Liver Tumours
Deep Organ Tumours
The liver is an organ where both electroporation regimes are used. In lesions adjacent to large vessels and bile ducts, heat spread from thermal ablation is problematic; electroporation is considered as an alternative because it preserves the matrix scaffold of these structures.
281total publications
97clinical studies
110preclinical studies
40reviews
1997–2026publication span
Evidence Status by Regime
Reversible electroporation (RE-ECT)
75publications
21clinical
34preclinical
Clinical Evidence
1997–2026 · In Routine Clinical Use
Irreversible electroporation (IRE-ECT)
206publications
76clinical
76preclinical
Clinical Evidence
2006–2026 · In Routine Clinical Use
Mechanisms Reported in This Area
Terms were detected by automatic matching over publication abstracts; the figure gives the number of publications containing the term.
Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation 228
Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death 224
Electric Field Distribution and Modelling 35
Necrosis and Necroptosis 32
Apoptosis Induction 27
Electrode Geometry and Placement 21
Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation 19
Thermal Effect and Joule Heating 18
Optimisation of Pulse Parameters 16
Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change 13
Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement 7
Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) 6
Study Type Distribution
Bar length is scaled to the most common study type; the percentage gives the share of the whole area. Colour marks the evidence tier of the study type, the same scale as the evidence map.
| Study type | Publications | Share within this area |
|---|---|---|
| Randomized Clinical Trial | 5 | 2% |
| Prospective Clinical Study | 10 | 4% |
| Clinical Study | 57 | 20% |
| Retrospective Clinical Study | 16 | 6% |
| Case Series | 9 | 3% |
| Case Report | 15 | 5% |
| Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | 12 | 4% |
| Guideline / Consensus | 1 | <1% |
| Review | 28 | 10% |
| Animal Study | 86 | 31% |
| In Vitro Study | 9 | 3% |
| In Silico / Modelling | 13 | 5% |
| Technical / Device Study | 2 | <1% |
| Experimental Biophysics Study | 2 | <1% |
| Preprint | 4 | 1% |
| Conference Abstract | 3 | 1% |
| Editorial / Letter | 6 | 2% |
| Not reported | 3 | 1% |
Literature Evidence Table
281 publications listed in order of evidence strength. Click a title to open the citation, mechanism and full abstract drawer.
| Regime | Publication | Year | Study type | Model | Mechanism | Abstract |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Irreversible | Cheng · World J Surg Oncol | 2024 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: At present, the main clinical application of local ablation therapy, such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA), is to heat the tissue to a certain temperature. However, high temperat… |
| Irreversible | Zhang · Front Oncol | 2022 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a soft tissue ablation technique that uses short electrical fields which induce the death of target cells. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of an IRE… |
| Irreversible | Yang et al · Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2018 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the safety and short-term efficacy of irreversible electroporation (IRE) combined with allogenic natural killer (NK) cell immunotherapy in the treatm… |
| Irreversible | Narayanan et al · Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2012 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To retrospectively compare the postprocedure pain of hepatocellular carcinoma treated with irreversible electroporation (IRE) with radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Methods: This Healt… |
| Irreversible | Narayanan · Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) | 2011 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Govindarajan Narayanan, MD Chief of Vascular and Interventional Radiology Miller School of Medicine University of Miami Miami, Florida G&H How does the NanoKnife work? GN The NanoKnife (Angi… |
| Irreversible | Liu et al · Int J Med Sci | 2026 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: To evaluate the short- to intermediate-term radiological evolution of ablation zones using contrast-enhanced MRI and to assess clinically relevant outcomes following irreversible… |
| Reversible | Rakoczy et al · Applied Sciences | 2022 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Electroporation (EP) allows for the transport of molecules into the cytoplasm with significant effectiveness by forming transient pores in the cell membrane using electric pulses. This can b… |
| Reversible | Djokic et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2020 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | – | The aim of this clinical study was to investigate the effectiveness and long-term safety of electrochemotherapy as an emerging treatment for HCC in patients not suitable for other treatment … |
| Reversible | Cornelis et al · Diagn Interv Imaging | 2019 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | liver metastasis from renal cell cancer F.H. Cornelis a,∗, C. Korenbaum b, M. Ben Ammar a, S. Tavolaro a, M. Nouri-Neuville a, J.P. Lotz b a Department of Radiology, Tenon Hospital, Sorbonne… |
| Reversible | Djokic et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2018 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background and objectives: Electrochemotherapy provides non-thermal ablation of cutaneous as well as deep seated tumors. Based on positive results of the treatment of colorectal liver metast… |
| Reversible | Gasljevic et al · PLoS One | 2017 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Necrosis and Necroptosis | Electrochemotherapy of colorectal liver metastases has been proven to be feasible, safe and effective in a phase I/II study. In that study, a specific group of patients underwent two-stage o… |
| Irreversible | Beyer et al · PeerJ | 2016 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose. The purpose of this study was to compare CT-navigated stereotactic IRE (SIRE) needle placement to non-navigated conventional IRE (CIRE) for percutaneous ablation of liver malignanci… |
| Irreversible | Niessen et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2016 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous irreversible electroporation (IRE) of primary and secondary liver cancer unsuitable for resection or thermal ablation. Materials … |
| Irreversible | Sugimoto et al · Jpn J Radiol | 2015 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: This clinical study was conducted to evaluate the safety and short-term outcomes of irreversible electroporation (IRE) for the treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (H… |
| Irreversible | Cannon et al · J Surg Oncol | 2012 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has shown promise for ablation of lesions in proximity to vital structures in the preclinical setting. This study aims to evaluate the safety… |
| Irreversible | Berman et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2026 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Purpose: To report initial experience and learning curve with robotic-assisted percutaneous ablations of abdominal lesions. Materials and methods: Fifty-four consecutive patients undergoing … |
| Irreversible | Xu et al · JHEP Rep | 2026 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background & aims: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) and stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) are important therapeutic alternatives for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) unsuitable for therm… |
| Reversible | Xu et al · Int J Surg | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Background: Preclinical studies have shown that nanosecond pulsed electric field ablation (nsPEF) is a novel nonthermal ablation modality that can eradicate tumors near critical structures. … |
| Irreversible | Sutter et al · Phys Med Biol | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objective. To correlate numerical simulations of the electric dose distribution with early post-operative MRI following irreversible electroporation (IRE) treatment of hepatocellular carcino… |
| Irreversible | Xu et al · Eur Radiol | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objectives: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a relatively recent non-thermal ablation technique for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in high-risk anatomical locations, but post-procedural… |
| Irreversible | Zhao · BMC Cancer | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objectives: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness and safety of conventional transarterial chemoembolization (c-TACE) followed by irreversible electroporation (IRE) for the treatment … |
| Irreversible | Frühling et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2024 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: A nationwide multicenter study was performed to examine whether there is a correlation between decrease in tissue resistance and time to local tumor recurrence after irreversib… |
| Irreversible | Zhang et al · Liver Int | 2024 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objectives: This study aimed to develop a quantitative intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) model for assessing the risk of early recurrence (ER) in pre-treatment multimodal imaging for hepatoce… |
| Irreversible | Frühling et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2023 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: A nationwide multicenter study was performed to examine short- and long-term effects of irreversible electroporation (IRE) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and colorectal can… |
| Reversible | Kovács et al · J Pers Med | 2022 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Purpose: To evaluate local tumour control (LTC) by local ablation techniques (LAT) in liver malignancies. Materials and methods: In patients treated with LAT between January 2013 and October… |
| Irreversible | Bäumler · Diagnostics (Basel) | 2022 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Early detection of local tumor progression (LTP) after irreversible electroporation (IRE) and microwave ablation (MWA) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains challenging. The goal of this… |
| Irreversible | Hitpass · Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2022 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To examine the safety and short-term oncologic outcomes of computer-tomography-guided (CT-guided) irreversible electroporation (IRE) of recurrent, irresectable colorectal liver meta… |
