et al · J Vis Exp | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Pancreatic cancer (PC), a disease which kills approximately 40,000 patients each year in the US, has successfully evaded several therapeutic approaches including the promising immunotherapeu… |
| Irreversible | Su et al · World J Gastrointest Oncol | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Apoptosis Induction | Aim: To determine changes in the morphology and function of pancreatic cancer cells after irreversible electroporation (IRE) treatment, and to explore the clinical significance of IRE treatm… |
| Irreversible | Wang et al · Radiology | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Apoptosis Induction | Purpose To test the hypothesis that biomarkers of fluorine 18 ( 18 F) fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) can be used for the early detection of therapeutic response … |
| Irreversible | White et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To investigate the differences in immune responses between cryoablation and irreversible electroporation (IRE) in a preclinical mouse model. Material and methods: A mouse pancreatic… |
| Irreversible | Edelblute et al · Sci Rep | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) as a non-thermal tumor ablation technology has been studied for the treatment of pancreatic carcinoma and has shown a significant survival benefit. We disc… |
| Irreversible | Shao et al · Ann Biomed Eng | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) can be used to treat cancer by electrical pulses, with advantages over traditional thermal approaches. Here we assess for the first time the IRE response o… |
| Irreversible | Siddiqui et al · Surg Innov | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a nonthermal ablation modality employed to induce in situ tissue-cell death. This study sought to evaluate the efficacy of a novel high-frequency IRE (H… |
| Irreversible | Bhutiani et al · J Surg Oncol | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) utilizes short, high-voltage pulses to irreversibly permeabilize the cell membrane, resulting in apoptotic cell death. In addition to the irr… |
| Irreversible | Scheffer et al · PLoS One | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) uses short duration, high-voltage electrical pulses to induce cell death via nanoscale defects resulting from altered transmembrane potential. The… |
| Reversible | Girelli et al · Radiol Oncol | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal disease generally refractory to standard chemotherapeutic agents; therefore improvements in anticancer therapies are mandatory… |
| Irreversible | Fritz et al · Pancreas | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objectives: Use of thermal tumor ablation in the pancreatic parenchyma is limited because of the risk of pancreatitis, pancreatic fistula, or hemorrhage. This study aimed to evaluate the fea… |
| Irreversible | Philips et al · Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a promising cell membrane ablative modality for pancreatic cancer. There have been recent concerns regarding local recurrence and the potential use of I… |
| Irreversible | Dunki-Jacobs et al · Br J Surg | 2014 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Thermal Effect and Joule Heating | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a new technique for tumour cell ablation that is reported to involve non-thermal-based energy using high voltage at short microsecond pulse … |
| Irreversible | Zhang et al · Nanomedicine (Lond) | 2014 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Aim: NanoKnife(®) (Angiodynamics, Inc., NY, USA) or irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a newly available ablation technique to induce the formation of nanoscale pores within the cell memb… |
| Irreversible | Weiss et al · Curr Probl Cancer | 2013 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Approximately 43,000 new cases of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are identified yearly in the United States. Surgical resection offers the only chance for cure with 5-year survival r… |
| Reversible | Nuccitelli et al · Int J Cancer | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Apoptosis Induction, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | We have identified an effective nanoelectroablation therapy for treating pancreatic carcinoma in a murine xenograft model. This therapy initiates apoptosis in a nonthermal manner by applying… |
| Irreversible | José et al · Cancer Lett | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) therapies show limited success. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is an innovative loco-regional therapy in which high-voltage pulses are applied to … |
| Irreversible | Bower et al · J Surg Oncol | 2011 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: The use of thermal tumor ablative techniques in the pancreas is limited due to the risk of pancreatitis and damage to major vascular structures. Irreversible electroporation (IRE… |
| Irreversible | Charpentier et al · HPB (Oxford) | 2010 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel, non-thermal method of tissue ablation using short pulses of high-voltage DC current to ablate tissue. Methods: Irreversible electro… |
| Irreversible | Jiang et al · J Control Release | 2026 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the most treatment-refractory malignancies, largely due to its dense stromal architecture and limited intratumoral drug penetration. He… |
| Irreversible | Li et al · J Interv Med | 2023 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Recently, interventional ablation techniques have gained prominence in tumor treatment guidelines and complement traditional approaches, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Conv… |
| Reversible | Michel et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2022 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Catechin is a bioflavonoid known for its anti-cancer properties. In the present study, we combined theoretical and experimental approaches to reveal the potential of catechin application in … |
| Reversible | Zhao et al · Front Oncol | 2021 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Apoptosis Induction | Nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) have emerged as a novel and effective strategy for the non-surgical and minimally invasive removal of tumors. However, the effects of nsPEFs treatm… |
| Irreversible | He et al · Oncoimmunology | 2021 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is an effective method for treating pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). It remains unclear whether IRE can induce a specific immune response by stimul… |
