General Principles & Biophysics
Basic Science
The biophysics of electroporation, the cellular and tissue effects of pulse parameters, drug transport mechanisms and treatment planning are gathered in this area. It is the largest section of the corpus and holds the foundational knowledge on which every other application area rests.
774total publications
91clinical studies
477preclinical studies
158reviews
1991–2026publication span
Evidence Status by Regime
Reversible electroporation (RE-ECT)
556publications
62clinical
354preclinical
Clinical Evidence
1991–2026 · In Routine Clinical Use
Irreversible electroporation (IRE-ECT)
218publications
29clinical
123preclinical
Clinical Evidence
2003–2026 · In Routine Clinical Use
Mechanisms Reported in This Area
Terms were detected by automatic matching over publication abstracts; the figure gives the number of publications containing the term.
Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation 371
Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death 262
Electric Field Distribution and Modelling 137
Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) 133
Optimisation of Pulse Parameters 127
Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation 120
Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability 93
Electrode Geometry and Placement 75
Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change 73
Apoptosis Induction 55
Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation 53
Thermal Effect and Joule Heating 52
Study Type Distribution
Bar length is scaled to the most common study type; the percentage gives the share of the whole area. Colour marks the evidence tier of the study type, the same scale as the evidence map.
| Study type | Publications | Share within this area |
|---|---|---|
| Randomized Clinical Trial | 6 | <1% |
| Prospective Clinical Study | 9 | 1% |
| Clinical Study | 71 | 9% |
| Retrospective Clinical Study | 3 | <1% |
| Case Series | 2 | <1% |
| Case Report | 8 | 1% |
| Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | 18 | 2% |
| Review | 140 | 18% |
| Animal Study | 314 | 41% |
| In Vitro Study | 103 | 13% |
| In Silico / Modelling | 52 | 7% |
| Technical / Device Study | 6 | <1% |
| Experimental Biophysics Study | 8 | 1% |
| Preprint | 6 | <1% |
| Conference Abstract | 3 | <1% |
| Editorial / Letter | 9 | 1% |
| Correction / Erratum | 4 | <1% |
| Not reported | 10 | 1% |
| Protocol | 2 | <1% |
Literature Evidence Table
774 publications listed in order of evidence strength. Click a title to open the citation, mechanism and full abstract drawer.
| Regime | Publication | Year | Study type | Model | Mechanism | Abstract |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reversible | Horbach et al · Dermatol Surg | 2020 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Transmembrane Potential Change | Background: Bleomycin sclerotherapy is ineffective for treating capillary malformations (CMs) because bleomycin cannot adequately be injected into the small-diameter capillary lumina. Electr… |
| Reversible | Hooper et al · Vaccines (Basel) | 2020 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Hantaan virus (HTNV) and Puumala virus (PUUV) are pathogenic hantaviruses found in Asia and Europe, respectively. DNA vaccines targeting the envelope glycoproteins of these viruses have been… |
| Reversible | Simeone et al · J Transl Med | 2014 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination, Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response | Ipilimumab is the first agent approved for the treatment of advanced melanoma that showed a survival benefit in randomized phase 3 trials. Despite the survival benefit, due to its mechanism … |
| Reversible | Kanat et al · Complement Ther Med | 2013 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of magnetotherapy in the treatment of hand osteoarthritis (HO). Methods: In this randomized controlled single-blind follow-up study, patients with HO… |
| Reversible | Marty et al · European Journal of Cancer Supplements | 2006 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy is an efficient local tumour ablation modality that has already proven its effectiveness clinically in the treatment of various types of tumours. It uses electroporation,… |
| Reversible | C Domenge, S Orlowski, B Luboinski, T Baere, G Schwaab, J Belehradek · Cancer | 1996 | Randomized Clinical Trial | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a new antitumor approach that combines systemic bleomycin (BLM) with electric pulses (EP) delivered locally at the tumor site. These EP permeabilize the cells in… |
| Reversible | Altamura et al · International Journal of Clinical Practice | 2026 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Background Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a nonthermal locoregional treatment that enhances cytotoxic drug uptake through reversible electroporation and is increasingly used across different m… |
| Irreversible | Xiang · J Immunother Cancer | 2026 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common malignancy in men worldwide. Although radical prostatectomy effectively controls tumor progression, it often causes complications … |
| Reversible | Colletti et al · J Craniomaxillofac Surg | 2025 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Arteriovenous Malformations (AVM) can present themselves in an ample clinical spectrum. They worsen over time, creating local complications such as ulceration, destruction, infection, pain, … |
| Irreversible | Murthy · Cancers (Basel) | 2025 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Background: The Canady Helios Cold Plasma (CHCP) system is a non-thermal, non-contact cold atmospheric plasma technology that generates transient electric fields and reactive species capable… |
| Irreversible | Popeneciu · World J Mens Health | 2024 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To evaluate the morbidity, functional and oncological outcome of irreversible electroporation (IRE) as a focal therapy for prostate cancer (PCa) when used in "active surveillance (A… |
| Reversible | Di Chiacchio et al · J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol | 2019 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: Ungual warts are considered the most common benign nail tumour, and they are caused by the human papillomavirus. Despite the numerous treatments reported in the medical literatur… |
| Reversible | Egeland et al · Endosc Int Open | 2018 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background and study aims: Esophageal cancer is on the rise in the western world and the disease has a poor 5-year survival prognosis below 20 %. Electrochemotherapy is a treatment where a c… |
| Reversible | Groselj et al · Cancer Chemother Pharmacol | 2016 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Necrosis and Necroptosis | Purpose: With the aim to determine effective therapeutic window of electrochemotherapy, we analyzed bleomycin pharmacokinetic parameters in elderly patients. Methods: In prospective clinical… |
| Irreversible | Thomson et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2011 | Prospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: A single-center prospective nonrandomized cohort study was performed to investigate the safety of irreversible electroporation (IRE) for tumor ablation in humans. Materials and meth… |
| Reversible | Alkis et al · Inorganic Chemistry Communications | 2026 | Clinical Study | Human | – | of a niraparib-based Schiff base ligand and its Zn(II)/Ni(II) complexes, and evaluation of electrochemotherapy combined with low-dose ionizing radiation Mehmet Esref Alkis a,*, Yusuf Alan b … |
| Reversible | · – | 2026 | Clinical Study | Human | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination | The Unmet Need in Solid Tumor Immunotherapy approach combining bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), nucleic acid nanocarriers, and The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors and electro… |
| Reversible | Persico et al · JDReAM | 2026 | Clinical Study | Human | – | The new therapeutic options now available for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have made their assessment more complex, especially due to the different stages of liver cirrhosis … |
| Reversible | Vos et al · Journal of Clinical Interventional Radiology ISVIR | 2026 | Clinical Study | Human | Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD) | Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) and oligometastatic pancreatic cancer (OMPC) remain associated with poor prognosis despite advances in systemic therapy. In carefully selected patie… |
| Irreversible | Desier et al · Comput Methods Programs Biomed | 2026 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objective: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) represents a promising non-thermal ablation modality for the treatment of deep-seated tumors. However, its clinical efficacy is critically depen… |
| Irreversible | Xia · Prostate Int | 2026 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Prostate cancer (PCa) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among men globally. Irreversible electroporation (IRE), a non-thermal ablation modality, selectively induces tumor ce… |
| Reversible | Abadijoo et al · Sensors and Actuators A: Physical | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | – | od for Intraoperative Cavity Site Margin Therapy Hamed Abadijoo a,b,c , Farshid Rostami Pouria a,b,c,1, Navid Manoochehri a,b,c,1 , Majid Hasanloo a,d, Mohammad Ali Khayamian a,b,c , Hossein… |
| Reversible | Bazancir et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Disruption of Calcium Homeostasis | Background: Barrett's esophagus high-grade dysplasia (BE HGD) can transform into esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) in 19-28 % of the cases. Calcium electroporation (Ca-EP) is a novel anti-canc… |
| Reversible | Campana et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination | Background: This study analysed treatment strategies with electrochemotherapy (ECT) in melanoma with limb in-transit metastases (ITM). Methods: We audited AJCC v.8 stage IIIB-IIID patients t… |
| Reversible | Salazar et al · Comput Biol Med | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Vascular Lock Effect | The systemic administration of chemotherapeutic drugs involves some reaction and transport mechanisms (RTMs), including perfusion along the blood vessels, extravasation, lymphatic drainage, … |
| Irreversible | Pyrgidis · BJU Int | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Objective: To compare the perioperative complications of the most common focal therapy (FT) modalities for prostate cancer. Patients and methods: We assessed the GeRmAn Nationwide inpatient … |
| Irreversible | Suberville · Cancers (Basel) | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background : Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel ablative treatment modality for localized prostate cancer and aims at achieving oncological control while minimizing the related si… |
| Irreversible | Williamson et al · J Vis Exp | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Electroporation is a promising technology utilizing electrical pulses for macromolecule delivery and soft-tissue ablation, with applications that include next-generation prophylactics and th… |
| Irreversible | Xia · Discov Oncol | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Prostate cancer is a prevalent condition among older males, with radical prostatectomy being the standard treatment. However, this procedure can inevitably impact urinary and sex… |
| Irreversible | Xiang · BMC Surg | 2025 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal ablation technique using high-voltage, low-energy pulses to induce cell membrane perforation and cell death. As an emerging th… |
| Irreversible | Zhang · Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis | 2024 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel technique to treat localized prostate cancer with the aim of achieving oncological control while reducing related side effects. We p… |
| Reversible | Egeland · J Cancer Res Clin Oncol | 2023 | Clinical Study | Human | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion | Purpose: In this study, we aim to investigate gene expression changes in tumor samples obtained from patients with esophageal cancer treated with calcium electroporation. Previously, local t… |
| Reversible | Odeyemi et al · IRJMETS | 2023 | Clinical Study | Human | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electroporation is the process of temporarily creating openings in the cell membrane by exposing it to a shortterm electric field.In addition to creating openings in the membrane, electropor… |
| Reversible | Rózsa et al · Orv Hetil | 2023 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Introduction: The risk of cutaneous malignancies is significantly higher in immunosuppressed patients compared to the general population. These high-risk skin tumors tend to be aggressive, m… |
| Reversible | Briz et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2023 | Clinical Study | Human | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | Electroporation is a phenomenon produced in the cell membrane when it is exposed to high pulsed electric fields that increases its permeability. Among other application fields, this phenomen… |
| Irreversible | Altan · Urol Res Pract | 2023 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Objective: This article reports on the early results of a 1-year follow-up study investigating the efficacy of irreversible electroporation in the treatment of localized prostate cancer. Met… |
| Reversible | Cvetkoska et al · Sci Rep | 2022 | Clinical Study | Human | Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | To minimize neuromuscular electrical stimulation during electroporation-based treatments, the replacement of long monophasic pulses with bursts of biphasic high-frequency pulses in the range… |
| Reversible | Egeland · Cancers (Basel) | 2022 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion | Calcium electroporation (CaEP) is a novel cancer therapy wherein high intracellular calcium levels, facilitated by reversible electroporation, trigger tumor necrosis. This study aimed to est… |
| Reversible | Marcasciano et al · Eur J Plast Surg | 2022 | Clinical Study | Human | – | nline information on a rising low‑invasive procedure, in a constantly aging society Marco Marcasciano1 · Juste Kaciulyte2,3 · Riccardo Di Giuli4 · Jacopo Nanni2 · Jacopo Maria Frattaroli2 · … |
| Reversible | Szlasa et al · Int J Mol Sci | 2021 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electroporation is influenced by the features of the targeted cell membranes, e.g., the cholesterol content and the surface tension of the membrane. The latter is eventually affected by the … |
| Reversible | Groselj et al · Pharmaceutics | 2021 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | The plasma concentration profile of bleomycin in the distribution phase of patients younger than 65 years is needed to determine the suitable time interval for efficient application of elect… |
| Irreversible | Al-Leswas et al · British Journal of Surgery | 2021 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background The present systematic review aimed to summarise the available evidence on indications and oncological outcomes after MA IRE for stage III pancreatic cancer (PC). Methods A litera… |
| Irreversible | Aycock et al · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng | 2021 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Unlabelled: High-frequency irreversible electroporation (H-FIRE) is a tissue ablation modality employing bursts of electrical pulses in a positive phase-interphase delay (d 1 )-negative phas… |
| Irreversible | Buijs et al · Diagn Interv Radiol | 2021 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: Ablation plays a growing role in the treatment of small renal masses (SRMs) due to its nephron sparing properties and low invasiveness. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has the po… |
| Irreversible | Wah · Eur Radiol | 2021 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objectives: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of CT-guided IRE of clinical T1a (cT1a) renal tumours close to vital structures and to assess factors that may influence the technical success… |
| Reversible | Pirc et al · Clin Ther | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Purpose: Electrochemotherapy is increasingly entering into national and international guidelines, requiring formal evaluation of treatment costs and cost-effectiveness to ensure that its upt… |
| Reversible | Tartaglia et al · Clin Exp Dent Res | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Objective(s): It is well appreciated that traditional analgesic delivery routes used to treat pain associated with temporomandibular disorder (TMD) often have harmful unintended side effects… |
| Irreversible | Go et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2020 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD) | Recently, cancer immunotherapy has received attention as a viable solution for the treatment of refractory tumors. However, it still has clinical limitations in its treatment efficacy due to… |
| Irreversible | Lundy et al · The American Surgeon™ | 2019 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | A 69-year-old female with a complex past medical history notable for hypertension, vascular disease with history of bilateral aortoiliac bypass and renal endarterectomy, 49-year smoking hist… |
| Reversible | Hristov et al · Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr | 2018 | Clinical Study | Human | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | We compared membrane permeabilization by nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) in HEK293 cells with and without assembled CaV1.3 L-type voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC). Individual ce… |
| Reversible | Romeo et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2018 | Clinical Study | Human | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Reversible electroporation is used to increase the uptake of chemotherapeutic drugs in local tumor treatment (electrochemotherapy) by applying the pulsing protocol (8 rectangular pulses, 100… |
| Reversible | Grošelj et al · Clinical Therapeutics | 2017 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Few studies have assessed concentrations of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) after controlled administration of wide range of alcohol doses in both genders. The objective was to assess the ti… |
| Irreversible | Canvasser et al · World J Urol | 2017 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Purpose: To report on the first short-term oncologic outcomes of percutaneous irreversible electroporation for small renal masses. Methods: Patients with cT1a renal masses treated with irrev… |
| Irreversible | Zhang et al · Pancreas | 2017 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Zhang, Yishi MD; Shi, Juanjuan MD; Zeng, Jianying MS; Alnagger, Mohammed MD; Zhou, Liang MD; Fang, Gang MD; Long, Xin'an MD; Pan, Zhongbao MD; Li, Yanhong BN; Chen, Jibing PhD; Xu, Kecheng M… |
| Reversible | Mir-Bonafé et al · Actas Dermosifiliogr | 2015 | Clinical Study | Human | Necrosis and Necroptosis | Introduction and objectives: Electrochemotherapy is indicated for the treatment of unresectable cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors. The technique involves the synergistic use of electroporati… |
| Reversible | Quaglino et al · Acta Oncol | 2015 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | Background: Electrochemotherapy describes the use of electric pulses to enhance chemotherapy uptake, and has proven highly efficient in treating cutaneous metastases. Patients referred for e… |
| Irreversible | Trimmer et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2015 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To evaluate whether irreversible electroporation (IRE) can be used as an ablation technique for small renal tumors (T1a cancers or small benign tumors) and to describe features afte… |
| Irreversible | Wagstaff et al · BMC Cancer | 2015 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Electroporation is a novel treatment technique utilizing electric pulses, traveling between two or more electrodes, to ablate targeted tissue. The first in human studies have pro… |
| Reversible | Castiello et al · IEEE Trans. Dielect. Electr. Insul. | 2014 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a local anticancer treatment for superficial tumors which involves the administration of a chemotherapeutic drug followed by short, high-voltage pulses. Incipien… |
| Reversible | O'Brien et al · J Immunother Cancer | 2014 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Meeting abstracts The correlation between the level of immune involvement and immune cell infiltration within a treated tumour and the clinical outcome for patients has been well established… |
| Irreversible | Nielsen et al · Br J Anaesth | 2014 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel tumour ablation technique involving repetitive application of electrical energy around a tumour. The use of pulsed electrical gradien… |
| Reversible | Marandola et al · WJA | 2013 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Electrochemotherapy and heart function: Treatment in a patient with implantable cardioverter defibrillator/pace-maker |
| Reversible | Pavliha et al · J Membr Biol | 2013 | Clinical Study | Human | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electroporation-based treatment combining high-voltage electric pulses and poorly permanent cytotoxic drugs, i.e., electrochemotherapy (ECT), is currently used for treating superficial tumor… |