| Irreversible | Freeman et al · Scand J Gastroenterol | 2021 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background and aims: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a relatively new non-thermal ablative method for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We aimed to compare the longer-term e… |
| Irreversible | Ridouani et al · Medicina (Kaunas) | 2021 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background and Objectives : To compare ablation zone involution following microwave ablation (MWA) or irreversible electroporation (IRE) of liver tumors. Materials and Methods : MWA or IRE p… |
| Irreversible | Stillström et al · Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2021 | Clinical Study | Human | Electrode Geometry and Placement, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Purpose: Evaluate the accuracy of multiple electrode placements in IRE treatment of liver tumours using a stereotactic CT-based navigation system. Method: Analysing data from all IRE treatme… |
| Reversible | Edhemovic et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background and objectives: A previous pilot study proved the feasibility, safety and efficacy of electrochemotherapy in the treatment of colorectal liver metastases. The aim of this study wa… |
| Reversible | Jarm et al · Biomed Eng Online | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: The effectiveness of electrochemotherapy of tumors (ECT) and of irreversible electroporation ablation (IRE) depends on different mechanisms and delivery protocols. Both therapies… |
| Irreversible | Freeman et al · Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background and aims: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal ablation technique for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) not amenable to standard thermal ablation. The aim… |
| Irreversible | Tamura et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To examine predictors of midterm occlusion in portal and hepatic veins within or adjacent to the ablation zone after irreversible electroporation (IRE) of liver tumors. Materials an… |
| Irreversible | Wang et al · J Interv Med | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objectives: To preliminarily evaluate the clinical effectiveness and safety of computed tomography (CT) image-guided irreversible electroporation (IRE) for the treatment of recurrent hepatoc… |
| Reversible | Boetto et al · HPB | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Background: Laparoscopic Microwave Ablation and Portal Vein Occlusion for Staged Hepatectomy (LAPS) is a new surgical technique based on ALPPS principle. Methods: Ten patients with primary o… |
| Irreversible | Bäumler et al · Sci Rep | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The incidence and evolution of venous thrombosis adjacent to the ablation zone after percutaneous irreversible electroporation (IRE) were evaluated to identify potential risk factors in pati… |
| Irreversible | Jiang et al · Exp Ther Med | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Metastatic retroperitoneal tumors constitute an end-stage disease with poor prognosis that represents a heavy global health burden. The present study aimed to explore the efficacy of irrever… |
| Irreversible | Rennert et al · J Gastrointestin Liver Dis | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Aim: Evaluation of the post-interventional success following irreversible electroporation (IRE) using a new color coded perfusion quantification software with contrast-enhanced ultrasound (C… |
| Irreversible | Sugimoto et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) differs from thermal radiofrequency (RF) ablation, especially in terms of the reparative process in the ablation zone induced. To elucidate this, … |
| Irreversible | Verloh et al · Radiol Oncol | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background To compare the frequency of adverse events of thermal microwave (MWA) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) with non-thermal irreversible electroporation (IRE) in percutaneous ablatio… |
| Reversible | Boc et al · Radiol Oncol | 2018 | Clinical Study | Human | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Background The aim of the study was to characterize ultrasonographic (US) findings during and after electrochem-otherapy of liver tumors to determine the actual ablation zone and to verify t… |
| Irreversible | Alnaggar et al · Cell Physiol Biochem | 2018 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background/aims: We evaluated the clinical effectiveness of irreversible electroporation (IRE) in combination with immunotherapy using allogenic natural killer cells (NK) for stage IV hepato… |
| Irreversible | Ruarus et al · Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2018 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | Purpose: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) induces apoptosis with high-voltage electric pulses. Although the working mechanism is non-thermal, development of secondary Joule heating occurs.… |
| Irreversible | Scheck et al · Korean J Radiol | 2018 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objective: To compare short-, mid-, and long-term follow-up ablation zone volume alterations as well as imaging features on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) after irreversible elec… |
| Reversible | Coletti et al · Int J Surg | 2017 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Background and objectives: Electrochemotherapy is a novel ablation technique combining chemotherapeutic agents with reversible cell membrane electroporation. Previous experiences have shown … |
| Irreversible | Distelmaier et al · Radiology | 2017 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose To investigate the efficacy and safety of irreversible electroporation (IRE) in the treatment of hepatic tumors not suitable for thermal ablation (radiofrequency ablation [RFA] or mi… |
| Irreversible | Frühling et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2017 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: A single-center nonrandomized clinical trial was performed to assess the safety and efficacy of IRE ablation of liver tumors in humans. Methods: 38 malignant liver tumors on 30… |
| Irreversible | Langan et al · J Surg Oncol | 2017 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has emerged as a novel, safe ablative therapy for peri-vascular lesions. However, there remains a paucity of data on long-term outcomes. Method… |
| Irreversible | Bhutiani et al · HPB (Oxford) | 2016 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: Few studies have assessed the tolerability and efficacy of irreversible electroporation (IRE) in the treatment of Child-Pugh B (7/8) patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC… |
| Irreversible | Sugimoto et al · J Med Ultrason (2001) | 2016 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), contrast-enhanced multiphase CT (CECT), and gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI (EOB-MRI) in identifying residual t… |
| Irreversible | Zeng et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2016 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | This study aimed to investigate the safety and effectiveness of irreversible electroporation ablation for unresectable large liver cancer. Fourteen patients were enrolled: 8 with large hepat… |
| Reversible | Mali et al · Biomed Eng Online | 2015 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Background: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a combined treatment in which high voltage electroporation (EP) pulses are used to facilitate the uptake of a chemotherapeutic drug into tumor cells,… |
| Reversible | Marčan et al · PLoS One | 2015 | Clinical Study | Human | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Electroporation-based treatments rely on increasing the permeability of the cell membrane by high voltage electric pulses applied to tissue via electrodes. To ensure that the whole tumor is … |
| Irreversible | Dollinger et al · Diagn Interv Radiol | 2015 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: We aimed to describe the frequency of adverse events after computed tomography (CT) fluoroscopy-guided irreversible electroporation (IRE) of malignant hepatic tumors and their risk … |
| Irreversible | Dollinger et al · PLoS One | 2015 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To evaluate risk factors associated with alterations in venous structures adjacent to an ablation zone after percutaneous irreversible electroporation (IRE) of hepatic malignancies … |
| Irreversible | Granata et al · Radiol Med | 2015 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objective: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a new ablation modality. Our purpose was to describe the effectiveness and the safety of the treatment and to evaluate the magnetic resonance… |
| Irreversible | Granata et al · AJR Am J Roentgenol | 2015 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Objective: Irreversible electroporation is a new ablation modality. Our purpose was to describe the MRI findings after irreversible electroporation treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC… |
| Irreversible | Rossmeisl et al · J Neurosurg | 2015 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Object: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel nonthermal ablation technique that has been used for the treatment of solid cancers. However, it has not been evaluated for use in brain… |
| Irreversible | Scheffer et al · BMC Cancer | 2015 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel image-guided tumor ablation technique that has shown promise for the ablation of lesions in proximity to vital structures such as bl… |
| Reversible | Marcan et al · Radiol Oncol | 2014 | Clinical Study | Human | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Introduction: Electroporation-based treatments rely on increasing the permeability of the cell membrane by high voltage electric pulses delivered to tissue via electrodes. To ensure that the… |
| Irreversible | Dollinger et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2014 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To describe findings on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) images of malignant hepatic tumors 24-72 hours after percutaneous ablation by irreversible electroporation (IRE) a… |
| Irreversible | Eller et al · Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2014 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: This study was designed to assess efficacy and safety in the treatment of perivascular malignant liver lesions using percutaneous, computed tomography (CT)-guided irreversible elect… |
| Irreversible | Neal et al · Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2014 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) ablation uses a series of brief electric pulses to create nanoscale defects in cell membranes, killing the cells. It has shown promise in num… |