| Irreversible | Agnass et al · Sensors (Basel) | 2020 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electric permeabilization of cell membranes is the main mechanism of irreversible electroporation (IRE), an ablation technique for treatment of unresectable cancers, but the pulses also indu… |
| Irreversible | Mercadal et al · Ann Biomed Eng | 2020 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | High-frequency irreversible electroporation (H-FIRE) has emerged as an alternative to conventional irreversible electroporation (IRE) to overcome the issues associated with neuromuscular ele… |
| Reversible | Michel et al · Biomed Res Int | 2018 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Despite the rapid progression of cancer pharmacotherapy, the high drug resistance of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) makes it one of the most lethal malignancies. Therefore, there are… |
| Reversible | Michel et al · Acta Biochim Pol | 2018 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress | Until recently, green tea polyphenols were considered strong antioxidants. However, the latest reports have revealed that bioflavonoids can play a multiple role in anticancer therapy, includ… |
| Reversible | Nuccitelli et al · Biochem Biophys Res Commun | 2013 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress, Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF) | The cellular response to 100 ns pulsed electric fields (nsPEF) exposure includes the formation of transient nanopores in the plasma membrane and organelle membranes, an immediate increase in… |
| Irreversible | Geboers et al · J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol | 2023 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Visibility of the tumour and its surroundings during the ablative procedure is crucial for optimal treatment planning, needle placement, ablation zone coverage and postprocedural control. Th… |
| Irreversible | Martin et al · – | 2026 | Preprint | – | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background Emerging evidence suggests irreversible electroporation (IRE) with standard-of-care (SOC) chemotherapy may improve survival in patients with Stage 3 pancreatic ductal adenocarcino… |
| Irreversible | Kwon et al · Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology | 2019 | Conference Abstract | – | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel technique that uses a non-thermal ablation to … |
| Irreversible | Amin et al · Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology | 2018 | Conference Abstract | – | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Necrosis and Necroptosis | No. 184 Using FDG PET/CT to predict response to IRE in nonresectable pancreatic cancer: a retrospective analysis of 50 patients Purpose: To assess the ability of FDG PET/CT to predict outcom… |
| Irreversible | Liu et al · Cancer Biol Med | 2026 | Editorial / Letter | – | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the deadliest solid tumors. Patients who develop PDAC with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) or metastases have an especially poor pr… |
| Reversible | Coriat et al · J Clin Med | 2022 | Editorial / Letter | – | – | The pancreas plays an important role in the human body with its two main endocrine and exocrine functions [...]. |
| Irreversible | Granata et al · Front Oncol | 2022 | Editorial / Letter | – | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | We read with interest the article from Dr. Gyftopoulos and colleagues in Frontiers in Oncology (1) in which they assessed irreversible electroporation (IRE) as an interesting tool in the tre… |
| Irreversible | Liu et al · Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int | 2022 | Editorial / Letter | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | herapy alone as treatments for patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer Shan-Shuo Liu a,b, Hai-Yu Wang a,b, Ying Sun a,b, Ya-Wen Zou a,b, Zhi-Gang Ren a,b, Xin-Hua Chen c, Zu-Jiang Y… |
| Reversible | Granata et al · Ann Surg Oncol | 2020 | Editorial / Letter | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | We read with interest the article from Dr. Bhutiani and colleagues in Annals of Surgical Oncology,1 which reports their assessment of irreversible electroporation (IRE) combined with chemoth… |
| Reversible | He · Ann Surg Oncol | 2020 | Editorial / Letter | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Ann Surg Oncol (2020) 27:4086–4087 https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-020-08791-1 EDITORIAL – PANCREATIC TUMORS Electrochemotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer: An Emerging Treatment Modality? Jin He,… |
| Irreversible | Tsilimigras et al · Ann Surg Oncol | 2019 | Editorial / Letter | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Ann Surg Oncol (2019) 26:S610–S611 https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-019-07436-2 ASO AUTHOR REFLECTIONS ASO Author Reflections: Irreversible Electroporation for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Canc… |
| Irreversible | D’Onofrio et al · World J Gastroenterol | 2016 | Editorial / Letter | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a highly aggressive tumor with an overall 5-year survival rate of less than 5%. Prognosis and treatment depend on whether the tumor is resectable or not, … |
| Irreversible | Figini · Am J Cancer Res | 2025 | Correction / Erratum | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | [This corrects the article on p. 1615 in vol. 8, PMID: 30210929.]. |
| Irreversible | Rai et al · BMJ Open | 2022 | Protocol | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Approximately 30% of patients with pancreas cancer have unresectable locally advanced disease, which is currently treated with systemic chemotherapy. A new treatment option of ir… |
| Irreversible | Geboers et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2021 | Protocol | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel image-guided tumor ablation technique with the ability to generate a window for the establishment of systemic antitumor immunity. IRE transientl… |
| Irreversible | Coelen et al · BMJ Open | 2017 | Protocol | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: The majority of patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHC) has locally advanced disease or distant lymph node metastases on presentation or exploratory laparotomy, which … |
Limitations
The counts on this page are bounded by the scope of the source PDF archive and are not a systematic review of the area's literature. Study type and mechanism labels are derived automatically; for critical decisions consult the full texts of the publications listed. The evidence level reflects the number of publications, not their methodological quality.