| Reversible | Shankayi et al · J Membr Biol | 2013 | Clinical Study | Human | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | During standard electrochemotherapy (ECT), using a train of 1,000 V/cm amplitude rectangular pulses with 1 Hz frequency, patients experience an unpleasant sensation and slight edema. Accordi… |
| Reversible | Diaz et al · J Transl Med | 2013 | Clinical Study | Human | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Background: DNA electroporation has been demonstrated in preclinical models to be a promising strategy to improve cancer immunity, especially when combined with other genetic vaccines in het… |
| Reversible | Gavazza et al · Hum Gene Ther | 2013 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Client-owned pet dogs represent exceptional translational models for advancement of cancer research because they reflect the complex heterogeneity observed in human cancer. We have recently … |
| Reversible | Dotsinsky et al · Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment | 2012 | Clinical Study | Human | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy is based on electroporation, which creates aqueous pathways in the cell membrane as a result of applied short intensive electric field usually generated by high voltage e… |
| Reversible | Skarlatos et al · In Vivo | 2011 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy is currently undergoing intensive investigation in the field of local control of cancer. In Greece, five medical centers have co-operated to perform ECT for the efficient… |
| Reversible | Napotnik et al · Bioelectromagnetics | 2011 | Clinical Study | Human | Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Nanosecond, high-voltage electric pulses (nsEP) induce permeabilization of the plasma membrane and the membranes of cell organelles, leading to various responses in cells including cytochrom… |
| Reversible | Laufer et al · Physiol Meas | 2010 | Clinical Study | Human | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The four-electrode method was used to measure the ex vivo complex electrical impedance of tissues from 14 hepatic tumors and the surrounding normal liver from six patients. Measurements were… |
| Reversible | Corovic et al · Biomed Eng Online | 2009 | Clinical Study | Human | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Background: Electrochemotherapy is an effective approach in local tumour treatment employing locally applied high-voltage electric pulses in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs. In plann… |
| Reversible | Vernier et al · PLoS One | 2009 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Reversible electropermeabilization (electroporation) is widely used to facilitate the introduction of genetic material and pharmaceutical agents into living cells. Although considerable know… |
| Reversible | Guida et al · European Journal of Cancer Supplements | 2008 | Clinical Study | Human | – | ECT is an effective local treatment for palliation on inoperable superficial neoplastic localizations which combines surgical debulking had a disease control for a long period (8 months, med… |
| Reversible | Tauceri et al · Langenbecks Arch Surg | 2008 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Background and aims: Survival rates of patients with stage IV melanoma are poor: Median survival is 7-8 months and 5-year survival rates about 5%. There is no agreement on the role of surger… |
| Reversible | Pavlovic et al · IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed | 2007 | Clinical Study | Human | – | Many branches of the healthcare industry are being influenced by information and communication technology (ICT). Clinical trials are not an exception. Despite this fact, more than 75% of cli… |
| Reversible | Zupanic et al · Neoplasma | 2007 | Clinical Study | Human | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | Involuntary muscle contractions and painful sensations during electric pulse delivery are the most unpleasant side effects of electrochemotherapy. The aim of this study was to determine the … |
| Irreversible | Esser et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2007 | Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Local and drug-free tissue treatment by irreversible electroporation (IRE) involves the creation of aqueous pores in a cell's plasma membrane (PM) and leads to non-thermal cell death by necr… |
| Reversible | Mir · European Journal of Cancer Supplements | 2006 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy is defined as the local potentiation, by means of permeabilizing electric pulses, of the antitumour activity of a non-permeant (or a low-permeant) anticancer drug possess… |
| Reversible | Mir et al · European Journal of Cancer Supplements | 2006 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | structions for the use of bleomycin or cisplatin administered either systemically or locally and electric pulses delivered by the CliniporatorTM by means of invasive or non-invasive electrod… |
| Irreversible | Davalos et al · Ann Biomed Eng | 2005 | Clinical Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | This study introduces a new method for minimally invasive treatment of cancer-the ablation of undesirable tissue through the use of irreversible electroporation. Electroporation is the perme… |
| Reversible | Spugnini et al · J Exp Clin Cancer Res | 2003 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | The objectives of this phase I/II study were: i) to determine whether electrochemotherapy (intralesional bleomycin + electric pulses) could be effective in companion animals with different, … |
| Reversible | Vernier et al · Biochem Biophys Res Commun | 2003 | Clinical Study | Human | Apoptosis Induction, Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF) | We report here real-time imaging of calcium bursts in human lymphocytes exposed to nanosecond, megavolt-per-meter pulsed electric fields. Ultra-short (less than 30 ns), high-field (greater t… |
| Reversible | Cemazar et al · Br J Cancer | 2001 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Recent studies have indicated that the antitumour effectiveness of electrochemotherapy, a combination of chemotherapeutic drugs with application of high voltage electric pulses applied to th… |
| Reversible | Daskalov et al · IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag | 1999 | Clinical Study | Human | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electrochemotherapy using rectangular biphasic stimuli and bursts of stimuli, as compared to using monophasic pulses obtained by capacitor discharge, are at least of the same efficacy. The u… |
| Reversible | Serša et al · Eur J Cancer | 1998 | Clinical Study | Human | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | This study was aimed at assessing the response to electrochemotherapy with cisplatin of cutaneous tumour nodules in patients with malignant melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell c… |
| Reversible | Garner et al · IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag. | 1996 | Clinical Study | Human | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Although electroporation in the past has mainly been used as a research tool, recent work has demonstrated its potential for clinical applications. Some of the areas explored include electro… |
| Reversible | Narayanan · Curr Oncol | 2025 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The purpose was to determine the ability of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) scans performed within 24 h of percutaneous image-guided… |
| Irreversible | Narayanan · Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2024 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: Demonstrating the safety and efficacy of percutaneous irreversible electroporation (IRE) for the treatment of lymph node metastases. Materials and methods: An IRB-approved, single-c… |
| Irreversible | Wang et al · BMC Cancer | 2021 | Retrospective Clinical Study | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of ablating renal cell carcinoma (RCC) by irreversible electroporation (IRE). Methods: Fifteen patients (19 lesions) with RCC who und… |
| Irreversible | Ozdemir Simsek et al · BMC Anesthesiol | 2026 | Case Series | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Background: Irreversible electroporation is a novel, non-thermal tumor ablation technique that induces cell death through electrical disruption of cellular membranes while preserving surroun… |
| Reversible | Bonura et al · Diseases | 2025 | Case Series | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Background/objectives: Gastric cancer often presents at advanced stages with complications such as iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) due to chronic bleeding, representing a significant global hea… |
| Reversible | Lampreht Tratar et al · Front Vet Sci | 2026 | Case Report | Human | Electrode Geometry and Placement, Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) combined with gene electrotransfer of interleukin-12 (IL-12 GET) has shown promising results in the treatment of canine mast cell tumors (MCTs). However, when tumor… |
| Reversible | A Šenk Juh, B Šenk, M Čemažar · Medicinski razgledi | 2026 | Case Report | Human | – | – Amadej Šenk Juh, Barbara Šenk, Maja Čemažar 99 Diagnostični izziv 99 Diagnostic Challenge 105 Seznam diplomantov 105 List of Graduated Students 107 Navodila avtorjem 113 Guidelines for Aut… |
| Reversible | Rózsa et al · J Dermatolog Treat | 2025 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Purpose: Lentigo maligna (LM), lentigo maligna melanoma (LMM), and acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) are characterized by irregular borders and manifest on highly visible and/or surgically ch… |
| Irreversible | Araújo et al · J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth | 2025 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Anesthesia for Irreversible Electroporation in Patients with a Pacemaker Guilherme Freitas Ara ujo, MD, TSA*, Marcelo Froeder Arcuri, MDy, Veronica Neves Fialho Queiroz, MD, PhD*, Guilherme… |
| Reversible | Caprino et al · J Surg Case Rep | 2021 | Case Report | Human | – | Recurrence of rectal cancer (RRC) affects up to one-third of patients. The survival is strictly dependent on the possibility of performing surgery without microscopic tumor residues (R0). El… |
| Reversible | Spugnini et al · Open Vet J | 2016 | Case Report | Human | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | An eleven-year-old stallion was referred for adjuvant treatment of an incompletely excised, recurring penile fibrosarcoma. The horse was bright, alert and responsive with a 15 x 12 cm ulcera… |
| Irreversible | Harris et al · J Pediatr Hematol Oncol | 2016 | Case Report | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) induces apoptosis in tumor cells with electric energy, allowing treatment of unresectable tumors. One potential application is metastatic osteosarcoma (OS)… |
| Reversible | Daniels et al · PLoS One | 2011 | Case Report | Human | Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | Pulsed electric fields (PEF) have become an important minimally invasive surgical technology for various applications including genetic engineering, electrochemotherapy and tissue ablation. … |
| Reversible | Tian et al · J Cancer Res Ther | 2026 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | – | Background: Pulsed electric field (PEF) ablation is a promising nonthermal tumor treatment for liver cancer, recognized for its ability to induce immune responses. However, the field has lac… |
| Reversible | Formstone et al · Eur Radiol | 2026 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Objectives: To systematically review the available evidence on electrochemotherapy (ECT) in pediatric patients, focusing on indications, treatment parameters, efficacy, and safety. Materials… |
| Irreversible | Cheng · Transl Androl Urol | 2025 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Focal irreversible electroporation (IRE) has shown promising initial oncological and functional outcomes in the treatment of localised prostate cancer (PCa), although robust evid… |
| Irreversible | Tay · Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis | 2025 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: Focal Therapy (FT) is a treatment option for the treatment of limited volume clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa). We aim to systematically review outcomes of establi… |
| Irreversible | Zhang · World J Mens Health | 2025 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a promising alternative treatment for low-intermediate-risk localized prostate cancer. In this systematic review we aim to evaluate the safety … |
| Irreversible | Prabhakar · Indian J Urol | 2024 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a new and promising focal therapy for the treatment of localized prostate cancer. In this systematic review, we summarize the literature o… |
| Irreversible | Xia · Discov Oncol | 2024 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Focal therapy, a minimally invasive strategy for localized prostate cancer, has been widely employed in the targeted treatment of localized prostate cancer in recent years. We analyzed 1312 … |
| Reversible | Ferioli et al · Curr Oncol | 2023 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | – | Radiotherapy (RT) and electrochemotherapy (ECT) are established local treatments for cancer. While effective, both therapies have limitations, especially in treating bulky and poorly oxygena… |
| Irreversible | Hogenes · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2023 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Animal (In Vivo) | Thermal Effect and Joule Heating, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: The aim of this study was to review the effect of irreversible electroporation parameter settings on the size of the ablation zone and the occurrence of thermal effects. This i… |
| Reversible | Potočnik et al · Pharmaceutics | 2022 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | The exact mechanisms of nucleic acid (NA) delivery with gene electrotransfer (GET) are still unknown, which represents a limitation for its broader use. Further, not knowing the effects that… |
| Reversible | Granata et al · Int J Environ Res Public Health | 2021 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Imaging methods and the most appropriate criteria to be used for detecting and evaluating response to oncological treatments depend on the pathology and anatomical site to be tre… |
| Irreversible | Agnass et al · Int J Hyperthermia | 2020 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Computational Model | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Thermal Effect and Joule Heating | Introduction: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a relatively new ablation method for the treatment of unresectable cancers. Although the main mechanism of IRE is electric permeabilizatio… |
| Reversible | Cen et al · J Healthc Eng | 2017 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Preservation of Nerve and Vascular Structures, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Pulsed electric field treatment is now widely used in diverse biological and medical applications: gene delivery, electrochemotherapy, and cancer therapy. This minimally invasive technique h… |
| Irreversible | Valerio et al · Eur Urol | 2017 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Context: Focal therapy of prostate cancer has been proposed as an alternative to whole-gland treatments. Objective: To summarize the evidence regarding sources of energy employed in focal th… |
| Reversible | Campana et al · Radiol Oncol | 2016 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | – | Background: Electrochemotherapy is becoming a well-established treatment for malignancies of skin and non-skin origin and its use is widening across Europe. The technique was developed and o… |
| Reversible | Weber et al · BMC Musculoskelet Disord | 2015 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | – | Background: Physical therapy for the treatment of lateral epicondylitis (LE) often comprises movement therapies, extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ECSWT), low level laser therapy (LLLT), low… |
| Reversible | Mali et al · Radiol Oncol | 2013 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Literature Analysis | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Background: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is an effective and safe method for local treatment of tumors. However, relatively large variability in effectiveness of ECT has been observed, which li… |
| Reversible | Mali et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2013 | Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Background: This systematic review has two purposes: to consolidate the current knowledge about clinical effectiveness of electrochemotherapy, a highly effective local therapy for cutaneous … |
| Reversible | Arai et al · Gastro Hep Adv | 2026 | Review | Literature Analysis | – | Gastro Hep Advances 2026;5:100916 RESEARCH LETTER ElectroporationInduced Gastric Cancer Models Through EpithelialSpecific Genetic Modifications G astric cancer remains a major global health … |
| Reversible | Cai et al · Adv Mater | 2026 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress | Inspired by endogenous physiological electric fields, electro-mediated therapeutic strategies represent promising approaches for targeted cancer therapy owing to their deep tissue penetratio… |
| Reversible | Liu et al · Int. J. Extrem. Manuf. | 2026 | Review | Literature Analysis | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Microneedles (MNs) have emerged as a transformative minimally invasive platform in biomedicine, enabling painless transdermal drug delivery and diagnostic applications. However, conventional… |
| Reversible | Saeed et al · J Control Release | 2026 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Tissue penetration of anticancer drugs is hindered by adverse biophysical properties of solid tumors, including elevated interstitial fluid pressure, dense extracellular matrices, and abnorm… |
| Reversible | Shi et al · Front Oncol | 2026 | Review | Literature Analysis | Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD), Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination | Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) and pulsed electric fields (PEF) have emerged as a fourth modality in oncological treatment, succeeding surgery, radiotherapy, and pharmacotherapy. However, … |
| Reversible | Truong et al · Biomater Res | 2026 | Review | Literature Analysis | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electric field-based therapies are rapidly emerging as innovative modalities in the fight against cancer, offering targeted, minimally invasive, and often immunomodulatory alternatives to co… |
| Reversible | Liu et al · Adv Drug Deliv Rev | 2026 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Thermal Effect and Joule Heating | Intracellular delivery of therapeutic biomolecules represents a fundamental prerequisite for cell-based therapies and precision medicine, yet existing delivery methods present critical limit… |
| Irreversible | Gehl et al · Radiol Oncol | 2026 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The field of oncology has witnessed remarkable progress with the integration of high-tech innovations in tumor ablation. Tumor ablation therapies, such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA), micr… |
| Irreversible | Hossain · – | 2026 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | v LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ................................… |
| Irreversible | Ji et al · Small | 2026 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electroporation has evolved from a membrane-permeabilization method into a versatile therapeutic platform for intracellular delivery, locoregional tumor intervention, and bioelectrically reg… |
| Irreversible | Liu · Prostate Int | 2026 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most commonly diagnosed malignancy in men. Radical treatments such as radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy can be associated with morbidity that impact … |
| Irreversible | Mandija et al · J Magn Reson Imaging | 2026 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as a noninvasive technique for probing the electrical properties of biological tissues: electrical conductivity and relative permittivity. This r… |
| Irreversible | Miklavčič · Bioelectrochemistry | 2026 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electroporation has birthed two massive parallel universes of applications: medicine and food processing. Despite operating on the same fundamental physics, these fields fail to crosspollina… |
| Irreversible | Roldan-Testillano · Prostate Int | 2026 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Focal therapy (FT) has emerged as a promising treatment option for localized prostate cancer (PCa), offering oncologic control with reduced adverse effects compared to radical therapies. Var… |
| Reversible | Lu et al · Pacing Clin Electrophysiol | 2025 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Disruption of Calcium Homeostasis | Background: Contact force (CF)-dependent pulse field electroporation (PFE) may generate tissue heating, affecting junctional rhythm at the triangle of Koch (ToK) in a clinical setting. PFE m… |
| Reversible | Morozas et al · Biomed Pharmacother | 2025 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a popular clinical anticancer treatment modality that combines chemotherapy with electroporation to enhance drug uptake by tumor cells. One of its key advantages… |
| Reversible | Szewczyk et al · Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer | 2025 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion | Calcium electroporation, an innovative technique, uses high-voltage pulses to introduce calcium ions into cells, leading to cell death and tumor growth inhibition. This review explores the p… |