| Irreversible | Scheffer et al · Eur Radiol | 2014 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objectives: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a new ablation technique that relies on high-voltage electrical pulses. This clinical study evaluates the pathological response of colorecta… |
| Irreversible | Cheung et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2013 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The aims of this study were to evaluate the safety, feasibility and tumour response of _irreversible electroporation, a non-thermal ablation technique, for the treatment of unresectable hepa… |
| Irreversible | Martin · Curr Colorectal Cancer Rep | 2013 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has shown promise for ablation of lesions in proximity to vital structures in the preclinical and now clinical setting. Studies of patients undergoing IRE … |
| Irreversible | Neal II et al · JBiSE | 2012 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Therapeutic irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a relatively new technique for targeted tumor ablation. Needle electrodes are placed into or around the targeted region to deliver a series … |
| Irreversible | Wiggermann et al · Clin Hemorheol Microcirc | 2012 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: The aim of this study is to describe the image findings of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) after irreversible electroporation (IRE), and to assess its usefulness in relation to … |
| Reversible | Edhemovic et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2011 | Clinical Study | Human | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Electrochemotherapy is now in development for treatment of deep-seated tumors, like in bones and internal organs, such as liver. The technology is available with a newly developed electric p… |
| Irreversible | Pech et al · Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2010 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a newly developed nonthermal tissue-ablation technique in which high-voltage electrical pulses of microsecond duration are applied to induce ir… |
| Reversible | Cho et al · AJR Am J Roentgenol | 2006 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Objective: Our objective was to compare the prognosis of subcapsular and nonsubcapsular hepatocellular carcinoma after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation using multitined expandable electr… |
| Irreversible | Jouni · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2025 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | ObjectivesIrreversible Electroporation (IRE) is both open surgery and minimally invasive cancer therapy used in the treatment of liver tumors. The therapy demands precision and accuracy to e… |
| Irreversible | Narayanan et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2025 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objectives : This single-center retrospective study evaluates the clinical efficacy and safety of percutaneous ablation using microwave ablation (MWA) and irreversible electroporation (IRE) … |
| Irreversible | Pescatori et al · Int J Hyperthermia | 2025 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) triggers apoptosis instead of thermal coagulation, resulting in specific modifications within ablation zones.… |
| Irreversible | Wang et al · Acad Radiol | 2025 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Rationale and objectives: The therapeutic efficacy of irreversible electroporation (IRE) for treating subcapsular hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains under-explored. The current study aim… |
| Irreversible | Gong · Front Oncol | 2024 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible electroporation has been proved as a feasible and safe method against tumor in liver. However, few studies focused on tumors adjacent to perihepatic important struct… |
| Irreversible | Narayanan et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2024 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Preservation of Nerve and Vascular Structures | Purpose: To evaluate the safety, effectiveness, and oncological outcomes of irreversible electroporation (IRE) of unresectable colorectal liver metastases (CRLMs) close to critical structure… |
| Irreversible | Amygdalos · Langenbecks Arch Surg | 2023 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Purpose: Colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) are the predominant factor limiting survival in patients with colorectal cancer. Multimodal treatment strategies are frequently necessary to achie… |
| Irreversible | Pan et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2021 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: To explore the feasibility, safety, and efficiency of ethiodized oil tumor marking combined with irreversible electroporation (IRE) for small hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) t… |
| Irreversible | Cornelis et al · Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2019 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To evaluate the effect of peri-tumoral metallic implants (MI) on the safety and efficacy of percutaneous irreversible electroporation (IRE) of colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM). Ma… |
| Irreversible | Schicho et al · Cancer Manag Res | 2018 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: For colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) that are not amenable to surgery or thermal ablation, irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel local treatment modality and additional… |
| Irreversible | Niessen et al · Sci Rep | 2017 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Aim of this retrospective analysis was to evaluate the survival times after percutaneous irreversible electroporation (IRE) in inoperable liver tumors not amenable to thermal ablation. 71 pa… |
| Irreversible | Beyer et al · Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg | 2016 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objective: Comparison of conventional CT-guided manual irreversible electroporation (IRE) of malignant liver tumors and a robot-assisted approach regarding procedural accuracy, intervention … |
| Irreversible | Padia et al · Radiology | 2016 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To assess the postprocedure findings of irreversible electroporation (IRE) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) at magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Materials and methods:… |
| Irreversible | Froud et al · Tech Vasc Interv Radiol | 2015 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a relatively new ablation modality that uses electric currents to cause cell death. It is commonly used to treat primary and secondary liver tumors in p… |
| Irreversible | Hosein et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2014 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To describe an initial experience with irreversible electroporation (IRE) in patients with colorectal liver metastasis (CLM). Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis of pati… |
| Irreversible | Kingham et al · J Am Coll Surg | 2012 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Ablation is increasingly used to treat primary and secondary liver cancer. Ablation near portal pedicles and hepatic veins is challenging. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a… |
| Irreversible | Brichard et al · Front Surg | 2026 | Case Series | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: The incidence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is increasing worldwide and remains associated with a poor prognosis. Surgical resection is the only potentially curativ… |
| Irreversible | Wada et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2023 | Case Series | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Despite the diversity of thermal ablations, such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and microwave ablation (MWA), and non-thermal ablation, such as irreversible electroporation (IR… |
| Reversible | Spallek et al · Radiol Oncol | 2022 | Case Series | Human | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Background: Local nonsurgical tumor ablation currently represents a further option for the treatment of patients with liver tumors or metastases. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a welcome addit… |
| Irreversible | Stillström et al · Eur J Radiol Open | 2019 | Case Series | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: Thermal ablation of liver tumours is an established technique used in selected patients with relatively small tumours that can be ablated with margin. Thermal ablation methods … |
| Irreversible | Sutter et al · Radiology | 2017 | Case Series | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose To assess the safety and efficacy of irreversible electroporation (IRE) in the treatment of patients with inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who are ineligible for thermal abl… |
| Reversible | Tarantino et al · Digestive and Liver Disease | 2016 | Case Series | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | and aim: Cirrhotic patients with malignant main portal vein thrombosis (MMPVT) from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are excluded from any known curative treatment. A single previous report ad… |
| Reversible | Tarantino et al · Journal of Hepatology | 2016 | Case Series | Human | – | and Aims: We evaluated the impact of variceal bleeding on the long-term outcome of newly-diagnosed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Methods: A retrospective cohort of 898, newly-diag… |
| Reversible | Tarantino et al · Digestive and Liver Disease | 2016 | Case Series | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | and aim: Cirrhotic patients with malignant main portal vein thrombosis (MMPVT) from Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) are excluded from any known curative treatment. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) i… |
| Irreversible | Niessen et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2015 | Case Series | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To evaluate the risk factors associated with short-term local recurrence of malignant liver lesions after irreversible electroporation (IRE). Materials and methods: Thirty-nine cons… |
| Reversible | Gad et al · Front Immunol | 2026 | Case Report | Human | Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination | Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive endocrine malignancy, typically presenting at an advanced stage with distant metastases. We report a unique case of a 49-year-old fema… |
| Irreversible | Dantas Henrique et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2026 | Case Report | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | versible Electroporation From: Marina Dantas Henrique, MD Mariana Berqu ´o Peleja, MD Breno Boueri Affonso, MD Rodrigo Gobbo Garcia, MD, PhD Juliano Ribeiro de Andrade, MD Felipe Nasser, MD,… |
| Irreversible | Romeo et al · Radiol Case Rep | 2026 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Interventional ultrasound (IUS) supported by contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) enables accurate real-time characterization and image-guided treatment of focal liver lesions. In nonsurgical… |
| Irreversible | Cacciatore · Cancer Control | 2025 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | IntroductionEpithelioid Hemangioendothelioma is a rare vascular neoplasm unresponsive to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or immunotherapy. Surgical options are considered; however, recurrence ra… |
| Irreversible | L'Huillier et al · Diagn Interv Imaging | 2023 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | , Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal ablative approach used for the treatment of liver cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver metastases [1−4]. It allow… |
| Irreversible | Onafowokan et al · BMJ Case Rep | 2022 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal ablative technique for unresectable liver malignancies deemed unsuitable for traditional thermal ablation due to proximity to biliary and/… |
| Reversible | Stefano et al · Front Surg | 2021 | Case Report | Human | Necrosis and Necroptosis, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Introduction: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the second most common primary tumor of the liver, and the recurrence after hepatic resection (HR), the only curative therapy, is linked with a wors… |
| Reversible | Pacella et al · Interv Med Clin Imaging | 2019 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Preservation of Extracellular Matrix and Tissue Scaffold | Introduction: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a locally enhanced chemotherapy that combines the administration of chemotherapeutic drugs with welldosed electric pulses for cell membrane Electro… |
| Irreversible | Chai et al · Ultrasound Q | 2017 | Case Report | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | *Department of Ultrasonography and †State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou… |
| Irreversible | Herwald et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2016 | Case Report | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Carcinoma Adjacent to the Gallbladder From: Sanna E. Herwald, BA Jonathan H. Chen, MD, PhD Ronald S. Arellano, MD, FSIR Tufts University School of Medicine (S.E.H.) 145 Harrison Avenue Bosto… |
| Irreversible | Cheng et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2015 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To describe full explant pathology and radiographic correlation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with irreversible electroporation (IRE) who subsequently unde… |
| Irreversible | Sugimoto et al · Springerplus | 2015 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a promising technique for the focal treatment of soft tissue tumors. Even though the local application of an excessive electric field is a… |
| Irreversible | Scheffer et al · Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2014 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel image-guided ablation technique that is rapidly gaining popularity in the treatment of malignant liver tumors located near large vessels or bile… |
| Irreversible | Niessen et al · Korean J Radiol | 2013 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | We report in a 65-year-old man hepatocellular carcinoma adjacent to a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt stent-graft which was successfully treated with irreversible electroporati… |
| Irreversible | Mannelli et al · Liver Int | 2012 | Case Report | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | (a) (d) (c) (b) (e) (f) (g) Fig. 1. A 70 year old Caucasian man with a history of recently resected moderately-differentiated invasive adenocarcinoma of the colon presented with a 1.8 cm foc… |
| Reversible | Dong · J Gastrointest Oncol | 2026 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Background: Ablation therapies have attracted sustained research interest in the management of liver tumours. This study aimed to systematically map global research trends, collaboration pat… |
| Irreversible | Iqbal et al · Cureus | 2026 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The aim of this study was to systematically pool all direct comparative evidence from two-arm studies comparing irreversible electroporation (IRE) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for hepat… |
| Irreversible | Cribbs · PLoS One | 2025 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Locoregional treatments for early-stage unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are widely used, with irreversible electroporation (IRE) and transarterial chemoembolization (… |
| Reversible | Barbieri et al · Curr Oncol | 2024 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | – | Background: The global incidence of secondary liver cancer is rising due to multiple risk factors, presenting significant challenges in public health. Similarly, colorectal cancer (CRC) rema… |
| Irreversible | Xing · Open Life Sci | 2024 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Both irreversible electroporation (IRE) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) are viable ablation methods for localized treatment of liver tumors. We conducted a meta-analysis to access the effi… |
| Reversible | Granata et al · Diagnostics (Basel) | 2023 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | – | The aim of the study was to analyse papers describing the use of Electrochemotherapy (ECT) in local treatment of primary and secondary liver tumours located at different sites and with diffe… |
| Irreversible | Spiers · Cancers (Basel) | 2023 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal form of ablation based on the delivery of pulsed electrical fields. It has been used to treat liver lesions, particularly thos… |
| Irreversible | Nieuwenhuizen · Curr Oncol Rep | 2022 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose of review: Based on good local control rates and an excellent safety profile, guidelines consider thermal ablation the gold standard to eliminate small unresectable colorectal liver … |
| Irreversible | Yu et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2022 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of IRE in the treatment of hepatic malignant tumors, especially the damage to the gastrointestinal tract, bile ducts, and vital vessels. Method… |
| Irreversible | Gupta et al · Eur Radiol | 2021 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objective: The data regarding overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) following irreversible electroporation (IRE) is scarce. We performed a systematic review of the safety… |
| Irreversible | Vogel et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2019 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Irreversible electroporation causes cell death through low frequency, high voltage electrical pulses and is increasingly used to treat non-resectable cancers. A recent systematic review reve… |
| Irreversible | Tian et al · Oncotarget | 2016 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) ablation is a new technique that is used to eliminate malignant tumors through nonthermal approaches. Objective: The purpose of this review was… |
| Irreversible | Xu et al · Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int | 2022 | Guideline / Consensus | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Liver cancer remains a global health challenge, and its incidence is increasing worldwide. It is estimated that by 2025, more than one million individuals will be affected by liver cancer an… |
| Reversible | Seda · ESMO Gastrointest Oncol | 2026 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Liver cancer, especially hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which accounts for ∼75%-85% of primary liver cancers, remains a major global health challenge. Because of its high incidence, late di… |
| Irreversible | Liang et al · Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi | 2026 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Thermal ablation has become an important treatment option for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma with the development of interventional ultrasound technology. However, in the treatment of … |
| Reversible | Li · J Hepatocell Carcinoma | 2025 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a critical window for curative treatment. However, treatment selection is complicated by significant heterogeneity in tumor biology, liv… |
| Irreversible | Abu Zahra et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2025 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with curative surgical interventions feasible for a minority of patients. This review highlights rece… |
| Irreversible | Gao · Int J Nanomedicine | 2025 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains one of the most prevalent and lethal primary liver malignancies worldwide. Despite significant advances in surgical resection and local ablation therap… |
| Irreversible | Giorgio et al · World J Gastroenterol | 2025 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Ultrasound-guided percutaneous thermal ablation has gained popularity as treatment for malignant hepatic tumors. It was first introduced as ablation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma and … |
| Irreversible | Xenos · Biomedicines | 2025 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death. Liver metastases develop in over one-third of patients and are associated with worse prognosis. The evolution in the field of interventiona… |
| Irreversible | Chlorogiannis et al · Medicina (Kaunas) | 2024 | Review | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Colorectal cancer is a major cause of cancer-related mortality, with liver metastases occurring in over a third of patients, and is correlated with poor prognosis. Despite surgical resection… |
| Irreversible | Narayanan et al · Medicina (Kaunas) | 2024 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Liver cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide despite numerous advances in treatment. While surgical resection remains the gold standard for curative treatment, it … |
| Irreversible | Zhao · J Cancer | 2024 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | With the development of guidance technology and ablation equipment, ablative procedures have emerged as important loco-regional alternatives to surgical resection for recurrent hepatocellula… |