| Reversible | Yun · Radiol Adv | 2025 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Minimally invasive image-guided tumor ablation techniques have been established as safe, effective methods to treat a variety of unresectable soft tissue tumors. Standard thermal ablation me… |
| Reversible | Jesenko · Radiol Oncol | 2025 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Background: Gene therapy has emerged as a transformative biomedical approach, offering new therapeutic possibilities from many so far uncurable diseases through the introduction of recombina… |
| Reversible | Wang et al · Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer | 2025 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Cancer is a significant health issue impacting humans. Currently, systemic therapies such as chemotherapy have significantly increased the life expectancy of cancer patients. However, some p… |
| Reversible | Yu et al · Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer | 2025 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Percutaneous tumor ablation is a minimally invasive treatment for tumors. The release of tumor neoantigens after ablation not only remodels the local tumor microenvironment, but also achieve… |
| Reversible | Ferioli et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2025 | Review | Human | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | This narrative review explores the potential role of electrochemotherapy (ECT) in treating anorectal tumors, focusing on its effectiveness, feasibility, and associated toxicities. ECT, which… |
| Irreversible | Chikovani et al · Vaccines (Basel) | 2025 | Review | Literature Analysis | Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD), Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Cancer immunotherapy has redefined oncology's goals, aiming for durable systemic immunity rather than mere cytoreduction. However, many solid tumors remain refractory due to immunosuppressiv… |
| Irreversible | Hernandez · Front Urol | 2025 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Focal therapy (FT) for localized prostate cancer (PCa) has evolved into a precision-based alternative to radical treatments, aiming to eradicate clinically significant disease while minimizi… |
| Irreversible | Vallin et al · Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng | 2025 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a nonthermally mediated tissue ablation modality that makes use of short pulsed electric fields to destroy cancerous lesions in situ. In the past two de… |
| Reversible | Shiwani et al · Br J Radiol | 2024 | Review | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Reversible electroporation (EP) refers to the use of high-voltage electrical pulses on tissues to increase cell membrane permeability. It allows targeted delivery of high concentrations of c… |
| Reversible | Taghdiri et al · Int J Mol Sci | 2024 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) technology has revolutionized the field of gene therapy as it has enabled precise genom… |
| Reversible | Universitat des Saarlandes · – | 2024 | Review | Literature Analysis | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | mit intravenöser Verabreichung von Bleomycin, Oxaliplatin und Oxaliplatin in Kombination mit Bevacizumab zur Behandlung von hepatischen Metastasen des kolorektalen Karzinoms im Rattenmodell … |
| Reversible | Zhou et al · Adv Sci (Weinh) | 2024 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Intracellular delivery of nano-drug-carriers (NDC) to specific cells, diseased regions, or solid tumors has entered the era of precision medicine that requires systematic knowledge of nano-b… |
| Reversible | Ferioli et al · Curr Oncol | 2024 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response, Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD) | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is an emerging therapeutic approach gaining growing interest for its potential immunomodulatory effects in cancer treatment. This narrative review systematically ex… |
| Reversible | Hadzialjevic et al · Front Immunol | 2024 | Review | Human | Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD), Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response | Electrochemotherapy is a novel, locoregional therapy that is used to treat cutaneous and deep-seated tumors. The electric pulses used in electrochemotherapy increase the permeability of the … |
| Reversible | Aveta · Life (Basel) | 2024 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | This review focuses on ablative techniques for small renal masses (SRMs), including radiofrequency ablation (RFA), cryoablation (CA), microwave ablation (MWA), and irreversible electroporati… |
| Irreversible | De Cillis et al · IEEE J. Electromagn. RF Microw. Med. Biol. | 2024 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | The adoption of high-frequency irreversible electroporation in various medical treatments is becoming increasingly prevalent. There is currently a special focus on its applications in oncolo… |
| Irreversible | Faiella · J Pers Med | 2024 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | We evaluated the most recent research from 2000 to 2023 in order to deeply investigate the applications of PCa IRE, first exploring its usage with primary intent and then salvage intent. Fin… |
| Irreversible | Lazarovich · Transl Cancer Res | 2024 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background and objective: The role of focal therapy in the treatment of localized prostate cancer is evolving. However, despite accumulating evidence, current guidelines and regulatory bodie… |
| Irreversible | Zhao · Phenomics | 2024 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Pyroptosis is a newly recognized type of programmed cell death mediated by the gasdermin family and caspase. It is characterized by the formation of inflammasomes and the following inflammat… |
| Reversible | Brno University of Technology · – | 2023 | Review | Literature Analysis | Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electroporation utilizes high-intensity voltage pulses to permeabilize the cell membranes, serving as a staple technique across biotechnology and medicine. While the primary mechanism - pore… |
| Reversible | Campana et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2023 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The 4th World Congress of Electroporation (Copenhagen, 9-13 October 2022) provided a unique opportunity to convene leading experts in pulsed electric fields (PEF). PEF-based therapies harnes… |
| Reversible | Ottlakan et al · Electrochem | 2023 | Review | Literature Analysis | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) has evolved significantly during the last decade, expanding treatment indications from superficial skin lesions to advanced-stage, deep-seated tumors in hard-to-rea… |
| Reversible | Qian et al · Biomed Tech (Berl) | 2023 | Review | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Objectives: Electroporation, the breakdown of the biomembrane induced by external electric fields, has increasingly become a research hotspot for its promising related methods in various kin… |
| Irreversible | Peng et al · Adv Healthc Mater | 2023 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | In this work, we proposed nµPEF, a novel pulse configuration combining nanosecond and microsecond pulses (nµPEF), to enhance tumor ablation in irreversible electroporation (IRE) for oncologi… |
| Reversible | Condello et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2022 | Review | Literature Analysis | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is one of the innovative strategies to overcome the multi drug resistance (MDR) that often occurs in cancer. Resistance to anticancer drugs results from a variety o… |
| Reversible | Tsoneva et al · Biophys Chem | 2022 | Review | Human | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | This review focuses on electrochemotherapy that consists in the delivery of anti-cancer drugs using high-voltage electrical pulses. Technical issues, choice of drugs, and protocol of drug de… |
| Reversible | Bendix et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2022 | Review | Human | Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response | Electrochemotherapy (ECT), the application of an electric impulse to deliver chemotherapy drugs into cells, has been in clinical trials since the early 1990s and has been used for a variety … |
| Reversible | Das et al · Front Bioeng Biotechnol | 2022 | Review | Literature Analysis | Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD) | Immunotherapy is becoming a very common treatment for cancer, using approaches like checkpoint inhibition, T cell transfer therapy, monoclonal antibodies and cancer vaccination. However, the… |
| Irreversible | Gong · Vaccines (Basel) | 2022 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Apoptosis Induction | Electroporation is the process of instantaneously increasing the permeability of a cell membrane under a pulsed electric field. Depending on the parameters of the electric pulses and the tar… |
| Irreversible | Tasu et al · Diagn Interv Imaging | 2022 | Review | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Thermal tumor ablation techniques including radiofrequency, microwave, LASER, high-intensity focused ultrasound and cryoablation are routinely used to treated liver, kidney, bone, or lung tu… |
| Irreversible | Wang · Front Oncol | 2022 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Pulsed field ablation can increase membrane permeability and is an emerging non-thermal ablation. While ablating tumor tissues, electrical pulses not only act on the membrane structure of ce… |
| Irreversible | Zhang et al · Front Immunol | 2022 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE), a novel non-thermal ablation technique, is utilized to ablate unresectable solid tumors and demonstrates favorable safety and efficacy in the clinic. IRE … |
| Reversible | Aguilar et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2021 | Review | Literature Analysis | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | The biological impact of exogenous, alternating electric fields (AEFs) and direct-current electric fields has a long history of study, ranging from effects on embryonic development to influe… |
| Reversible | Balantič et al · Acta Chim Slov | 2021 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Electroporation is used to increase the permeability of the cell membrane through high-voltage electric pulses. Nowadays, it is widely used in different areas, such as medicine, biotechnolog… |
| Reversible | Bonferoni et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2021 | Review | Literature Analysis | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Surgical resection is the gold standard for the treatment of many kinds of tumor, but its success depends on the early diagnosis and the absence of metastases. However, many deep-seated tumo… |
| Reversible | Hur et al · Adv Sci (Weinh) | 2021 | Review | Human | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Innate cell function can be artificially engineered and reprogrammed by introducing biomolecules, such as DNAs, RNAs, plasmid DNAs, proteins, or nanomaterials, into the cytosol or nucleus. T… |
| Reversible | Luz et al · Vaccines (Basel) | 2021 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Reversible electropermeabilization (RE) is an ultrastructural phenomenon that transiently increases the permeability of the cell membrane upon application of electrical pulses. The technique… |
| Reversible | Batista Napotnik et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2021 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Exposure of cells to high voltage electric pulses increases transiently membrane permeability through membrane electroporation. Electroporation can be reversible and is used in gene transfer… |
| Reversible | Sersa et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2021 | Review | Human | Preservation of Extracellular Matrix and Tissue Scaffold | The beneficial effects of electrochemotherapy (ECT) for superficial tumours and, more recently, deep-seated malignancies in terms of local control and quality of life are widely accepted. Ho… |
| Reversible | Brock et al · Front Oncol | 2020 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | New therapeutic strategies and paradigms are direly needed for the treatment of cancer. While the surgical removal of tumors is favored in most cancer treatment plans, resection options are … |
| Reversible | Graybill et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2020 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Pulsed electric fields (PEFs) have become clinically important through the success of Irreversible Electroporation (IRE), Electrochemotherapy (ECT), and nanosecond PEFs (nsPEFs) for the trea… |
| Reversible | Pakhomov et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2020 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Transmembrane Potential Change | Conventional electric stimuli of micro- and millisecond duration excite or activate cells at voltages 10-100 times below the electroporation threshold. This ratio is remarkably different for… |
| Reversible | Gantenbein et al · Front Bioeng Biotechnol | 2020 | Review | Literature Analysis | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Viral carrier transport efficiency of gene delivery is high, depending on the type of vector. However, viral delivery poses significant safety concerns such as inefficient/unpredictable repr… |
| Reversible | Dermol-Černe et al · Expert Opin Drug Deliv | 2020 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Electrode Geometry and Placement, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Introduction : Skin electroporation is a promising treatment for transdermal drug delivery, gene electrotransfer, skin rejuvenation, electrochemotherapy, and wound disinfection. Although a c… |
| Reversible | Frandsen et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2020 | Review | Literature Analysis | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response | Calcium electroporation is a potential novel anti-cancer treatment where high calcium concentrations are introduced into cells by electroporation, a method where short, high voltage pulses i… |
| Irreversible | Geboers et al · Radiology | 2020 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | This review summarizes the use of high-voltage electrical pulses (HVEPs) in clinical oncology to treat solid tumors with irreversible electroporation (IRE) and electrochemotherapy (ECT). HVE… |
| Reversible | Cemazar et al · Bioelectricity | 2019 | Review | Literature Analysis | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy is gaining recognition as an effective local therapy that uses systemically or intratumorally injected bleomycin or cisplatin with electroporation as a delivery system th… |
| Reversible | Nuccitelli · Bioelectricity | 2019 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | This review covers the use of pulsed electric fields in cancer therapy. It is organized into three sections based on pulse length, millisecond domain, microsecond domain, and nanosecond doma… |
| Reversible | Sokołowska et al · Int J Mol Sci | 2019 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Electrode Geometry and Placement | The gene delivery to skeletal muscles is a promising strategy for the treatment of both muscular disorders (by silencing or overexpression of specific gene) and systemic secretion of therape… |
| Reversible | Esmaeili et al · J Healthc Eng | 2019 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | The efficiency of electroporation (EP) has made it a widely used therapeutic procedure to transfer cell killing substances effectively to the target site. A lot of researches are being done … |
| Irreversible | Chen · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2019 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Irreversible electroporation has raised great interest in the past decade as a means of destroying cancers in a way that does not involve heat. Irreversible electroporation is a novel ablati… |
| Reversible | Batista Napotnik et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2018 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | Exposing cells to an electric field leads to electroporation of the cell membrane which has already been explored and used in a number of applications in medicine and food biotechnology (e.g… |
| Reversible | Probst et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2018 | Review | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electroporation is a well-known phenomenon that occurs at the cell membrane when cells are exposed to high-intensity electric pulses. Depending on electric pulse amplitude and number of puls… |
| Reversible | Shi et al · Molecules | 2018 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Intracellular delivery is a critical step in biological discoveries and has been widely utilized in biomedical research. A variety of molecular tools have been developed for cell-based gene … |
| Irreversible | Meijerink et al · – | 2018 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Martijn R. Meijerink Hester J. Scheffer Govindarajan Narayanan Editors 123 Irreversible Electroporation in Clinical Practice Martijn R. Meijerink • Hester J. Scheffer Govindarajan Narayanan … |
| Reversible | Frandsen et al · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy is an anticancer treatment inducing uptake of chemotherapeutics by electroporation. This treatment is increasingly being used clinically and further investigations for im… |
| Reversible | Gehl et al · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | – | Electrochemotherapy has grown out of simple cell experiments through preclinical studies to experimental clinical studies, to an accepted treatment modality for cutaneous metastases for any … |
| Reversible | Kranjc et al · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Radiotherapy is the use of ionizing radiation in the treatment of malignant tumors. It is one of the main treatment modalities for many forms of cancer, with more than half of all cancer pat… |
| Reversible | Markelc et al · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electroporation/electropermeabilization (EP), achieved by application of electric pulses to cells or tissues, induces reversible permeabilization of cell membranes under suitable conditions,… |
| Reversible | Serša et al · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Vascular Lock Effect, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electroporation/electropermeabilization (EP), achieved by application of electric pulses to cells or tissues, induces reversible permeabilization of cell membranes under suitable conditions,… |
| Reversible | Serša et al · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy is the combination of chemotherapy and local application of electric pulses. Application of electric pulses, i.e., electroporation, is used as a means to increase drug de… |
| Reversible | De Robertis et al · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Emerging strategies in cancer treatments, such as gene electrotransfer and electrochemotherapy, are very promising. However, preclinical studies of effective therapeutic agents delivered in … |
| Reversible | Kamensek et al · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response | Harnessing the body’s own immune system to fight cancer is one of the most encouraging fields of cancer research today. Promising new cancer immunotherapies are currently being tested in precl… |
| Reversible | Todorovic et al · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability, Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation | Electrochemotherapy is a nonthermal tumor ablation modality. The local delivery of electric pulses directly to the tumor transiently increases permeabilization of the cell membrane and signi… |
| Reversible | Kos · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electrochemotherapy and irreversible electroporation can be used to treat deepseated tumors. Key to treatment success is ensuring that the entirety of the target tumor is covered with electr… |
| Irreversible | Beebe · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF) | Nanosecond pulses have been used for over a decade to treat tumors in preclinical studies in mice and rats. The technology based on pulsed power refocuses cancer treatment from chemistry and… |
| Irreversible | Beebe · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Apoptosis Induction, Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF) | This chapter will focus on how nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) induce apoptosis and regulated cell death (RCD) in cells in vitro. When studies analyzing nsPEF-induced cell death (C… |
| Irreversible | Bhonsle et al · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) employs a series of brief electric pulses to destabilize cell membranes by altering the transmembrane voltage to create nanoscale defects that induce cell … |
| Irreversible | Ho · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Electrolysis and electroporation technologies have been utilized to provide several valuable nonthermal tissue ablation modalities. The synergistic combination of electroporation and electro… |
| Irreversible | Martin · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Initially diagnosed stage 3 (locally advanced) pancreatic adenocarcinoma (LAPC) remains an aggressive tumor with an overall poor prognosis (current median survival chemotherapy and radiation… |
| Irreversible | Mucciardi et al · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) and cryoablation (Cryo) are, among the many others in use, respectively, the youngest and the oldest tissue ablation modalities. No other treatment has spr… |