| Reversible | Wang · World J Hepatol | 2023 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer and is the fifth leading cause of cancer death worldwide and the third leading cause of all diseases worldwide. Liver t… |
| Irreversible | Koza et al · Biomedicines | 2023 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | The management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains complex and will continue to rely on the multidisciplinary input of hepatologists, surgeons, radiologists, oncologists and radiothera… |
| Irreversible | Qu et al · Med Sci Monit | 2023 | Review | Human | Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | BACKGROUND Ablation has been developed as a radical surgical procedure for liver tumors. Local anesthesia in combination with general anesthesia or intravenous sedation is needed in ablative… |
| Reversible | Papalexis et al · Curr Oncol | 2022 | Review | Human | – | Metastases are the main type of malignancy involving bone, which is the third most frequent site of metastatic carcinoma, after lung and liver. Skeletal-related events such as intractable pa… |
| Irreversible | Cano · An Sist Sanit Navar | 2022 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Currently, among the possible treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma there is group of minimally invasive ablation techniques with wide clinical acceptance due to their greater efficacy and… |
| Irreversible | De Re et al · Front Oncol | 2022 | Review | Literature Analysis | Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD), Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Ablative and locoregional treatment options, such as radiofrequency, ethanol injection, microwave, and cryoablation, as well as irreversible electroporation, are effective therapies for earl… |
| Irreversible | Koethe et al · Int J Hyperthermia | 2022 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) ablation is gaining popularity over the last decade as a nonthermal alternative to thermal ablation technologies such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and … |
| Irreversible | Eresen et al · Ann Transl Med | 2021 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the most lethal cancer types despite great advancement in overall survival of the patients over the last decades. Surgical resection or partial hepate… |
| Reversible | Liu et al · World J Gastroenterol | 2020 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | The number of liver cancer patients is likely to continue to increase in the coming decades due to the aging of the population and changing risk factors. Traditional treatments cannot meet t… |
| Irreversible | Blazevski et al · BJU Int | 2019 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: Whilst whole-gland radical treatment is highly effective for prostate cancer control, it has significant impact on quality of life and is unnecessary 'over-treatment' in many m… |
| Irreversible | Cohen et al · Expert Rev Med Devices | 2018 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has developed as a novel percutaneous ablative technique over the past decade and its utility in the treatment of primary and metastatic live… |
| Irreversible | Nault et al · J Hepatol | 2018 | Review | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Percutaneous treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) encompasses a vast range of techniques, including monopolar radiofrequency ablation (RFA), multibipolar RFA, microwave ablation, cryo… |
| Reversible | Edhemovic et al · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a local treatment modality of malignant tumors. It uses electroporation which significantly increases the concentration of bleomycin or cisplatin in cells and the… |
| Reversible | Trotovšek et al · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Incidence of primary liver cancer (PLC) is rising across the world. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common (90%) and together with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma represents more … |
| Irreversible | Zimmerman et al · J Hepatocell Carcinoma | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel form of tissue ablation that uses high-current electrical pulses to induce pore formation of the cell lipid bilayer, leading to cell death. The … |
| Irreversible | Lencioni et al · Tech Vasc Interv Radiol | 2015 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a new nonthermal ablation modality that can be used to treat primary and metastatic lesions in the liver. This article describes the way IRE works, revi… |
| Irreversible | Scheffer et al · Tech Vasc Interv Radiol | 2015 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Image-guided tumor ablation techniques have significantly broadened the treatment possibilities for primary and secondary hepatic malignancies. A new ablation technique, irreversible electro… |
| Irreversible | Narayanan et al · Semin Intervent Radiol | 2013 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a worldwide problem of epidemic proportions, best treated in a multidisciplinary setting. Major advances have been made in all specialties that manage patie… |
| Irreversible | Huo et al · JHEP Rep | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination | Background & aims: Local ablation triggers anti-tumor response and is regarded as an encouraging treatment combined with immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Irreversible electr… |
| Irreversible | López-Alonso et al · Sci Rep | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electroporation-based therapies are established non-thermal ablation strategies for targeted tissue destruction. Here, a custom high-voltage pulse generator and a parallel-plate electrode sy… |
| Irreversible | Park · Signal Transduct Target Ther | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Chimeric antigen receptor natural killer (CAR-NK) cell therapy has emerged as a promising immunotherapeutic modality with potent cytotoxicity and a favorable safety profile. However, its the… |
| Irreversible | Zhou et al · Radiol Oncol | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Background: This study aimed to explore the ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) imaging characteristics and dimensions of ablation lesions after irreversible electroporation o… |
| Reversible | Spiliotis et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Apoptosis Induction | Background/objectives: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) has been shown to be effective in treating colorectal liver metastases when combined with bleomycin (BLM). Based on this promising finding, w… |
| Irreversible | Fong · Cancers (Basel) | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objectives: There is a critical need for effective focal therapies for patients with inoperable or anatomically complex tumors where conventional ablation techniques pose high risk or are in… |
| Irreversible | Wang · Sci Rep | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | The safety and efficacy of irreversible electroporation (IRE) in tumor therapy has been validated over many years by clinical application. An in-depth study, however, is required to assess t… |
| Irreversible | Yu et al · World J Gastroenterol | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Duodenal mucosal ablation (DMA) using irreversible electroporation (IRE) with a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist has been clinically shown to reduce liver lipid depositio… |
| Reversible | Spiliotis et al · Sci Rep | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Necrosis and Necroptosis | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) combines the reversible electroporation (rEP) with intravenous (i.v.) or intratumoral (i.t.) administration of chemotherapeutic drugs. We conducted this study to co… |
| Irreversible | Li et al · Cancer Med | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Background: Malignant liver tumors seriously endanger human health. Among different therapeutic approaches, high-frequency irreversible electroporation (H-FIRE) is a recently emerging tumor … |
| Reversible | Cvetkoska et al · J Cardiovasc Dev Dis | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | Electroporation is used in medicine for drug and gene delivery, and as a nonthermal ablation method in tumor treatment and cardiac ablation. Electroporation involves delivering high-voltage … |
| Reversible | Spiliotis et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Necrosis and Necroptosis | Background: The available ablative procedures for the treatment of hepatic cancer have contraindications due to the heat-sink effect and the risk of thermal injuries. Electrochemotherapy (EC… |
| Irreversible | Jeon et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal and minimal invasive modality to ablate pathologic lesions such as hepatic tumors. Histological analysis of the initial lesions after IRE … |
| Irreversible | Kim · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Unlike necrosis by thermal ablation, irreversible electroporation (IRE) is known to induce apoptosis by disrupting plasma membrane integrity with electric pulses while preserving the structu… |
| Irreversible | Lindelauf et al · Sci Prog | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electroporation (EP) is widely used in medicine, such as cancer treatment, in form of electrochemotherapy or irreversible electroporation (IRE). For EP device testing, living cells or tissue… |
| Irreversible | Sarreshtehdari et al · Sci Rep | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | Due to electrical features of the tissue, such as impedance, which have a significant impact on irreversible electroporation (IRE) function, the administration of glucose solution 5% (GS5%) … |
| Reversible | Cindric et al · Sci Rep | 2022 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) and irreversible electroporation (IRE) are being investigated for treatment of hepatic tumours. The liver is a highly heterogeneous organ, permeated with a network … |
| Reversible | Kulbacka et al · Int J Mol Sci | 2022 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | (1) Background: The size and surface charge are the most significant parameters of nanocarriers that determine their efficiency and potential application. The poor cell uptake of encapsulate… |
| Irreversible | Eresen et al · Acad Radiol | 2022 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Rationale and objectives: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a promising non-thermal ablation technique for the treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Early differentiation … |
| Reversible | Weinert · Ann Biomed Eng | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Biological electroporation is a process of opening pores in the cell membrane when exposed to intense electric fields. This work provides results for validation of a dynamic model of electro… |
| Reversible | Šilkūnas et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Bleomycin, which is the most widely used drugs in electrochemotherapy, requires oxygen to be able to make single- or double-strand brakes in DNA. However, the concentration of oxygen in tumo… |
| Irreversible | Dai et al · Cancer Lett | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Ablative treatment evokes antitumor immunity, but knowledge on the emerging irreversible electroporation (IRE)-induced immunity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is limited. To investigate t… |
| Irreversible | Lasarte-Cia et al · Biomed Res Int | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background/aim Irreversible electroporation (IRE) showed promising results for small-size tumors and very early cancers. However, further development is needed to evolve this procedure into … |
| Irreversible | Li et al · Chin Med J (Engl) | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: High-frequency irreversible electroporation (H-FIRE) is a novel, next-generation nanoknife technology with the advantage of relieving irreversible electroporation (IRE)-induced m… |
| Irreversible | Lopez-Ichikawa · Sci Rep | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal tissue ablative technology that has emerging applications in surgical oncology and regenerative surgery. To advance its therapeutic useful… |
| Irreversible | Sorokin et al · J Endourol | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objective: To evaluate the safety of irreversible electroporation (IRE) for renal ablation adjacent to the ureter or bowel. Materials and Methods: Six adult pigs each underwent bilateral IRE… |
| Irreversible | Kaufman et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Purpose: To investigate if high-frequency irreversible electroporation (H-FIRE) treatments can be delivered at higher voltages and with greater energy delivery rates than currently implement… |
| Irreversible | Partridge et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Purpose: To determine the safety and feasibility of percutaneous high-frequency irreversible electroporation (HFIRE) for primary liver cancer and evaluate the HFIRE-induced local immune resp… |
| Irreversible | Shangguan et al · Clin Exp Gastroenterol | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a promising new ablation method for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment with few side-effects; however, tissue perfusion and differentiati… |
| Reversible | Brloznik et al · Radiol Oncol | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background Radiologic findings after electrochemotherapy of large hepatic blood vessels and healthy hepatic parenchyma have not yet been described. Materials and methods We performed a prosp… |
| Reversible | Klein · PLoS One | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Electrode Geometry and Placement | Background: The combination of electroporation with electrolysis (E2) has previously been introduced as a novel tissue ablation technique. E2 allows the utilization of a wide parameter range… |
| Irreversible | Figini et al · Magn Reson Med | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a nonthermal tissue ablation technique that represents a promising treatment option for unresectable liver tumors, but the effectively treated … |
| Irreversible | Hu et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in magnetic resonance imaging for quantitative measurement of responses following irreversible electroporation (IRE) … |
| Irreversible | Lyu et al · HPB (Oxford) | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: The safety and efficacy of irreversible electroporation (IRE) in treating hepatic, biliary, and pancreatic malignancies are active areas of clinical investigation. In addition, r… |
| Irreversible | Vivas et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of irreversible electroporation (IRE) combined with the intratumoral injection of the immunogenic adjuvant poly-ICLC (polyinosinic-polycytidylic… |
| Reversible | Lassiter et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Apoptosis Induction | Nano-pulse stimulation (NPS), previously called nsPEFs, induced a vaccine-like effect after ablation of orthotopic N1-S1 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), protecting rats from subsequent chall… |
| Irreversible | Castellví et al · Phys Med Biol | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electroporation-based treatments typically consist of the application of high-voltage dc pulses. As an undesired side effect, these dc pulses cause electrical stimulation of excitable tissue… |
| Irreversible | Sano et al · Comput Biol Med | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | High-frequency irreversible electroporation (H-FIRE) is an emerging ablation modality, delivering rapid bursts of bipolar microsecond-duration electrical pulses to non-thermally ablate tissu… |
| Irreversible | Zhang et al · Biochem Biophys Res Commun | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Apoptosis Induction, Necrosis and Necroptosis | Non-thermal irreversible electroporation (NTIRE) is a biophysical phenomenon in which certain electric fields delivered across the cell membrane in tissue, cause cell death, without affectin… |
| Irreversible | Cornelis et al · Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To compare ablation boundary sharpness after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA), cryoablation (CA), microwave ablation (MWA) and irreversible electroporation (IRE) ablation … |
| Irreversible | Ivey et al · Biophys J | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Pulsed electric fields applied to cells have been used as an invaluable research tool to enhance delivery of genes or other intracellular cargo, as well as for tumor treatment via electroche… |
| Irreversible | Yao et al · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Objective: To minimize the effect of muscle contractions during irreversible electroporation (IRE), this paper attempts to research the ablation effect and muscle contractions by applying hi… |
| Reversible | Stehling et al · PLoS One | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Electrolysis, electrochemotherapy with reversible electroporation, nanosecond pulsed electric fields and irreversible electroporation are valuable non-thermal electricity based tissue ablati… |
| Irreversible | Bhutiani et al · Surgery | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objective: Currently, the prediction of the dimensions of irreversible electroporation (IRE) ablation is modeled using algorithms derived from mathematical and ex vivo models. These algorith… |
| Irreversible | Bulvik et al · Radiology | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose To compare both periablational and systemic effects of two mechanistically different types of ablation: thermal radiofrequency (RF) ablation and electroporative ablation with irrever… |
| Irreversible | Golberg et al · PeerJ | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | During the past decade, irreversible electroporation (IRE) ablation has emerged as a promising tool for the treatment of multiple diseases including hepatic cancer. However, the mechanisms b… |
| Irreversible | Sano et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To mathematically model and test ex vivo a modified technique of irreversible electroporation (IRE) to produce large spherical ablations by using a single probe. Materials and metho… |
| Irreversible | Siddiqui et al · HPB (Oxford) | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) offers an alternative to thermal tissue ablation in situ. High-frequency IRE (H-FIRE), employing ultra-short bipolar electrical pulses, may o… |
| Irreversible | Vollherbst et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To evaluate the effects of combined use of transarterial chemoembolization and irreversible electroporation (IRE) for focal tissue ablation in an acute porcine liver model. Material… |
| Reversible | Nuccitelli et al · PLoS One | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD) | We have used both a rat orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma model and a mouse allograft tumor model to study liver tumor ablation with nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEF). We confirm t… |
| Irreversible | Srimathveeravalli et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of focal intraluminal irreversible electroporation (IRE) in the ureter with a novel electrode catheter and to study the treatment effects in response to … |
| Irreversible | Sugimoto et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To assess various ultrasound (US) findings, including B-mode, shear-wave elastography (SWE), and contrast-enhanced US, in accurately assessing ablation margins after irreversible el… |
| Reversible | Forde et al · Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev | 2014 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Nonviral plasmid DNA gene therapy represents a promising approach for the treatment of many diseases including cancer. Intracellular delivery of DNA can be achieved with the application of e… |
| Reversible | Kulbacka et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2014 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress | Electroporation (EP) can effectively support the penetration of macromolecules from the extracellular space into cells. Electropores induced by the influence of electromagnetic field generat… |
| Irreversible | Appelbaum et al · Radiology | 2014 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Purpose: To prospectively determine optimal parameters with which to achieve defined large target zones of coagulation by using irreversible electroporation (IRE) with four-electrode arrays … |
| Irreversible | Jiang et al · Ann Biomed Eng | 2014 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The use of irreversible electroporation (IRE) for cancer treatment has increased during the past decade due to many advantages over other focal therapies. However, despite early success in p… |
| Irreversible | Sommer et al · Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2014 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To evaluate the effect of previous transarterial iodized oil tissue marking (ITM) on technical parameters, three-dimensional (3D) computed tomographic (CT) rendering of the electrop… |
| Irreversible | Zhang et al · Radiology | 2014 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To compare changes on ultrasonographic (US), computed tomographic (CT), and magnetic resonance (MR) images after irreversible electroporation (IRE) ablation of liver and tumor tissu… |