| Irreversible | Nuccitelli · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Apoptosis Induction | Nanosecond electric pulses were first applied to mice for tumor ablation in 2002. Since that time this technology has been used in dozens of laboratories in the USA, Europe, and Asia (Batista… |
| Irreversible | Rolong et al · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The phenomenon of electroporation can be traced back to the eighteenth century when red spots on skin (Lichtenberg figures) were observed in the areas where electric fields were applied. Once … |
| Irreversible | Thomson et al · Handbook of Electroporation | 2017 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) for focal tumor control has developed since early human studies in 2009 to a point where it is now a useful part of the tumor eradication algorithm. While … |
| Irreversible | Vroomen et al · Diagn Interv Imaging | 2017 | Review | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Focal treatment with radiofrequency, microwave and cryoablation has been increasingly used for the treatment of tumors in patients who cannot undergo surgical resection and in select patient… |
| Reversible | Calvet et al · Cancer Metastasis Rev | 2016 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Anti-tumor electrochemotherapy, which consists in increasing anti-cancer drug uptake by means of electroporation, is now implanted in about 140 cancer treatment centers in Europe. Its use is… |
| Reversible | Rosazza · Curr Gene Ther | 2016 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Gene electrotransfer is a powerful method of DNA delivery offering several medical applications, among the most promising of which are DNA vaccination and gene therapy for cancer treatment. … |
| Irreversible | Savic et al · Rofo | 2016 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Unlabelled: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is the latest in the series of image-guided locoregional tumor ablation therapies. IRE is performed in a nearly non-thermal fashion that circum… |
| Irreversible | Wagstaff et al · Onco Targets Ther | 2016 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The field of focal ablative therapy for the treatment of cancer is characterized by abundance of thermal ablative techniques that provide a minimally invasive treatment option in selected tu… |
| Reversible | Lambricht et al · Expert Opin Drug Deliv | 2015 | Review | Human | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Introduction: Electroporation allows efficient delivery of DNA into cells and tissues, thereby improving the expression of therapeutic or immunogenic proteins that are encoded by plasmid DNA… |
| Irreversible | Jiang et al · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng | 2015 | Review | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The use of irreversible electroporation (IRE) for cancer treatment has increased sharply over the past decade. As a nonthermal therapy, IRE offers several potential benefits over other focal… |
| Irreversible | Narayanan · Semin Intervent Radiol | 2015 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a predominantly nonthermal ablative technology that uses high-voltage, low-energy DC current pulses to induce cell death. Thermal ablative technologies … |
| Reversible | Cadossi et al · Future Oncol | 2014 | Review | Human | Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response | Electroporation is used to enhance drug diffusion and gene delivery into the cytosol. The combination of electroporation and cytotoxic drugs, electrochemotherapy (ECT), is used to treat meta… |
| Reversible | Miklavčič et al · Biomed Eng Online | 2014 | Review | Human | – | Electrochemotherapy is a local treatment of cancer employing electric pulses to improve transmembrane transfer of cytotoxic drugs. In this paper we discuss electrochemotherapy from the persp… |
| Reversible | O’Sullivan · Electroporation-Based Therapies for Cancer | 2014 | Review | Literature Analysis | – | There are so many cancer patients for whom the current standard of cure doesn’t work. Electrochemotherapy could serve as an attractive alternative to many of these patients who have inoperab… |
| Reversible | Ramachandran et al · Electroporation-Based Therapies for Cancer | 2014 | Review | Literature Analysis | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Cancer therapies mainly target the uncontrolled proliferation of the cancerous cells. A translational therapy for inoperable, chemo- and radio-resistant tumors is electroporationbased chemot… |
| Reversible | Yarmush et al · Annu Rev Biomed Eng | 2014 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | – | When high-amplitude, short-duration pulsed electric fields are applied to cells and tissues, the permeability of the cell membranes and tissue is increased. This increase in permeability is … |
| Irreversible | Deipolyi et al · Diagn Interv Radiol | 2014 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electroporation involves applying electric field pulses to cells, leading to the alteration or destruction of cell membranes. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) creates permanent defects in … |
| Irreversible | Silk et al · Semin Intervent Radiol | 2014 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | A new ablation modality, irreversible electroporation (IRE), has been of increasing interest in interventional radiology. Its nonthermal mechanism of action of killing tumor cells allows phy… |
| Irreversible | Wagstaff et al · Curr Opin Urol | 2014 | Review | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Purpose of review: This article provides an overview of recent developments in the field of thermal ablation for renal cell carcinoma and focuses on current standard techniques, new technolo… |
| Reversible | Geng et al · Lab Chip | 2013 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Electroporation is a simple yet powerful technique for breaching the cell membrane barrier. The applications of electroporation can be generally divided into two categories: the release of i… |
| Reversible | Aurisicchio et al · Expert Rev Vaccines | 2013 | Review | Human | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Therapeutic vaccination could become an important modality to fight cancer. Efficacious immune responses against cancer cells have to be directed simultaneously against multiple epitopes bel… |
| Reversible | Chiarella et al · Curr Drug Metab | 2013 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Since conventional therapeutic approaches in cancer are highly invasive they hardly prolong patient survival for more than few months. Having the ability to stimulate both cellular and humou… |
| Irreversible | Golberg et al · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng | 2013 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Tissue ablation is an essential procedure for the treatment of many diseases. In the last decade, a nonthermal tissue ablation using intensive pulsed electric fields, called nonthermal irrev… |
| Reversible | Miklavčič et al · Med Biol Eng Comput | 2012 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Preservation of Extracellular Matrix and Tissue Scaffold, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Electrochemotherapy, a combination of high voltage electric pulses and of an anticancer drug, has been demonstrated to be highly effective in treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors. … |
| Reversible | Raeisi · – | 2012 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Biomedical imaging techniques play an important role in all phase of cancer management including detection, screening, biopsy guidance, staging, prognosis, therapy planning, therapy guidance… |
| Reversible | Testori et al · Curr Opin Oncol | 2012 | Review | Human | – | Purpose of review: In the present study, the role of electrochemotherapy (ECT) in the advanced melanoma setting, either as alternative treatment modality to conventional therapies or as pall… |
| Reversible | Gothelf et al · Hum Vaccin Immunother | 2012 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Vaccinations are increasingly used to fight infectious disease, and DNA vaccines offer considerable advantages, including broader possibilities for vaccination and lack of need for cold stor… |
| Reversible | Impellizeri et al · Vet Comp Oncol | 2012 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | The concept of vaccines based on the direct inoculation of plasmid DNA gained initial proof-of-concept in small rodent species. Further development was hampered by the difficulty to confirm … |
| Reversible | Breton et al · Bioelectromagnetics | 2011 | Review | Human | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | New local treatments based on electromagnetic fields have been developed as non-surgical and minimally invasive treatments of tumors. In particular, short electric pulses can induce importan… |
| Reversible | Murakami et al · Curr Gene Ther | 2011 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Simple plasmid DNA injection is a safe and feasible gene transfer method, but it confers low transfection efficiency and transgene expression. This non-viral gene transfer method is enhanced… |
| Reversible | Cemazar et al · Curr Gene Ther | 2010 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation | Electrogene therapy combines administration of plasmid DNA into tissue followed by local application of electric pulses. In electrogene therapy with interleukin-12 (IL-12), different routes … |
| Irreversible | Lee et al · Gut Liver | 2010 | Review | Literature Analysis | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel tumor ablation technique using a non-thermal energy to create innumerable permanent nanopores in the cell membrane to disrupt cellular homeostas… |
| Reversible | Tang et al · Biochem Biophys Res Commun | 2009 | Review | Cell Culture | Apoptosis Induction | Electrical pulses have been widely used in biomedical fields, whose applications depend on the parameters such as durations and electric intensity. Conventional electroporation (0.1-1kV/cm, … |
| Reversible | Villemejane et al · Br J Pharmacol | 2009 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Physical methods of gene (and/or drug) transfer need to combine two effects to deliver the therapeutic material into cells. The physical methods must induce reversible alterations in the pla… |
| Reversible | Sadadcharam et al · Int J Hyperthermia | 2008 | Review | Human | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Electrode Geometry and Placement | Purpose: The aim of this review article is to provide a concise overview of the pre-clinical development of electrochemotherapy (ECT), its present utility in clinical practice and to examine… |
| Reversible | Sersa et al · Eur J Surg Oncol | 2008 | Review | Human | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Aim: Electrochemotherapy is a local drug delivery approach aimed at treatment with palliative intent of cutaneous and subcutaneous tumour nodules of different histologies. Electrochemotherap… |
| Reversible | Sundararajan · Mol Biotechnol | 2008 | Review | Human | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | As the medical field moves from treatment of diseases with drugs to treatment with genes, safe and efficient gene delivery systems are needed to make this transition. One such safe, non-vira… |
| Reversible | Escoffre et al · Mol Biotechnol | 2008 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Cell membranes can be transiently permeabilized under application of electric pulses. This treatment allows hydrophilic therapeutic molecules, such as anticancer drugs and DNA, to enter into… |
| Reversible | Cemazar et al · Curr Opin Mol Ther | 2007 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Electroporation is a physical method for the delivery of various molecules into cells by application of controlled external electrical fields that transiently increase permeability of the ce… |
| Irreversible | Rubinsky · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2007 | Review | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | This is a brief introduction to the emerging field of irreversible electroporation in medicine. Certain electrical fields when applied across a cell can have as a sole effect the permeabiliz… |
| Reversible | Prud'homme et al · Curr Gene Ther | 2006 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Nonviral gene transfer is markedly enhanced by the application of in vivo electroporation (also denoted electro-gene transfer or electrokinetic enhancement). This approach is safe and can be… |
| Reversible | Chen et al · Med Biol Eng Comput | 2006 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electroporation, the transient increase in the permeability of cell membranes when exposed to a high electric field, is an established in vitro technique and is used to introduce DNA or othe… |
| Reversible | Yu et al · Dermatologic Surgery | 2005 | Review | Human | – | Background and objective As the number of patients with implantable cardiac devices escalates, inadvertent electromagnetic interference (EMI) by electrosurgery carries increasing concern for… |
| Reversible | Gothelf et al · Cancer Treat Rev | 2003 | Review | Human | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Over the last decade a new cancer treatment modality, electrochemotherapy, has emerged. By using short, intense electric pulses that surpass the capacitance of the cell membrane, permeabiliz… |
| Reversible | Mir · Bioelectrochemistry | 2001 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Cell electropermeabilization (also termed cell electroporation) is nowadays a routine technique used in biochemical and pharmacological studies for the in vitro introduction of nonpermeant m… |
| Reversible | Somiari et al · Mol Ther | 2000 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Efficient and safe methods for delivering exogenous genetic material into tissues must be developed before the clinical potential of gene therapy will be realized. Recently, in vivo electrop… |
| Reversible | Heller et al · Adv Drug Deliv Rev | 1999 | Review | Literature Analysis | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Electrochemotherapy is a novel treatment which consists of a combination of a chemotherapeutic agent and pulsed electric fields. This relatively new treatment modality relies on the physical… |
| Reversible | Mir et al · Adv Drug Deliv Rev | 1999 | Review | Literature Analysis | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy is a new therapeutic approach providing delivery into cell interiors of nonpermeant drugs with intracellular targets. It is based on the local application of short and in… |
| Reversible | Neumann et al · Bioelectrochem Bioenerg | 1999 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Electrooptical and conductometrical relaxation methods have given a new insight in the molecular mechanisms of the electroporative delivery of drug-like dyes and genes (DNA) to cells and tis… |
| Reversible | Singh et al · Anticancer Drugs | 1999 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Tissue electroporation has been explored to enhance the local delivery of chemotherapueutic agents to solid tumors. The technique, known as electrochemotherapy (ECT), uses high-voltage pulse… |
| Reversible | Mir et al · Gen Pharmacol | 1996 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | 1. Bleomycin (BLM) is a cytotoxic drug currently used in anticancer chemotherapy. We present here a summary of the well established "old" knowledge concerning BLM structure, properties and a… |
| Reversible | Dev et al · Cancer Treat Rev | 1994 | Review | Animal (In Vivo) | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | A critical review is presented on a novel method of treating cancer by a combination of an electric field with chemotherapeutic agents. The work described here summarizes the current state o… |
| Reversible | Laursen et al · J Vis Exp | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Bladder tumors constitute a substantial health challenge, yet advances in the treatment have been few. Electroporation is the use of brief electric pulses that permeabilize cell membranes wi… |
| Reversible | Molina-Pineda et al · Pharmaceutics | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Background/Objectives: Melanoma affects both sexes, and its incidence has increased in recent years. It is currently among the most common types of cancer. Standard chemotherapy, although ef… |
| Reversible | Tozon Mask et al · BMC Vet Res | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a local ablative treatment and in veterinary oncology, evidence supporting ECT efficacy is mainly derived from case reports and small case series, underscoring t… |
| Reversible | Vargas et al · Res Vet Sci | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress | Introduction: The technique of electroporation is used to facilitate the selective delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs into neoplastic cells, a process known as electrochemotherapy. However, … |
| Reversible | Bendix et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Dendritic cells (DCs) are central to the initiation of anti-tumour immunity, yet the direct effects of electrochemotherapy (ECT) on DC biology remain poorly defined. We investigated how vary… |
| Reversible | Bozic et al · Biomed Pharmacother | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | This study investigated the antitumor efficacy of chemokine CCL5 gene therapy using gene electrotransfer (GET) in combination with radiotherapy (RT) in solid murine tumors CT26 and 4T1. In v… |
| Reversible | Grimm et al · Sci Rep | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Coding nucleic acids (NAs) like DNA, mRNA or siRNA hold endless potential to engineer cells with respect to their genome and proteome. However, minimally invasive delivery of NAs across an i… |
| Irreversible | Cao et al · bioRxiv | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has shown promise for treating pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), but whether IRE can induce an abscopal effect is not established. We demonstrated t… |
| Irreversible | Liu · Commun Biol | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Although irreversible electroporation (IRE) is an approved ablation therapy for liver cancer, the border of the IRE-induced inflammatory margin (IM) remains poorly defined, posing a challeng… |
| Irreversible | Qi et al · Adv Mater | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Cancer vaccines face limitations due to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and the low immunogenicity of tumor antigens. Immunogenic cell death (ICD), triggered by mitochondr… |
| Irreversible | Sano et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Purpose: To study the safety and reproducibility of high-voltage integrated nanosecond pulse irreversible electroporation (INSPIRE) administered through a single applicator and grounding pad… |
| Irreversible | Vista et al · Clin Cancer Res | 2026 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Purpose: One recurring challenge in cell therapy for solid tumors is poor tumor infiltration of adoptively transferred T cells. We previously showed that a subablative dose of tumor-targeted… |
| Reversible | Bogataj et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) enhances the intracellular delivery of chemotherapeutic agents, most notably bleomycin, through electroporation. Despite high response rates, tumor sens… |
| Reversible | Malakauskaitė et al · Sci Rep | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electroporation can be successfully employed for controlled molecular delivery and therefore has found clinical applications for treatment of cancer. However, it’s a pulse-dependent phenomen… |
| Reversible | Radzevičiūtė-Valčiukė et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a cancer treatment approach that utilizes the application of electroporation (EP) with standard chemotherapeutic drugs, resulting in a locally enhanced chemother… |
| Reversible | de Caro et al · J Control Release | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement, Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD) | Electroporation, a physical method that permeabilizes cell membranes, is increasingly used in cancer treatment. By enhancing the uptake of hydrophilic antitumor drugs, it boosts their cytoto… |
| Reversible | Hu et al · Small | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Disruption of Calcium Homeostasis, Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion | Calcium overload is a promising anticancer treatment that kills tumor cells primarily by causing mitochondrial dysfunction in cells. However, calcium overload therapy is limited by inefficie… |
| Irreversible | Aycock et al · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a minimally thermal tissue ablation modality used to treat solid tumors adjacent to critical structures. Widespread clinical adoption of IRE has been li… |
| Irreversible | Esparza · Ann Biomed Eng | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | High-frequency irreversible electroporation (H-FIRE) is a minimally invasive local ablation therapy known to activate the adaptive immune system and reprogram the tumor microenvironment. Its… |
| Irreversible | Flak et al · Cancer Treat Res Commun | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel anticancer ablative treatment, which has been proposed to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy in the periphery of the ablated area … |
| Irreversible | Guo et al · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Objective: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal tissue ablation technique that induces tissue ablation by applying high-voltage pulses through electrodes. In this paper, an im… |