| Irreversible | Arena et al · J Biomech Eng | 2013 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a new technology for ablating aberrant tissue that utilizes pulsed electric fields (PEFs) to kill cells by destabilizing their plasma membrane. When tre… |
| Irreversible | Au et al · Surgery | 2013 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel ablation technique that induces permanent membrane permeability and cell death. We are interested in ultrasound B-mode and elastogra… |
| Reversible | Czymek et al · Surg Oncol | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Necrosis and Necroptosis | Background: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and electrochemical treatment (ECT) are two methods of local liver tumour ablation. The objective of this study was to compare these methods when ap… |
| Reversible | Guo et al · Invest Radiol | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Rationale and objectives: Electropermeabilization involves the application of electrical pulses to increase cell membrane permeability. The purpose of our study was to demonstrate the potent… |
| Irreversible | Appelbaum et al · Radiology | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To characterize ultrasonographic (US) findings after irreversible electroporation (IRE) to determine the utility of these findings in the accurate assessment of ablation margins. Ma… |
| Irreversible | Ben-David et al · AJR Am J Roentgenol | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Objective: The purpose of this study was to prospectively characterize and optimize irreversible electroporation ablation to determine the best parameters to achieve the largest target zones… |
| Irreversible | Lee et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To demonstrate, evaluate, and verify the existence of irreversible electroporation (IRE)-ablation induced nanopores on the plasma membrane of hepatocytes. Materials and methods: On … |
| Irreversible | Lee et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To show the effectiveness and safety of irreversible electroporation (IRE) in treating large tumor models. Materials and methods: VX2 liver tumor implantation was performed in 35 Ne… |
| Irreversible | Schmidt et al · HPB (Oxford) | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Necrosis and Necroptosis | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a largely non-thermal method for the ablation of solid tumours. The ability of ultrasound (US) to measure the size of the IRE ablation zone … |
| Irreversible | Charpentier et al · HPB (Oxford) | 2011 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel, non-thermal form of ablation. We studied the safety and efficacy of IRE for the ablation of liver tissue around the liver hilum. We… |
| Irreversible | Deodhar et al · Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2011 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objective: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) uses direct electrical pulses to create permanent "pores" in cell membranes to cause cell death. In contrast to conventional modalities, IRE has… |
| Irreversible | Ellis et al · J Neurosurg | 2011 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Object: Nonthermal irreversible electroporation (NTIRE) is a novel, minimally invasive technique to treat cancer, which is unique because of its nonthermal mechanism of tumor ablation. This … |
| Irreversible | Guo et al · Radiology | 2011 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To evaluate the use of contrast material-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with conventional T1-weighted gradient-recalled echo (GRE) and inversion-recovery (IR)-prepared GRE… |
| Irreversible | Wendler et al · Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2011 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Purpose: The nonthermal irreversible electroporation (NTIRE) is a novel nonthermal tissue ablation technique by local application of high-voltage current within microseconds leading to a del… |
| Irreversible | Choi et al · Tissue Eng Part C Methods | 2010 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | A microfabricated electroporator (MFE) for the irreversible electroporation (IRE) of tissues has been developed by miniaturizing a clinical electroporator with a two-needle array while keepi… |
| Irreversible | Guo et al · Cancer Res | 2010 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is an innovative local-regional therapy that involves delivery of intense electrical pulses to tissue to induce nanoscale cell membrane defects for tissue … |
| Irreversible | Lee et al · Radiology | 2010 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Apoptosis Induction | Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of irreversible electroporation (IRE) in hepatic tissue ablation and the radiologic-pathologic correlation of IRE-induced cell death. Materials and met… |
| Irreversible | Tracy et al · BJU Int | 2010 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objective: • To evaluate the effects of irreversible electroporation (IRE) on renal parenchyma and the renal collecting system in a porcine model. Materials and methods: • Eight female Yorks… |
| Irreversible | Zhang et al · Radiology | 2010 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To test the hypothesis that magnetic resonance (MR) imaging measurements can be used to immediately detect treated tissue regions after irreversible electroporation (IRE) ablation p… |
| Reversible | André et al · Hum Gene Ther | 2008 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Gene electrotransfer is gaining momentum as an efficient methodology for nonviral gene transfer. In skeletal muscle, data suggest that electric pulses play two roles: structurally permeabili… |
| Reversible | Takei et al · Mol Cancer Ther | 2008 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Screening for a molecular target for cancer therapy requires multiple steps, of which an important one is evaluation of the knockdown effect of the target molecule on pregrown xenograft tumo… |
| Reversible | SHAO et al · Chinese Medical Journal | 2006 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Apoptosis Induction, Necrosis and Necroptosis | The most common interventional therapies for liver cancer at present include transcatheter hepatic arterial chemoembolization (TACE),1 percutaneous ethanol injection2 and radiofrequency abla… |
| Irreversible | Edd et al · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng | 2006 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | This paper reports results of in vivo experiments that confirm the feasibility of a new minimally invasive method for tissue ablation, irreversible electroporation (IRE). Electroporation is … |
| Reversible | Jaroszeski et al · Eur J Cancer | 2001 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Necrosis and Necroptosis | Preliminary studies that used electric pulses in vivo to facilitate entry of chemotherapeutic agents into tumour cells resulted in a 69% complete response rate for hepatocellular carcinoma i… |
| Reversible | Jaroszeski et al · Eur J Cancer | 2001 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | The effectiveness of antineoplastic agents has been augmented by applying pulsed electric fields directly to tumours after the administration of the drug. This treatment, known as electroche… |
| Reversible | Chazal et al · Surgery | 1998 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background Electrochemotherapy, which consist of local or systemic administration of a cytotoxic agent followed by application of electric pulses to a tumor, has proved effective for various… |
| Reversible | Ramirez et al · Br J Cancer | 1998 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a new therapeutic approach combining the effects of a low-permeant cytotoxic drug, bleomycin (BLM), administered i.v. and cell-permeabilizing electric pulses (EP… |
| Reversible | Jaroszeski et al · Biochim Biophys Acta | 1997 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | The use of in vivo electroporation in combination with a chemotherapeutic agent (electrochemotherapy) for the treatment of liver tumors was examined. Induced rat hepatomas were treated with … |
| Reversible | Alshahat et al · Applied Sciences | 2026 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters, Thermal Effect and Joule Heating | Pulsed Electric Fields (PEFs) are widely investigated in cancer research, yet interpretation and optimisation of exposure protocols remain challenging due to the complex interplay between el… |
| Reversible | Cash et al · Ann Biomed Eng | 2026 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Purpose: To determine if GET via charge-balanced patterned bipolar microsecond pulses could be improved, novel bursts of patterned bipolar microsecond pulsed electric fields were investigate… |
| Irreversible | Ding et al · Applied Sciences | 2023 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | The electroporation technique utilizes pulsed electric fields to induce porous defects in the cell membrane, and the technique can be used for delivering drugs into cells and killing cancer … |
| Irreversible | Lindelauf et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2023 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Hepatocellular carcinoma is a leading cause of cancer-related death in many parts of the world. Traditional treatment options are not always effective. During the promising minimally invasiv… |
| Reversible | Pelofy et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2021 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The ability to modulate deregulated genes by RNAi provides treatment perspectives in certain diseases including cancers. Electrotransfer of oligonucleotides was studied in vitro, showing a d… |
| Irreversible | Fesmire et al · Ann Biomed Eng | 2020 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electroporation is a bioelectric phenomenon used to deliver target molecules into cells in vitro and irreversible electroporation (IRE) is an emerging cancer therapy used to treat inoperable… |
| Irreversible | Zhang et al · Journal of Engineering and Science in Medical Diagnostics and Therapy | 2017 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of generating larger ablation volumes using the pulse delivery method in irreversible electroporation (IRE) using a potato model.… |
| Irreversible | Jiang et al · Ann Biomed Eng | 2013 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a promising technology to treat local malignant cancer using short, high-voltage electric pulses. Unfortunately, in vivo studies show that IRE suffers f… |
| Irreversible | Adeyanju et al · Radiol Oncol | 2012 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel ablation tool that uses brief high-voltage pulses to treat cancer. The efficacy of the therapy depends upon the distribution of the … |