| Irreversible | Hirata et al · Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response | Purpose: This study aimed to compare systemic immune responses and metastatic effects induced by radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and irreversible electroporation (IRE) in murine tumor models. … |
| Irreversible | Korganbayev et al · Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) represents a minimally invasive and non-thermal method for tumor ablation, which induces cell death through short high-voltage pulses applied via two needl… |
| Irreversible | Li et al · Small | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a minimally invasive, non-thermal tumor ablation technique that induces nanoscale membrane perforation, leading to immunogenic cell death (ICD). However… |
| Irreversible | Ma et al · World J Gastrointest Oncol | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel local tumor ablation approach with the potential to activate the host's immune system. However, this approach is insufficient to pre… |
| Irreversible | Murphy · Cells | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | High-frequency irreversible electroporation (H-FIRE) is a nonthermal tumor ablation technique that disrupts the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in a focal and reversible manner. However, the mecha… |
| Irreversible | Nafie · Front Oncol | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Intoduction: Non-thermal ablation, including irreversible electroporation (IRE) and Aliya®, an advanced biphasic pulsed electric field (aPEF) technology, have emerged as effective tumor abla… |
| Irreversible | Wang et al · Gene | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Previous studies have demonstrated that synergistic bipolar irreversible electroporation (SBIRE) is a promising non-thermal tumor ablation technique that effectively targets tumors without c… |
| Irreversible | Williamson et al · Bioelectricity | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objective: To study the safety and reproducibility of high-voltage integrated nanosecond pulse irreversible electroporation (INSPIRE) administered through a single applicator and grounding p… |
| Irreversible | Xing et al · World J Gastrointest Oncol | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) represents an innovative localized technique for tumor ablation, possessing the capacity to activate the immune response of the host. However, … |
| Irreversible | Ye et al · J Cardiovasc Transl Res | 2025 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | This study evaluated the effects of irreversible electroporation (IRE), a non-thermal ablation method, on carotid atherosclerotic plaques induced by high-fat feeding combined with balloon di… |
| Reversible | Bryant et al · bioRxiv | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Unlabelled: This study presents the first in vivo and in vitro evidence of an externally controlled, predictive, MRI-based nanotheranostic agent capable of cancer cell specific targeting and… |
| Reversible | Fesmire et al · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Thermal Effect and Joule Heating, Preservation of Nerve and Vascular Structures | Objective: To study the safety and efficacy of algorithmically controlled electroporation (ACE) against spontaneous equine melanoma. Methods: A custom temperature sensing coaxial electrode w… |
| Reversible | Malyško-Ptašinskė et al · Int J Mol Sci | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electroporation-based procedures employing nanosecond bipolar pulses are commonly linked to an undesirable phenomenon known as the cancelation effect. The cancellation effect arises when the… |
| Reversible | Vilfan et al · Animals (Basel) | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Necrosis and Necroptosis, Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) in combination with the gene electrotransfer of interleukin 12 (IL-12 GET) has been successfully used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of mast cell tumours … |
| Reversible | Ye et al · Stem Cell Res Ther | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Apoptosis Induction, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Background: Cisplatin (DDP) is an efficacious and widely applied chemotherapeutic drug for cervical cancer patients who are diagnosed as metastatic and inoperable, or desiring fertility pres… |
| Reversible | Lampreht · Int J Mol Sci | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Gene electrotransfer (GET) of plasmids encoding interleukin 12 (IL-12) has already been used for the treatment of various types of tumors in human oncology and as an adjuvant in DNA vaccines… |
| Reversible | Maji · Pharmaceutics | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Preservation of Extracellular Matrix and Tissue Scaffold | Electroporation (EP) stands out as a promising non-viral plasmid delivery strategy, although achieving optimal transfection efficiency in vivo remains a challenge. A noteworthy advancement i… |
| Irreversible | Jeon · Cancers (Basel) | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Apoptosis Induction, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | The regulation of apoptosis is the primary goal of ablation therapy. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a promising non-thermal tissue ablation-based therapy that induces apoptosis by man… |
| Irreversible | Jeon et al · Int J Mol Sci | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a prominent non-thermal ablation method widely employed in clinical settings for the focal ablation therapy of solid tumors. Utilizing high-voltage, sho… |
| Irreversible | Rajagopalan et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Membrane permeabilization and thermal injury are the major cause of cell death during irreversible electroporation (IRE) performed using high electric field strength (EFS) and small number o… |
| Irreversible | Zeng et al · Sci Rep | 2024 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | To evaluate the safety and efficacy of combining EW-7197 with irreversible electroporation (IRE) for improving wound healing, 16 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four grou… |
| Reversible | Guedert et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters, Thermal Effect and Joule Heating | Electroporation alters cell membrane structure and tissue electrical properties by short and intense pulsed electric fields (PEF). Static mathematical models are often used to explain the ch… |
| Reversible | Kranjc Brezar et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a local ablative therapy for the treatment of different skin and subcutaneous tumors and certain tumors in internal organs. Skeletal muscle represents a major tu… |
| Reversible | Olaiz et al · Cells | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) combines preferential tumor uptake of 10 B compounds and neutron irradiation. Electroporation induces an increase in the permeability of the cell membran… |
| Reversible | Radzevičiūtė-Valčiukė et al · Pharmaceuticals (Basel) | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Calcium electroporation (CaEP) is an innovative approach to treating cancer, involving the internalization of supraphysiological amounts of calcium through electroporation, which leads to ce… |
| Reversible | Kamensek · Pharmaceutics | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation | DNA vaccination is one of the emerging approaches for a wide range of applications, including prophylactic vaccination against infectious diseases and therapeutic vaccination against cancer.… |
| Reversible | Kesar et al · Vaccines (Basel) | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD), Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a clinically acknowledged method that combines the use of anticancer drugs and electrical pulses. Electrochemotherapy with bleomycin (BLM) can induce immunogenic… |
| Reversible | Komel · Int J Mol Sci | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Gene immunotherapy has become an important approach in the treatment of cancer. One example is the introduction of genes encoding immunostimulatory cytokines, such as interleukin 2 and inter… |
| Reversible | Martins et al · Arch Virol | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has caused more than 760 million cases and over 6.8 million deaths a… |
| Irreversible | Jacobs et al · Comput Biol Med | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Thermal Effect and Joule Heating, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | The nonthermal mechanism for irreversible electroporation has been paramount for treating tumors and cardiac tissue in anatomically sensitive areas, where there is concern about damage to ne… |
| Irreversible | Jeon · Sci Rep | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Nonthermal irreversible electroporation (NTIRE) is emerging as a promising tissue ablation technique. However, maintaining irreversible electroporation (IRE) electrodes against displacement … |
| Irreversible | Peng et al · APL Bioeng | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Precise control of cargo release is essential but still a great challenge for any drug delivery system. Irreversible electroporation (IRE), utilizing short high-voltage pulsed electric field… |
| Irreversible | Razakamanantsoa et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2023 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Apoptosis Induction, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has been reported to variably cause apoptosis, necrosis, oncosis or pyroptosis. Intracellular ATP is a key substrate for apoptosis which is rapidly deplete… |
| Reversible | Bendix et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2022 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is becoming an established therapy for melanoma and is under investigation for application in additional cancer types. One potential cancer type that may benefit fr… |
| Reversible | Gudvangen et al · Sci Rep | 2022 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement, Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF) | Ablation therapies aim at eradication of tumors with minimal impact on surrounding healthy tissues. Conventional pulsed electric field (PEF) treatments cause pain and muscle contractions far… |
| Reversible | Novickij et al · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng | 2022 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Objective: this work focuses on bleomycin electrochemotherapy using new modality of high repetition frequency unipolar nanosecond pulses. Methods: As a tumor model, Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC… |
| Reversible | Radzevičiūtė et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2022 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electroporation is a pulsed electric field (PEF) induced phenomenon, which effectiveness varies dependent on pulse parameters. This work focuses on nano-electrochemotherapy with bleomycin an… |
| Reversible | Balevičiūtė et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2022 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | In this work, a time-dependent and time-independent study on bleomycin-based high-frequency nsECT (3.5 kV/cm × 200 pulses) for the elimination of LLC1 tumours in C57BL/6J mice is performed. … |
| Reversible | Ruzgys · Cancers (Basel) | 2022 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electroporation-based antitumor therapies, including bleomycin electrotransfer, calcium electroporation, and irreversible electroporation, are very effective on directly treated tumors, but … |
| Irreversible | Kim · Sci Rep | 2022 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | As a non-thermal ablation method, irreversible electroporation (IRE) has been widely investigated in the treatment of prostate cancer. However, no consensus has been achieved on the optimal … |
| Reversible | Hendel et al · Drug Deliv | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Bleomycin (BLM) is being repositioned in dermato-oncology for intralesional and intra-tumoural use. Although conventionally administered by local needle injections (NIs), ablative fractional… |
| Reversible | Kim et al · Int J Mol Sci | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | Intense pulsed electric fields (PEF) are a novel modality for the efficient and targeted ablation of tumors by electroporation. The major adverse side effects of PEF therapies are strong inv… |
| Reversible | Mansourian et al · Electromagn Biol Med | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) as a tumor treatment modality is approved for cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of 900 MHz radiofrequenc… |
| Reversible | Navickaitė et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Disruption of Calcium Homeostasis | The combination of Ca 2+ ions and electroporation has gained attention as potential alternative to electrochemotherapy. Ca 2+ is an important component of the cell membrane repair system and… |
| Reversible | Ruzgys · Molecules | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | One of current applications of electroporation is electrochemotherapy and electroablation for local cancer treatment. Both of these electroporation modalities share some similarities with ra… |
| Reversible | Valenti et al · Open Vet J | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Background: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) combines the administration of anticancer drugs with the delivery of electric pulses, thus increasing the drug uptake through the cell membranes, result… |
| Reversible | Kamensek et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | In situ vaccination is a promising immunotherapeutic approach, where various local ablative therapies are used to induce an immune response against tumor antigens that are released from the … |
| Reversible | Kos · Pharmaceutics | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is a key cytokine that mediates antitumor activity of immune cells. To fulfill its clinical potential, the development is focused on localized delivery systems, such a… |
| Reversible | Ursic et al · J Control Release | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) exhibits high therapeutic effectiveness in the clinic, achieving up to 80% local tumor control but without a systemic (abscopal) effect. Therefore, we designed a co… |
| Reversible | Vižintin et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Nanosecond electric pulses have several potential advantages in electroporation-based procedures over the conventional micro- and millisecond pulses including low level of heating, reduced e… |
| Reversible | Wu et al · Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Herein, we studied localized electroporation and gene transfection of mammalian cells using a metallodielectric hybrid micromotor that is magnetically and electrically powered. Much like nan… |
| Irreversible | Babikr et al · Cell Mol Immunol | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a new cancer ablation technology, but methods to improve IRE-induced therapeutic immunity are only beginning to be investigated. We developed a mouse mo… |
| Irreversible | Groen · Europace | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Aims Irreversible electroporation (IRE) ablation is a non-thermal ablation method based on the application of direct current between a multi-electrode catheter and skin electrode. The delive… |
| Irreversible | Li et al · Surg Endosc | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of magnetic anchoring and guidance-assisted endoscopic irreversible electroporation (MAG-IRE) for gast… |
| Irreversible | Lim · Sci Rep | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The exposure of the prostate to high electric field strength during irreversible electroporation (IRE) has been extensively investigated. Multiple monopolar electrodes, however, have risks o… |
| Irreversible | Zhang et al · Int J Hyperthermia | 2021 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | Purpose: To examine the ablation zone, muscle contractions, and temperature increases in both rabbit liver and kidney models in vivo for a custom-made high-frequency irreversible electropora… |
| Reversible | Azan et al · Sci Rep | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The permeabilization of the live cells membrane by the delivery of electric pulses has fundamental interest in medicine, in particular in tumors treatment by electrochemotherapy. Since under… |
| Reversible | Bo et al · Int J Mol Sci | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The principal bioeffect of the nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) is a lasting cell membrane permeabilization, which is often attributed to the formation of nanometer-sized pores. Such… |
| Reversible | García-Sánchez et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | This study presents electrical measurements (both conductivity during the pulses and impedance spectroscopy before and after) performed in liver tissue of mice during electroporation with cl… |
| Reversible | Kim et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Apoptosis Induction, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Tissue electrolysis is an alternative modality that uses a low intensity direct electric current passing through at least 2 electrodes within the tissue and resulting electrochemical product… |
| Reversible | Li et al · ACS Appl Mater Interfaces | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Apoptosis Induction, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress | Cancer residues around the surgical site remain a significant cause of treatment failure with cancer recurrence. To prevent cancer recurrence and simultaneously repair surgery-caused defects… |
| Reversible | Mansourian et al · Electromagn Biol Med | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a new and promising treatment strategy for cancer treatment. The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of 900 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (… |
| Reversible | Mansourian et al · Electromagn Biol Med | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Electrochemotherapy (ECT), the combination of electric pulses (EPs) and an anticancer drug, is a type of cancer treatment method. We investigated the effect of 217-Hz magnetic fields (MFs) s… |
| Reversible | Novickij · Sci Rep | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | In the present study, we report the effects of extracellular medium conductivity on cell response in the context of sub-microsecond range (100 ns-900 ns) electroporation, calcium electropora… |
| Reversible | Novickij et al · Molecules | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability, Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | Pulsed electric field (PEF) is frequently used for intertumoral drug delivery resulting in a well-known anticancer treatment-electrochemotherapy. However, electrochemotherapy is associated w… |
| Reversible | Qi et al · Natl Sci Rev | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Electrode Geometry and Placement | By combined use of traditional Chinese acupuncture Fe needle electrode and in vivo electrochemistry, we achieved in vivo H 2 generation in tumors in a controllable manner and exploited it fo… |
| Reversible | Spugnini et al · Open Vet J | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Background: fFeline injection-site sarcomas (FISSs) are mesenchymal tumors that can occur in cats after injections of different medical agents and are easily prone to recurrence. Aim: The ai… |
| Reversible | Szewczyk et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Apoptosis Induction, Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion | Calcium electroporation (CaEP) has been previously reported as an effective method of rhabdomyosarcoma cells reduction. CaEP causes temporary cell membrane permeabilization with simultaneous… |
| Reversible | Hawman et al · Nat Microbiol | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Haemostasis and Bleeding Control | There is currently no specific prophylaxis or vaccine against Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV). Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a severe febrile illness transmitted … |
| Irreversible | Merola et al · Biology (Basel) | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Objective: To test a new bipolar electrode for electroporation consisting of a single minimally invasive needle. Methods: A theoretical study was performed by using Comsol Multiphysics ® sof… |
| Irreversible | Polajžer et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | It was recently suggested that applying high-frequency short biphasic pulses (HF-IRE) reduces pain and muscle contractions in electrochemotherapy and irreversible ablation treatments; howeve… |
| Irreversible | Polajžer et al · Sci Rep | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Pulsed electric field treatment has increased over the last few decades with successful translation from in vitro studies into different medical treatments like electrochemotherapy, irrevers… |
| Irreversible | Vižintin et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | To achieve high efficiency of electroporation and to minimize unwanted side effects, the electric field parameters must be optimized. Recently, it was suggested that biphasic high-frequency … |
| Irreversible | Wasson et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | High-frequency irreversible electroporation (H-FIRE) is an emerging electroporation-based therapy used to ablate cancerous tissue. Treatment consists of delivering short, bipolar pulses (1-1… |
| Irreversible | Wood et al · J Surg Res | 2020 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Nonthermal irreversible electroporation (NTIRE) has been shown to ablate the small intestinal epithelium while maintaining submucosal and muscularis propriae integrity. NTIRE is … |
| Reversible | Bagalkot et al · Sci Rep | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF) | Exposing adrenal chromaffin cells to single 150 to 400 ns electric pulses triggers a rise in intracellular Ca 2+ ([Ca 2+ ] i ) that is due to Ca 2+ influx through voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel… |
| Reversible | Casciola et al · Cell Mol Life Sci | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | The initiation of action potentials (APs) by membrane depolarization occurs after a brief vulnerability period, during which excitation can be abolished by the reversal of the stimulus polar… |
| Reversible | Garabalino et al · Radiat Environ Biophys | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a promising cancer binary therapy modality that utilizes the nuclear capture reaction of thermal neutrons by boron-10 resulting in a localized release… |
| Reversible | García-Sánchez et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters, Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | In this study the evolution in the efficiency of electrochemotherapy (reversible electroporation) with pulse number was assessed in vitro. Experiments were performed using 100 μs pulses at d… |
| Reversible | Lorenzo et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Treatment of intracranial disorders suffers from the inability to accumulate therapeutic drug concentrations due to protection from the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Electroporation-based thera… |
| Reversible | Pedersoli et al · Eur Radiol | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objectives: We conducted an in vivo trial to investigate the safety and efficacy of a newly developed system for the application of a combined therapy consisting of irreversible electroporat… |
| Reversible | Pintarelli et al · Med Eng Phys | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) exploits the phenomenon of electroporation, which is the increase of cell permeability through the application of an electrical field. This technique is applied in … |
| Reversible | Donnelly et al · J Aquat Anim Health | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | Fibropapillomatosis of sea turtles is traditionally treated with surgical debulking techniques that are often associated with prolonged healing and tumor recurrence. Electrochemotherapy was … |
| Reversible | Ruzgys et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Electroporation is a widely-used methodology for permeabilization of cells using pulsed electric field (PEF). In this paper, we compare the electroporation efficiency in terms of molecular t… |
| Irreversible | Novickij · Cancers (Basel) | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion | In this work, we have investigated the feasibility of sub-microsecond range irreversible electroporation (IRE) with and without calcium electroporation in vivo. As a model, BALB/C mice were … |
| Irreversible | Ringel-Scaia et al · EBioMedicine | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Background: Despite promising treatments for breast cancer, mortality rates remain high and treatments for metastatic disease are limited. High-frequency irreversible electroporation (H-FIRE… |
| Irreversible | Tian · Molecules | 2019 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) kills tumor cells by the delivery of short pulses of strong electric fields. However, the field strength decreases with distance from the treatment center.… |
| Reversible | Berkenbrock et al · J Healthc Eng | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Electrochemotherapy is an anticancer treatment based on applying electric field pulses that reduce cell membrane selectivity, allowing chemotherapy drugs to enter the cells. In parallel to e… |
| Reversible | Bhonsle et al · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Objective: The use of high-voltage, high-frequency bipolar pulses (HFBPs) is an emerging electroporation-based therapy for the treatment of solid tumors. In this study, we quantify the exten… |
| Reversible | Dermol-Černe et al · J Control Release | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | In electrochemotherapy two conditions have to be met to be successful - the electric field of sufficient amplitude and sufficient uptake of chemotherapeutics in the tumor. Current treatment … |
| Reversible | Huang et al · Theranostics | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Rationale: Delivery of nucleic acid molecules into skin remains a main obstacle for various types of gene therapy or vaccine applications. Here we propose a novel electroporation approach vi… |
| Reversible | Markelc et al · J Control Release | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Vascular Lock Effect | Delivery of electric field pulses, i.e. electroporation (EP), to tissues has been shown to have a blood flow modifying effect. Indeed, the diameter of blood vessels exposed to EP is immediat… |
| Reversible | Semenov et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Decreasing the time gap between two identical electric pulses is expected to render bioeffects similar to those of a single pulse of equivalent total duration. In this study, we show that it… |
| Reversible | Srimathveeravalli et al · Mol Imaging | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Reversible electroporation (RE) can facilitate nanoparticle delivery to tumors through direct transfection and from changes in vascular permeability. We investigated a radiolabeled liposomal… |
| Reversible | Staresinic et al · Sci Rep | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Calcium electroporation (CaEP) is a novel anti-tumour treatment that induces cell death by internalization of large quantities of calcium. The anti-tumour effectiveness of CaEP has been demo… |
| Reversible | Cemazar et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Electric field-induced membrane changes are an important approach in the life sciences. However, the developments in knowledge and translational applications face problems of reproducibility… |
| Reversible | Burkart et al · Gene Ther | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | The use of immunomodulatory cytokines has been shown effective in regressing a wide range of tumors. However, systemic delivery of recombinant cytokines results in serious, potentially life-… |
| Reversible | Cervia et al · Mol Pharm | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Electrotransfection (ET) is a nonviral method for delivery of various types of molecules into cells both in vitro and in vivo. Close to 90 clinical trials that involve the use of ET have bee… |
| Reversible | Duong et al · Biomaterials | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Despite the tremendous potential of DNA-based cancer vaccines, their efficacious delivery to antigen presenting cells to stimulate both humoral and cellular response remains a major challeng… |
| Reversible | Mukhopadhyay et al · Gene Ther | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response | Intratumoral electroporation-mediated IL-12 gene therapy (IT-pIL12/EP) has been shown to be safe and effective in clinical trials, demonstrating systemic antitumor effects with local deliver… |
| Reversible | Tremble et al · Cancer Lett | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD) | Electrochemotherapy is an evolving therapy which has recently been shown to induce an immunogenic form of cell death. It is hypothesized that the immunogenic cell death induced by electroche… |
| Irreversible | Latouche et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | High-frequency irreversible electroporation is a nonthermal method of tissue ablation that uses bursts of 0.5- to 2.0-microsecond bipolar electric pulses to permeabilize cell membranes and i… |
| Irreversible | Mi et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | We studied the influence of various parameters of high-frequency nanosecond pulse bursts on the strength of rabbit muscle contractions. Ten unipolar high-frequency pulse bursts with various … |
| Irreversible | O’Brien et al · Int J Hyperthermia | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: This study evaluates the effects of active electrode cooling, via internal fluid circulation, on the irreversible electroporation (IRE) lesion, deployed electric current and tempera… |
| Irreversible | Sano et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | Purpose: To compare the intensity of muscle contractions in irreversible electroporation (IRE) treatments when traditional IRE and high-frequency IRE (H-FIRE) waveforms are used in combinati… |
| Irreversible | Tian et al · Drug Deliv | 2018 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is an emerging minimally invasive tumor ablation technique that delivers short pulses of strong electric fields and kills cancer cells by disrupting their … |
| Reversible | Caprettini et al · Sci Rep | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Electroporation of in-vitro cultured cells is widely used in biological and medical areas to deliver molecules of interest inside cells. Since very high electric fields are required to elect… |
| Reversible | Ciobanu et al · J Membr Biol | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electric pulses, when applied to a cell suspension, induce a reversible permeabilization of the plasma membrane. This permeabilized state is a long-lived process (minutes). The biophysical m… |
| Reversible | Hanna et al · Sci Rep | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF) | Microsecond pulsed electric fields (μsPEF) permeabilize the plasma membrane (PM) and are widely used in research, medicine and biotechnology. For internal membranes permeabilization, nanosec… |
| Reversible | Rezaee et al · Int J Nanomedicine | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Background and objective: Radiation therapy (RT) is the gold standard treatment for more than half of known tumors. Despite recent improvements in RT efficiency, the side effects of ionizing… |
| Reversible | Zhang et al · Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Exosomes are nanovesicles secreted by cells and contain various molecules including protein, lipid, and DNA/RNA. They are crucial mediators of the intercellular communication and serve as pr… |
| Reversible | Frandsen et al · Cancer Res | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Necrosis and Necroptosis | Calcium electroporation may offer a simple general tool for anticancer therapy. Transient permeabilization of cancer cell membranes created by applying short, high-voltage pulses in tumors e… |
| Reversible | Kamensek et al · Plasmid | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Electrotransfer mediated delivery of interleukin-12 (IL-12) gene, encoded on a plasmid vector, has already been demonstrated to have a potent antitumor efficacy and great potential for clini… |
| Reversible | Kos et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Electrode Geometry and Placement | Skin is an attractive target for gene electrotransfer due to its easy accessibility and its interesting immune properties. Since electrodes are often invasive and frequently induce discomfor… |
| Reversible | Sales et al · Vaccine | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | In vivo electroporation (EP) has reignited the clinical interest on DNA vaccines as immunotherapeutic approaches to control different types of cancer. EP has been associated with increased i… |
| Reversible | Salvadori et al · Radiol Oncol | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation | Background: The study was aimed to characterize tumor response after combined treatment employing electrochemotherapy with IL-12 gene electrotransfer in dogs with spontaneous mast cell tumor… |
| Irreversible | Chai et al · Biomed Microdevices | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of irreversible electroporation (IRE) on the eradication of rabbit VX2 cervical tumors. A VX2 cervical cancer model was first made in 20 New… |
| Irreversible | Kranjc · Sci Rep | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is gaining importance in routine clinical practice for nonthermal ablation of solid tumors. For its success, it is extremely important that the coverage an… |
| Irreversible | Rajeckaitė et al · J Membr Biol | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The aim of this study was to investigate the dependence of calcein extraction and cell viability on the parameters of pulsed electric field (PEF). Two different approaches concerning PEF par… |
| Irreversible | Srimathveeravalli et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To evaluate the effect of catheter-directed irreversible electroporation (IRE) on the integrity, patency, and function of the normal porcine ureter. Materials and methods: A cathete… |
| Irreversible | Yao · Sci Rep | 2017 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) uses ~100 μs pulsed electric fields to disrupt cell membranes for solid tumor ablation. Although IRE has achieved exciting preliminary clinical results, im… |
| Reversible | Dermol et al · PLoS One | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Electroporation-induced cell sensitization was described as the occurrence of a delayed hypersensitivity to electric pulses caused by pretreating cells with electric pulses. It was achieved … |
| Reversible | Dovgan et al · J Membr Biol | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | New cryopreservation approaches for medically applicable cells are of great importance in clinical medicine. Current protocols employ the use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), which is toxic to … |
| Reversible | Maglietti et al · Radiol Oncol | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: Electrochemotherapy (ECT), a medical treatment widely used in human patients for tumor treatment, increases bleomycin toxicity by 1000 fold in the treated area with an objective … |
| Reversible | Phillips et al · Ann Biomed Eng | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | A synergistic combination of electroporation and electrolysis (SEE) has been found with distinct advantages over tissue ablation by electrolysis or electroporation alone. Minimally invasive … |
| Reversible | Silve et al · Sci Rep | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The impact of external medium conductivity on the efficiency of the reversible permeabilisation caused by pulsed electric fields was investigated. Pulses of 12 ns, 102 ns or 100 μs were inve… |
| Reversible | Sweeney et al · Biochim Biophys Acta | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | High-frequency bipolar electric pulses have been shown to mitigate undesirable muscle contraction during irreversible electroporation (IRE) therapy. Here, we evaluate the potential applicabi… |
| Reversible | Zielichowska et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Apoptosis Induction, Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion | The electroporation (EP) supports various types of anticancer therapies by the selective transport of cytostatics. Increase in intracellular calcium level by EP may be a new approach to fibr… |
| Reversible | Cicchelero et al · Vet Comp Oncol | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is a powerful immunostimulatory cytokine with a strong antitumoural activity. In this work, the immunological, anti-angiogenic and clinical effects of three consecutiv… |
| Reversible | Stimac et al · Cancer Gene Ther | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Apoptosis Induction | Gene electrotransfer of plasmid encoding shRNA against endoglin exerts antitumor efficacy, predominantly by vascular targeted effect. As vascular targeting therapies can promote radiosensiti… |
| Irreversible | Bonakdar et al · Biophys J | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The blood-brain barrier, mainly composed of brain microvascular endothelial cells, poses an obstacle to drug delivery to the brain. Controlled permeabilization of the constituent brain endot… |
| Irreversible | Wandel et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2016 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To optimize single-insertion bipolar irreversible electroporation (IRE) by characterizing effects of electric parameters and controlling tissue electric properties in a porcine mode… |
| Reversible | Demiryurek et al · Biochim Biophys Acta | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electroporation is of interest for many drug-delivery and gene-therapy applications. Prior studies have shown that a two-pulse-electroporation protocol consisting of a short-duration, high-v… |
| Reversible | Dolinsek et al · Curr Gene Ther | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Antivascular Effect and Vessel Disruption | New targets and therapeutic approaches for vascular targeted strategies in oncology are continuously explored. Endoglin, a co-receptor of TGF-β, is a known target, however, its silencing wit… |
| Reversible | Gianulis et al · Arch Biochem Biophys | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Lanthanide ions are the only known blockers of permeabilization by electric pulses of nanosecond duration (nsEP), but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We employed timed applications of… |
| Reversible | Mahmood et al · Acta Oncol | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Tissue permeabilization by electroporation (EP) is a promising technique to treat certain cancers. Non-invasive methods for verification of induced permeabilization are important… |
| Reversible | Semenov et al · Biochim Biophys Acta | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Ca2+ activation and membrane electroporation by 10-ns and 4-ms electric pulses (nsEP and msEP) were compared in rat embryonic cardiomyocytes. The lowest electric field which triggered Ca2+ t… |
| Reversible | Trainito et al · Electrophoresis | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | The electric field is commonly used in microdevices to handle, treat, or monitor living cells for various biological or biomedical applications (cells electrofusion, gene electrotransfer, dr… |
| Reversible | Vernier et al · J Membr Biol | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Non-thermal probing and stimulation with subnanosecond electric pulses and terahertz electromagnetic radiation may lead to new, minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and t… |
| Reversible | Bosnjak et al · Gene Ther | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Gene therapy with Plasmid AMEP (antiangiogenic metargidin peptide) has recently been studied as a potential targeted therapy for melanoma. This plasmid is designed to downregulate α5β1 and α… |
| Reversible | Heller et al · Adv Genet | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Plasmid or non-viral gene therapy offers an alternative to classic viral gene delivery that negates the need for a biological vector. In this case, delivery is enhanced by a variety of appro… |
| Reversible | Lamolinara et al · J Immunol Res | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Skin represents an attractive target for DNA vaccine delivery because of its natural richness in APCs, whose targeting may potentiate the effect of vaccination. Nevertheless, intramuscular e… |
| Reversible | Markelc et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Application of electric pulses (electroporation/electropermeabilization) is an effective method for gene transfer (i.e. gene electrotransfer (GET)) in vitro and in vivo. Currently, the mecha… |
| Reversible | Pavlin et al · Sci Rep | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Gene electrotransfer is a promising non-viral method of gene delivery. In our in vitro study we addressed open questions about this multistep process: how electropermeabilization is related … |
| Reversible | Thalmensi et al · Oncoimmunology | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is overexpressed in more than 85% of human cancers regardless of their cellular origin. As immunological tolerance to hTERT can be overcome not… |
| Reversible | Kranjc et al · Radiology | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Purpose: To investigate the feasibility of magnetic resonance (MR) electric impedance tomography ( EIT electric impedance tomography ) technique for in situ monitoring of electric field dist… |
| Reversible | Marčan et al · Biomed Eng Online | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Background: Treatments based on electroporation are a new and promising approach to treating tumors, especially non-resectable ones. The success of the treatment is, however, heavily depende… |
| Irreversible | Golberg et al · Sci Rep | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is an emerging, minimally invasive technique for solid tumors ablation, under clinical investigation for cancer therapy. IRE affects only the cell membrane… |
| Irreversible | Serša · Biomed Eng Online | 2015 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Electroporation is gaining its importance in everyday clinical practice of cancer treatment. For its success it is extremely important that coverage of the target tissue, i.e. tr… |
| Reversible | Frandsen et al · Biochim Biophys Acta | 2014 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: Electroporation with calcium (calcium electroporation) can induce ATP depletion-associated cellular death. In the clinical setting, the cytotoxic drug bleomycin is currently used… |
| Reversible | Hudej et al · J Membr Biol | 2014 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | To increase electrochemotherapy (ECT) applicability, the effectiveness of new drugs is being tested in combination with electroporation. Among them two ruthenium(III) compounds, (imH)[trans-… |
| Reversible | Prosen · Mol Ther Nucleic Acids | 2014 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | The melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) is involved in melanoma development and its progression, including invasiveness, metastatic potential and angiogenesis. Therefore, MCAM represents … |