| Irreversible | Sutter et al · Eur Radiol | 2025 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Objectives: Numerical evaluation of irreversible electroporation (IRE) holds significant potential to assist practitioners in planning and guiding these complex procedures. We aimed to estab… |
| Irreversible | Jouni · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2024 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Thermal Effect and Joule Heating | Objectives: Irreversible Electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal minimally invasive cancer therapy used in the treatment of liver tumors. However, the therapy entails an electrical current fl… |
| Irreversible | Vera-Tizatl · Bioeng Transl Med | 2024 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has emerged as an appealing non-ionizing, non-thermal ablation therapy, independent of antineoplastic drugs. Limited but successful outcomes in IRE conduct… |
| Irreversible | van den Bemd et al · Radiol Imaging Cancer | 2024 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose To further define anatomic criteria for resection and ablation using an expert panel-based three-dimensional liver model to objectively predict local treatment recommendations for co… |
| Irreversible | Cindric et al · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng | 2021 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Objective: The aims of this study were to determine the electric field threshold that best fits the local response to irreversible electroporation (IRE) ablation of hepatic tumors as seen in… |
| Reversible | Perera-Bel et al · Comput Methods Programs Biomed | 2020 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Background and objectives: Electroporation is the phenomenon by which cell membrane permeability to ions and macromolecules is increased when the cell is briefly exposed to high electric fie… |
| Irreversible | Khorasani · Polish Journal of Medical Physics and Engineering | 2020 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Introduction: irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a tissue ablation technique and physical process used to kill the undesirable cells. In the IRE process by mathematical modelling we can c… |
| Reversible | Pintar et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2018 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | Electrochemotherapy and irreversible electroporation are gaining importance in clinical practice for the treatment of solid tumors. For successful treatment, it is extremely important that t… |
| Irreversible | Kos et al · Radiol Oncol | 2015 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a tissue ablation method, which relies on the phenomenon of electroporation. When cells are exposed to a sufficiently electric field, the pl… |
| Irreversible | Neal et al · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng | 2015 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) ablation uses brief electric pulses to kill a volume of tissue without damaging the structures contraindicated for surgical resection or thermal ablation, … |
| Irreversible | Neal et al · Prostate | 2014 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) delivers brief electric pulses to attain non-thermal focal ablation that spares vasculature and other sensitive systems. It is a promising pros… |
| Reversible | Pavliha et al · PLoS One | 2013 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electroporation is the phenomenon that occurs when a cell is exposed to a high electric field, which causes transient cell membrane permeabilization. A paramount electroporation-based applic… |
| Reversible | Kranjc et al · PLoS One | 2012 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | Magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (MREIT) was recently proposed for determining electric field distribution during electroporation in which cell membrane permeability is tem… |
| Irreversible | Stillström · Sci Rep | 2021 | Technical / Device Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of stereotactic CT-guided navigation and ultrasound guided navigation for placing electrodes in Irreversible electroporation in a liver phan… |
| Irreversible | Qasrawi et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2017 | Technical / Device Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Irreversible electroporation is a novel tissue ablation technique which entails delivering intense electrical pulses to target tissue, hence producing fatal defects in the cell membrane. The… |
| Reversible | Bianchi et al · Mol Ther Oncol | 2026 | Experimental Biophysics Study | Experimental System | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | DNA electroporation of neoantigen cancer vaccine is a well-established approach to induce high expression of neoantigens and likely enlarge the immune response that is shaped by the vaccinat… |
| Reversible | Rogers et al · IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. | 2004 | Experimental Biophysics Study | Experimental System | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | As part of a health and safety assessment of ultrawideband sources, it was useful to determine stimulation thresholds for an electrically excitable tissue down into the low nanosecond range.… |
| Reversible | Fulop et al · – | 2026 | Preprint | Computational Model | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Glioblastomas are aggressive, highly heterogeneous brain tumours with poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Their complex microenvironment, characterised by elevated interstitial flu… |
| Reversible | Liu et al · – | 2026 | Preprint | – | Apoptosis Induction, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress | Nickel-titanium (NiTi) stents have been widely used for the palliative treatment of portal vein tumor thrombi due to their excellent mechanical strength and biocompatibility. However, tradit… |
| Reversible | Spiliotis et al · – | 2024 | Preprint | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Necrosis and Necroptosis | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) combines the reversible electroporation (rEP) with intravenous (i.v.) or intratumoral (i.t.) administration of chemotherapeutic drugs. We conducted this study to co… |
| Irreversible | Pan et al · – | 2023 | Preprint | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background At present, the main clinical application of local ablation therapy, such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA), is to heat the tissue to a certain temperature. However, high temperatu… |
| Irreversible | Yu et al · Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology | 2023 | Conference Abstract | – | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | No. 179 Percutaneous Placement of Lumen Apposing Metallic Stents for Patients with Afferent Loop Syndrome E. Klein1, L. Swanstrom2, C. Barragan1, H. Shmilovich3, E. Shlomovitz3; 1University … |
| Irreversible | Abdelsalam et al · Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology | 2013 | Conference Abstract | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | No. 88 Irreversible electroporation (IRE) in cirrhotic liver: preliminary experience in a large animal model MONDAY: Scientific Sessions M.E. Abdelsalam1, J.A. Chetta3, S. Harmoush1, J. Enso… |
| Irreversible | Narayanan et al · Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology | 2013 | Conference Abstract | – | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | No. 322 Effect of irreversible electroporation (IRE) on liver function tests following treatment of primary and metastatic liver tumors: a single center retrospective analysis Posters and Ex… |
| Reversible | Fernandez · World J Gastroenterol | 2025 | Editorial / Letter | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is currently the leading cause of end-stage liver disease and liver cancer in the world because of the obesity pandemic. Insulin … |
| Irreversible | Koriem · World J Gastroenterol | 2025 | Editorial / Letter | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | One of the main causes of liver fibrosis and cancer, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming more common every year. The novel work by Yu et al , which evaluates the viability … |
| Irreversible | Krishnan · World J Gastrointest Oncol | 2025 | Editorial / Letter | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | We read with great interest the recent article by Xing et al , which describes the synergy between irreversible electroporation and anti-programmed death-1 therapy in a murine hepatocellular… |
| Irreversible | Ramírez-Mejía · World J Hepatol | 2025 | Editorial / Letter | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Targeting the gut-liver axis has emerged as a promising strategy in the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), a condition that currently represents t… |
| Reversible | Trotovšek et al · World J Gastroenterol | 2021 | Editorial / Letter | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy is a local ablative therapy that increases the cytotoxicity of either bleomycin or cisplatin by applying electric pulses (electroporation) to tumors. It has already been … |
| Irreversible | Davalos et al · Prostate | 2015 | Editorial / Letter | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Thermal Effect and Joule Heating | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) describes a cellular response to electric field exposure, resulting in the formation of nanoscale defects that can lead to cell death. While this behavior … |
| Reversible | Tao et al · Research (Wash D C) | 2026 | Not reported | – | – | Nonviral intracellular delivery based on pulsed-electric-field-induced electroporation is one of the most effective and widely used platforms in basic biological and biomedical research. How… |
| Reversible | Aghayari · Results in Engineering | 2023 | Not reported | – | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Nerve cancer is a highly lethal form of cancer that has proven difficult to effectively treat. A potential avenue for future research involves developing an effective treatment method for th… |
| Irreversible | Miklovic et al · Ann Biomed Eng | 2017 | Not reported | – | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Several focal therapies are being investigated clinically to treat tumors in which surgery is contraindicated. Many of these ablation techniques, such as radiofrequency ablation and microwav… |
Limitations
The counts on this page are bounded by the scope of the source PDF archive and are not a systematic review of the area's literature. Study type and mechanism labels are derived automatically; for critical decisions consult the full texts of the publications listed. The evidence level reflects the number of publications, not their methodological quality.