| Reversible | Rangel et al · J Membr Biol | 2014 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Connexins are proteins that form gap junctions. Perturbations in the cell membrane reportedly promote changes in the expression profile of connexins. Electroporation promotes destabilization… |
| Reversible | Spugnini et al · J Cell Physiol | 2014 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a cancer therapy that conjugates the administration of a chemotherapy agent to the delivery of permeabilizing pulses released singularly or as bursts. This appro… |
| Reversible | Calvet · Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev | 2014 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | DNA vaccination consists in administering an antigen-encoding plasmid in order to trigger a specific immune response. This specific vaccine strategy is of particular interest to fight agains… |
| Reversible | Calvet et al · Oncoimmunology | 2014 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | DNA vaccination consists of administering an antigen-coding nucleotide sequence. In order to improve the efficacy of DNA vaccines, electroporation is one of the most commonly used methods to… |
| Reversible | Grunwald et al · J Virol | 2014 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Systemic / Abscopal Immune Response, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Unlabelled: Induction of long-lasting immunity against viral respiratory tract infections remains an elusive goal. Using a nonhuman primate model of human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) … |
| Reversible | Todorovic et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2014 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Gene electrotransfer is an established method for plasmid delivery into different tissues. Contrary to extensive in vitro studies demonstrating increased gene electrotransfer by changing the… |
| Irreversible | Grys · Cell Mol Biol Lett | 2014 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | The recently described method of cell electroporation by flow of cell suspension through localized direct current electric fields (dcEFs) was applied to identify non-toxic substances that co… |
| Irreversible | Sano et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2014 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Under the influence of external electric fields, cells experience a rapid potential buildup across the cell membrane. Above a critical threshold of electric field strength, permanent cell da… |
| Reversible | Markelc et al · PLoS One | 2013 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Vascular Lock Effect, Antivascular Effect and Vessel Disruption | Electropermeabilization/electroporation (EP) provides a tool for the introduction of molecules into cells and tissues. In electrochemotherapy (ECT), cytotoxic drugs are introduced into cells… |
| Reversible | Neal et al · Ann Biomed Eng | 2013 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) achieves targeted volume non-thermal focal ablation using a series of brief electric pulses to kill cells by disrupting membrane integrity. Electrochemothe… |
| Reversible | Pakhomova et al · J Cell Mol Med | 2013 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Cell permeabilization by electric pulses (EP), or electroporation, is widely used for intracellular delivery of drugs and plasmids, as well as for tumour and tissue ablation. We found that c… |
| Reversible | Semenov et al · Biochim Biophys Acta | 2013 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Disruption of Calcium Homeostasis | Permeabilization of cell membranous structures by nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) triggers transient rise of cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)), which determines multifari… |
| Reversible | Wu et al · Sci Rep | 2013 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | We present a multi-functional electroporation method for delivery of biomolecule utilizing a high-density distributed electrode network (HDEN) under tri-phase electric stimulation. The HDEN … |
| Reversible | Yun et al · Lab Chip | 2013 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | We developed an on-chip microscale electroporation system that enables sequential delivery of multiple molecules with precise and independent dosage controllability into pre-selected identic… |
| Reversible | Kamensek · Mol Cancer | 2013 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Background: Radiation induced transcriptional targeting is a gene therapy approach that takes advantage of the targeting abilities of radiotherapy by using radio inducible promoters to spati… |
| Reversible | Liew et al · Hum Gene Ther Methods | 2013 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent nonhematopoietic cells with the ability to differentiate into various specific cell types, thus holding great promise for regenerative medicine.… |
| Reversible | Rosazza et al · Mol Ther | 2013 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Electroporation is a physical method of transferring molecules into cells and tissues. It takes advantage of the transient permeabilization of the cell membrane induced by electric field pul… |
| Reversible | Tesic et al · J Membr Biol | 2013 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Development of recombinant DNA technologies has allowed us to create new delivery systems that target specific cell types and that can be used in gene therapy. One of these targets is vascul… |
| Irreversible | Ben-David et al · Radiology | 2013 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To study the effects of the surrounding electrical microenvironment and local tissue parameters on the electrical parameters and outcome of irreversible electroporation (IRE) ablati… |
| Irreversible | Faroja et al · Radiology | 2013 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To determine whether high-dose irreversible electroporation (IRE) ablation induces thermal effects in normal liver tissue. Materials and methods: Animal care and use committee appro… |
| Irreversible | Kim et al · Biochem Biophys Res Commun | 2013 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Apoptosis Induction | Irreversible electroporation is a novel method of ablating living tissues through its non-thermal effects, unlike radiofrequency ablation which has a severe problem of heat sink. It is due t… |
| Irreversible | Korohoda · Cell Mol Biol Lett | 2013 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Experiments on reversible and irreversible cell electroporation were carried out with an experimental setup based on a standard apparatus for horizontal electrophoresis, a syringe pump with … |
| Irreversible | Maglietti et al · PLoS One | 2013 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Treatments based on electroporation (EP) induce the formation of pores in cell membranes due to the application of pulsed electric fields. We present experimental evidence of the existence o… |
| Irreversible | Neal et al · PLoS One | 2013 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal focal ablation technique that uses a series of brief but intense electric pulses delivered into a targeted region of tissue, killing the c… |
| Irreversible | Sommer et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2013 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: To analyze irreversible electroporation (IRE) of the pig kidney with involvement of the renal pelvis. Materials and methods: IRE of renal tissue including the pelvis was performed i… |
| Reversible | Bellard et al · J Control Release | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Vascular Lock Effect | Electroporation/electropermeabilization, i.e. the result of the application of electric pulses to tissues, is a physical method for delivery of exogenous molecules into cells. It is effectiv… |
| Reversible | Calmels et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | In vivo cell electropermeabilization can be used alone or in combination with a hydrophilic, nonpermeant cytotoxic drug such as bleomycin (electrochemotherapy) to efficiently treat tumors. W… |
| Reversible | Frandsen et al · Cancer Res | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Necrosis and Necroptosis | Electroporation of cells with short, high-voltage pulses causes a transient permeabilization of cell membranes that permits passage of otherwise nonpermeating ions and molecules. In this stu… |
| Reversible | Kaminska et al · Gen Physiol Biophys | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Apoptosis Induction, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Application of a high electric field causes an electric shock to the heart. This is utilized in defibrillation to reestablish normal contraction rhythms during dangerous arrhythmias or in ca… |
| Reversible | Markelc et al · J Membr Biol | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electropermeabilization/electroporation (EP) is a physical method that by application of electric pulses to cells increases cell membrane permeability and enables the introduction of molecul… |
| Reversible | Meschini et al · Eur J Cancer | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Few articles in the literature have focused on electroporation as a strategy to reverse multidrug resistance (MDR) of tumour cells and they are mostly limited to the improved efficacy of ble… |
| Reversible | Mozdarani et al · Cell J | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Objective: In electrochemotherapy (ECT), there is an unpleasant sensation of muscle contraction when using a low frequency (1 Hz). Therefore, by increasing the pulse frequency above the teta… |
| Reversible | Pakhomova et al · Arch Biochem Biophys | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress | Nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) is a novel modality for permeabilization of membranous structures and intracellular delivery of xenobiotics. We hypothesized that oxidative effects o… |
| Reversible | Pelofy et al · J Membr Biol | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Despite great potential for disease treatment, small interfering RNA (siRNA) development has been hampered due to its poor stability and the lack of efficient delivery method. To overcome th… |
| Reversible | Silve et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | In our study, we used bleomycin to evaluate the permeabilization caused by nanosecond duration electric pulses (nanopulses). Bleomycin is a non permeant molecule which can be used both as a … |
| Reversible | Van Lint et al · Cancer Res | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | The use of tumor-associated antigen (TAA) mRNA for therapeutic purposes is under active investigation. To be effective, mRNA vaccines need to deliver activation stimuli in addition to TAAs t… |
| Reversible | Arigoni et al · Angiogenesis | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Necrosis and Necroptosis | Angiomotin (Amot) is one of several identified angiostatin receptors expressed by the endothelia of angiogenic tissues. We have shown that a DNA vaccine targeting Amot overcome immune tolera… |
| Reversible | Cemazar et al · Hum Gene Ther | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Preservation of Extracellular Matrix and Tissue Scaffold | One of the applications of electroporation/electropulsation in biomedicine is gene electrotransfer, the wider use of which is hindered by low transfection efficiency in vivo compared with vi… |
| Reversible | Chopinet et al · Int J Pharm | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Electro-gene-therapy is a promising technique for cancer treatment. However, knowledge about mechanism of gene transfer with electric field in tumor is limited. Whereas in vitro electrotrans… |
| Reversible | Kardos et al · Hum Vaccin Immunother | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Electroporation, an attractive process for delivering DNA and other molecules into target cells in vivo and in vitro is limited by the necessity of electrodes that need to be in contact with… |
| Reversible | Rosazza et al · Int J Pharm | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The delivery of therapeutic molecules such as plasmid DNA in cells and tissues by means of electric fields holds great promise for anticancer treatment. To allow for their therapeutic action… |
| Reversible | Sin et al · Cancer Immunol Immunother | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation | Intratumoral electroporation (IT-EP) with IL-12 cDNA (IT-EP/IL12) can lead to the eradication of established B16 melanoma tumors in mice. Here, we explore the immunological mechanism of the … |
| Irreversible | Arena et al · Biophys J | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is emerging as a powerful tool for tumor ablation that utilizes pulsed electric fields to destabilize the plasma membrane of cancer cells past the point of… |
| Irreversible | Garcia et al · PLoS One | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Increased Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability | The blood-brain-barrier (BBB) presents a significant obstacle to the delivery of systemically administered chemotherapeutics for the treatment of brain cancer. Irreversible electroporation (… |
| Irreversible | LIU et al · Oncol Lett | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a new tumor ablation technique. Pulsed electric fields (PEFs) with permanent duration (100 μsec) permanently permeabilize the cell membrane, causing the… |
| Irreversible | Phillips et al · Br J Cancer | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Background: Non-thermal irreversible electroporation (NTIRE) has recently been conceived as a new minimally invasive ablation method, using microsecond electric fields to produce nanoscale d… |
| Irreversible | Schoellnast et al · Eur Radiol | 2012 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objective: To evaluate the delayed effects of irreversible electroporation (IRE) ablation on nerves. Methods: The study was approved by the institutional animal care and use committee. CT-gu… |
| Reversible | Diao · World J Gastroenterol | 2011 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Necrosis and Necroptosis, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress | Aim: To investigate the effect of transgenic expression of kallistatin (Kal) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced liver injury by intramuscular (im) electrotransfer of a Kal-encoding pla… |
| Reversible | Shankayi et al · J Membr Biol | 2011 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | The most important unpleasant sensation of electrochemotherapy is muscle contraction. One of the causes of this discomfort is electrochemotherapy in the low-frequency range (1 Hz). To resolv… |
| Reversible | Spugnini et al · J Transl Med | 2011 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Apoptosis Induction, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Background: Nucleic acids designed to modulate the expression of target proteins remain a promising therapeutic strategy in several diseases, including cancer. However, clinical success is l… |
| Reversible | Vittorio et al · Nanotechnology | 2011 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | In this study we investigate the potential of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with low metal impurities (2.57% iron) as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. Taking into acco… |
| Reversible | Donate et al · PLoS One | 2011 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Electrode Geometry and Placement | Current progress in the development of vaccines has decreased the incidence of fatal and non-fatal infections and increased longevity. However, new technologies need to be developed to comba… |
| Reversible | Guo et al · J Control Release | 2011 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Electrode Geometry and Placement | Because of its large surface area and easy access for both delivery and monitoring, the skin is an attractive target for gene therapy for cutaneous diseases, vaccinations and several metabol… |
| Reversible | Markelc et al · Gene Ther | 2011 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Electropermeabilization (EP) is an effective method of gene transfer into different tissues. During EP, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed, which could affect transfection efficiency. … |
| Reversible | Paganin-Gioanni et al · Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | 2011 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | The RNA interference-mediated gene silencing approach is promising for therapies based on the targeted inhibition of disease-relevant genes. Electropermeabilization is one of the nonviral me… |
| Reversible | Rosazza et al · Mol Ther | 2011 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Electrotransfer of molecules is a well established technique which finds extensive use for gene transfer and holds great promise for anticancer treatment. Despite its widespread application,… |
| Reversible | Pucihar et al · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng | 2011 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electroporation-based applications require the use of specific pulse parameters for a successful outcome. When recommended values of pulse parameters cannot be set, similar outcomes can be o… |
| Irreversible | Garcia et al · Biomed Eng Online | 2011 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Thermal Effect and Joule Heating | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a new minimally invasive technique to kill undesirable tissue in a non-thermal manner. In order to maximize the benefits from an IRE procedu… |
| Irreversible | Li et al · PLoS One | 2011 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: If a critical nerve is circumferentially involved with tumor, radical surgery intended to cure the cancer must sacrifice the nerve. Loss of critical nerves may lead to serious co… |
| Reversible | Berg et al · Electromagn Biol Med | 2010 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | We present possibilities and trends of ELF bioelectromagnetic effects in the mT amplitude range on cancer cells and on mice bearing tumors. In contrast to invasive electrochemotherapy and el… |
| Reversible | Fantozzi et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2010 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | The achievement of electrochemotherapy was obtained using electrodes covered with guar gum (GG) hydrogel swollen in a sulfate bleomycin solution. The bleomycin delivery into the plasma membr… |
| Reversible | Lambreva et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2010 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Two reliable methods have been combined: i) the electroporation of the cell membranes for facilitating the sensitizer incorporation into hystiocytic human lymphoma cells U-937 and (ii) the p… |
| Reversible | Gothelf et al · Gene Ther | 2010 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Electrode Geometry and Placement | Gene electrotransfer refers to gene transfection by electroporation and is an effective non-viral method for delivering naked DNA into cells and tissues. This study presents data from gene e… |
| Reversible | Reed et al · Cancer Gene Ther | 2010 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation | On the basis of superior outcomes from electrochemogene therapy (ECGT) compared with electrochemotherapy in mice, we determined the efficacy of ECGT applied to spontaneous canine neoplasms. … |
| Reversible | Reed et al · Cancer Gene Ther | 2010 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation | On the basis of superior outcomes from electrochemogenetherapy (ECGT) compared with electrochemotherapy in mice, we determined the efficacy of ECGT applied to spontaneous canine neoplasms. I… |
| Irreversible | Garcia et al · J Membr Biol | 2010 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | Nonthermal irreversible electroporation (NTIRE) is a new minimally invasive technique to treat cancer. It is unique because of its nonthermal mechanism of tumor ablation. Intracranial NTIRE … |
| Reversible | Hojman et al · PLoS One | 2009 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Erythropoietin can be over-expressed in skeletal muscles by gene electrotransfer, resulting in 100-fold increase in serum EPO and significant increases in haemoglobin levels. Earlier studies… |
| Reversible | Ivorra et al · Phys Med Biol | 2009 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electroporation is the phenomenon in which cell membrane permeability is increased by exposing the cell to short high-electric-field pulses. Reversible electroporation treatments are used in… |
| Reversible | Kranjc et al · Radiat Res | 2009 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Electrochemotherapy can potentiate the radiosensitizing effect of bleomycin, as shown in our previous studies. To bring this treatment closer to use in clinical practice, we evaluated the in… |
| Reversible | Mazères et al · J Control Release | 2009 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | For an effective tissue controlled electropermeabilization as requested for electrochemotherapy and electrogenotherapy, it is very important to have informations about the electric field dis… |
| Reversible | Tabassum et al · Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc | 2009 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | The homodinuclear C(16)H(30)N(8)O(5)Sn(2)Cl(4) (1), heterotetranuclear C(16)H(38)N(8)O(9)Sn(2)Cu(2)Cl(8) (2) and C(16)H(38)N(8)O(9)Sn(2)Mn(2)Cl(8) (3) macrocyclic complexes were synthesized … |
| Reversible | Wasungu et al · Int J Pharm | 2009 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Electropermeabilization is a physical method to deliver molecules into cells and tissues. Clinical applications have been successfully developed for antitumoral drug delivery and clinical tr… |
| Reversible | Tevz et al · J Gene Med | 2009 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation | Background: The present study aimed to evaluate the antitumor effectiveness of systemic interleukin (IL)-12 gene therapy in murine sarcoma models, and to evaluate its interaction with the ir… |
| Reversible | Cemazar et al · Gene Ther | 2009 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Electrotransfer (electroporation) is recognized as one of the most promising alternatives to viral vectors for transfection of different tissues in vivo for therapeutic purposes. We evaluate… |
| Irreversible | Daniels et al · J Biomech Eng | 2009 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Nonthermal irreversible electroporation (NTIRE) is a new minimally invasive surgical technique that is part of the emerging field of molecular surgery, which holds the potential to treat dis… |
| Irreversible | Granot et al · Phys Med Biol | 2009 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Electroporation, the increased permeability of cell membranes due to a large transmembrane voltage, is an important clinical tool. Both reversible and irreversible in vivo electroporation ar… |
| Reversible | Ivorra et al · Phys Med Biol | 2008 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Electroporation is used in tissue for gene therapy, drug therapy and minimally invasive tissue ablation. The electrical field that develops during the application of the high voltage pulses … |
| Reversible | Larkin et al · Ultrasound Med Biol | 2008 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Bleomycin is a nonpermeant, hydrophilic macromolecule with a high intrinsic anticancer cytotoxicity. However, the cytotoxic potential of the drug is restricted by its low membrane permeabili… |
| Reversible | Čorović et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2008 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Electrochemotherapy is an effective antitumor treatment employing locally applied high voltage electric pulses delivered through conductive electrodes to the tumor in combination with chemot… |
| Reversible | Tevz et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2008 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Necrosis and Necroptosis | Skeletal muscle is an attractive target tissue for delivery of therapeutic genes, since it is well vascularized, easily accessible, and has a high capacity for protein synthesis. For efficie… |
| Reversible | Bicek et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2007 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Ruthenium complex NAMI-A [ImH][trans-RuCl(4)(DMSO-S)Im] (Im = imidazole) is a potential chemotherapeutic drug in cancer treatment. Electroporation can be used to facilitate delivery of NAMI-… |
| Reversible | Pavlin et al · Biochim Biophys Acta | 2007 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Transmembrane Potential Change | Electroporation is a process where increased permeability of cells exposed to an electric field is observed. It is used in many biomedical applications including electrogene transfection and… |
| Reversible | Hojman et al · BMC Mol Biol | 2007 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Background: Gene transfer by electroporation (DNA electrotransfer) to muscle results in high level long term transgenic expression, showing great promise for treatment of e.g. protein defici… |
| Irreversible | Al-Sakere et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2007 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Immune cell recruitment during the treatment of sarcoma tumors in mice with irreversible electroporation was studied by immunohistochemistry. Irreversible electroporation is a non-thermal ti… |
| Irreversible | Lee et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2007 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Apoptosis Induction | Preliminary results of percutaneous irreversible electroporation (PIE) on swine liver as a novel non-thermal ablation are presented. The goal of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of… |
| Irreversible | Maor et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2007 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | We present a pilot study on the long term effects of irreversible electroporation (IRE) on a large blood vessel. The study was motivated by the anticipated use of IRE for treatment of cancer… |
| Irreversible | Rubinsky et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2007 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a new tissue ablation technique in which micro to millisecond electrical pulses are delivered to undesirable tissue to produce cell necrosis through irr… |
| Reversible | Cemazar et al · Anticancer Res | 2006 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Background: The in vitro cytotoxic activity of two new platinum(II) complexes (3P-SK and PtAMP) in comparison with cisplatin (CDDP), oxaliplatin (OXA) and carboplatin (CARBO) was determined … |
| Reversible | Cemazar et al · Biochem Biophys Res Commun | 2006 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Imaging methods can give both temporal and spatial dimensions to characterize the processes in progression of and/or treatment of specific disease Subcutaneous tumors can be cured after elec… |
| Reversible | Labanauskiene et al · Medicina (Kaunas) | 2006 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | By applying electric pulses to tumor the membrane of tumor cells undergoes destabilization that enables the drug molecules to enter into the cells more freely and selectivity of anticancer d… |
| Reversible | Mossop et al · Ann Biomed Eng | 2006 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Electrode Geometry and Placement, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | The intratumoral field, which determines the efficiency of electric field-mediated drug and gene delivery, can differ significantly from the applied field. Therefore, we investigated the dis… |
| Reversible | Shil et al · J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol | 2006 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Treatment of cancer patients is subject to limitations in radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This necessitates development of new protocols, and the present work reports on the effects of a comb… |
| Reversible | Soden et al · Cancer Lett | 2006 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Electroporation is the application of very brief electric pulses to cells or tissues to render the cell membranes transiently and reversibly permeable, facilitating cellular uptake of otherw… |
| Reversible | Bloquel et al · BMC Biotechnol | 2006 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Background: Optical imaging is an attractive non-invasive way to evaluate the expression of a transferred DNA, mainly thanks to its lower cost and ease of realization. In this study optical … |
| Reversible | Herrero-Fresneda et al · Kidney Int | 2006 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Inflammatory processes and tissue scarring are characteristic features of chronic allograft nephropathy. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has beneficial effects on renal fibrosis and it also a… |
| Reversible | Larkin et al · Ir J Med Sci | 2005 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | SYLVESTER o'HALLORAN SURGICAL SCIENTIFIC MEETING • 4 - 5 MARCH 2005 • JEAN MONNET THEATRE, UNIVERSITY OF LIMERICK art" >,9R Modulation of coregulatory protein expression in human breast canc… |
| Reversible | Miklavčič et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2005 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters, Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement | Muscle contractions present the main source of unpleasant sensations for patients undergoing electrochemotherapy. The contractions are a consequence of high voltage pulse delivery. Relativel… |
| Reversible | Pavlin et al · Biophys J | 2005 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | An increased permeability of a cell membrane during the application of high-voltage pulses results in increased transmembrane transport of molecules that otherwise cannot enter the cell. Inc… |
| Reversible | Šatkauskas et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2005 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Necrosis and Necroptosis | The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of electrochemotherapy (ECT) as a function of various combinations of pulse strength and duration. C57Bl mice bearing LLC tumors were … |
| Reversible | Li et al · Mol Ther | 2005 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Injection of DNA via electric pulses into targeted tissues is referred to as electrotransfer. Intratumoral electrotransfer of the IL12 gene is more effective than intramuscular electrotransf… |
| Reversible | Soden et al · Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc | 2005 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Electrode Geometry and Placement, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Therapeutic "electroporation" involves application of electric fields to target cells/tissues, thereby rendering their cell membranes transiently porous, thus making feasible the cellular up… |
| Reversible | Beebe et al · Physiol Meas | 2004 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Apoptosis Induction | These studies describe the effects of nanosecond (10-300 ns) pulsed electric fields (nsPEF) on mammalian cell structure and function. As the pulse durations decrease, effects on the plasma m… |
| Reversible | Cemazar · BMC Cancer | 2004 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Background: Electroporation is currently receiving much attention as a way to increase drug and DNA delivery. Recent studies demonstrated the feasibility of electrogene therapy using a range… |
| Reversible | Kitamura · Cancer Chemother Pharmacol | 2003 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Apoptosis Induction | Purpose: To determine whether or not low-voltage electrochemotherapy has cell killing effects. Materials: Dorsally transplanted NR-S1 carcinomas in mice were stimulated with electric pulses … |
| Reversible | Cemazar et al · DNA Cell Biol | 2003 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | The aim of our study was to evaluate electrogenetherapy with p53wt alone or combined with cisplatin on two colorectal (HT-29 and LoVo) and two prostatic (PC-3 and Du145) carcinoma cell lines… |
| Reversible | Ivanov et al · J Gene Med | 2003 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Background: MBD2 is a methylated DNA-binding protein that has been previously suggested to have transcriptional silencing as well as DNA demethylase activities. We have previously shown that… |
| Reversible | Miyazaki et al · Surg Today | 2003 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Purpose: The antitumor efficiency of electrochemotherapy using chemotherapeutic agents and high-voltage electric pulse has been reported. This study was done to define the precise nature of … |
| Irreversible | Beebe et al · DNA Cell Biol | 2003 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Apoptosis Induction | The application of pulsed electric fields to cells is extended to include nonthermal pulses with shorter durations (10-300 ns), higher electric fields (< or =350 kV/cm), higher power (gigawa… |
| Irreversible | Beebe et al · FASEB J | 2003 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Apoptosis Induction, Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF) | Electroporation by using pulsed electric fields with long durations compared with the charging time of the plasma membrane can induce cell fusion or introduce xenomolecules into cells. Nanos… |
| Reversible | Dujardin · J Control Release | 2002 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability, Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | The application of short-duration high-voltage pulses to the skin has been shown to enhance transdermal drug delivery by several orders of magnitude and to transiently permeabilize cells in … |
| Reversible | Heller et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2002 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Necrosis and Necroptosis | The efficient delivery of drugs to tumors is an important tool for the treatment of a variety of cancers. Electric pulses have been shown to facilitate the uptake of molecules through the ce… |
| Reversible | Mitsui et al · Drug Deliv | 2002 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | We investigated the cytotoxicity on the combination of bleomycin (BLM) with electric pulses against transplanted bladder tumors in nude mice. Loading with high-voltage electric pulse after i… |
| Reversible | Pucihar et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2002 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Electrochemotherapy is a technique where electric pulses in combination with chemotherapeutic agents are applied to tumor cells. In general, patients find electrochemotherapy tolerable, in s… |
| Reversible | Weaver · Bioelectrochemistry | 2002 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Scientific interest in the interaction of nonionizing electromagnetic fields with biological systems is longstanding, but often still controversial. Theories, models and computer simulations… |
| Reversible | Golzio et al · Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | 2002 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Electropermeabilization is one of the nonviral methods successfully used to transfer genes into living cells in vitro and in vivo. Although this approach shows promise in the field of gene t… |
| Reversible | Li · J Natl Cancer Inst | 2002 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Interleukin-12 Mediated Immune Stimulation | Background Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is a proinflammatory cytokine with antitumor activity. Plasmid-based intratumoral gene therapy for treating malignancy with IL-12 or other genes is safe, in… |
| Reversible | Lebar et al · Anticancer Res | 2002 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | The aim of our study was to optimise electric pulse parameters for electrochemotherapy by sampling the space of pulse parameter variables using systematic in vitro experiments. For this purp… |
| Reversible | Cemazar et al · Eur J Cancer | 2001 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | The aim of the study was to determine whether electrochemotherapy with cisplatin could be implemented in treatment of cisplatin-resistant solid tumours. For this purpose, we used cisplatin-s… |
| Reversible | Serša et al · Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys | 2000 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Purpose: To evaluate whether a local drug delivery method, i.e., electroporation of tumors, increases the radiosensitizing effect of cisplatin. Methods and materials: Subcutaneous Ehrlich-Le… |
| Reversible | Goto et al · Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | 2000 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | We report successful electro-gene therapy (EGT) by using plasmid DNA for tumor-bearing mice. Subcutaneously inoculated CT26 tumor was subjected to EGT, which consists of intratumoral injecti… |
| Reversible | Miklavčič et al · Biochim Biophys Acta | 2000 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Permeabilising electric pulses can be advantageously used for DNA electrotransfer in vivo for gene therapy, as well as for drug delivery. In both cases, it is essential to know the electric … |
| Reversible | Cemazar et al · Br J Cancer | 1999 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electrochemotherapy is an anti-tumour treatment that utilizes locally delivered electric pulses to increase cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs. The aim of our study was to determine whet… |
| Reversible | Sersa et al · Anticancer Res | 1999 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Vascular Lock Effect | Background: Electrochemotherapy combines administration of the chemotherapeutic drug, followed by application of electric pulses in order to increase drug delivery into the cells. The aim of… |
| Reversible | Mir et al · Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | 1999 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Gene delivery to skeletal muscle is a promising strategy for the treatment of muscle disorders and for the systemic secretion of therapeutic proteins. However, present DNA delivery technolog… |
| Reversible | Gehl et al · Anticancer Drugs | 1998 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electropermeabilization (EPN), also termed electroporation, is a physical method to overcome the barrier of the cell membrane by applying short and intense electric pulses. It is the basis f… |
| Reversible | Neumann et al · Biophys J | 1998 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | The color change of electroporated intact immunoglobulin G receptor (Fc gammaR-) mouse B cells (line IIA1.6) after direct electroporative transfer of the dye SERVA blue G (Mr 854) into the c… |
| Reversible | Čemazar et al · Anticancer Drugs | 1998 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Electrochemotherapy using intratumoral cisplatin administration was tested on EAT tumors in mice. Mice were treated with eight electric pulses (100 micros, 1 Hz, 1040 V) and/or cisplatin (1,… |
| Reversible | Čemažar et al · Jpn J Cancer Res | 1998 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) involves the use of locally applied electric pulses to increase delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs into cells in tissues. ECT with bleomycin (BLM) is a very effecti… |
| Reversible | Šemrov et al · Comput Biol Med | 1998 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electrochemotherapy is a novel approach in chemotherapeutic drug delivery into tumours. Short intense direct current electric pulses are applied to tumour tissue causing electropermeabilisat… |
| Reversible | Miklavčič et al · Biophys J | 1998 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | Cells exposed to short and intense electric pulses become permeable to a number of various ionic molecules. This phenomenon was termed electroporation or electropermeabilization and is widel… |
| Reversible | Serša et al · Cancer Lett | 1997 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | With the aim to increase anti-tumor effectiveness of electrochemotherapy, adjuvant immunotherapy with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was tested on tumors in mice. Increased anti-tum… |
| Reversible | Serša et al · Magn Reson Med | 1997 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change, Electrode Geometry and Placement | The use of electric current density imaging (CDI) to map spatial distribution of electric currents through tumors is presented. Specifically, a method previously tested on phantoms was imple… |
| Reversible | Gilbert et al · Biochim Biophys Acta | 1997 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Electrode Geometry and Placement | Direct current pulses for electrochemotherapy treatment are typically administered using two parallel plate electrodes that are placed on either side of the tumor. This simple design has pro… |
| Reversible | Jaroszeski et al · Melanoma Res | 1996 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | – | Electrochemotherapy has been demonstrated to be an effective treatment for cutaneous cancers. The treatment includes administering a chemotherapeutic agent followed by electric pulses which … |
| Reversible | Serša et al · Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics | 1996 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Transmembrane Potential Change, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Electrochemotherapy is a new and promising approach in treatment of tumors employing locally applied high voltage d.c. electric pulses in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs. Increased p… |
| Reversible | Sersa et al · Anticancer Drugs | 1996 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy is an antitumor treatment that utilizes locally delivered electric pulses to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic drugs in cells and tissues. Electric pulses pe… |
| Reversible | Sersa et al · Cancer Res | 1995 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | One of the ways to increase drug delivery into cells and tissues is by a local application of short, intense electric pulses, i.e., electropermeabilization. This approach is used in electroc… |
| Reversible | Serša et al · Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics | 1994 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Electrochemotherapy is a new approach in the treatment of tumors that takes advantage of the permeabilization of the cell membrane by electric pulses to facilitate the delivery of chemothera… |
| Reversible | M Belehradek, C Domenge, B Luboinski, S Orlowski, J Belehradek, L Mir · Cancer | 1993 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy is a new antitumor treatment consisting of electrical pulses administered to the tumor several minutes after intravenous injection of bleomycin. In mice, important antitu… |
| Reversible | Serša et al · Cancer Lett | 1993 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Electrotherapy was investigated for its ability to increase the responsiveness of murine tumors to bleomycin treatment. Mice bearing fibrosarcoma were treated with 250 micrograms bleomycin a… |
| Reversible | Mir et al · Eur J Cancer | 1991 | Animal Study | Animal (In Vivo) | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | In cell culture the cytotoxicity of some anticancer drugs, especially bleomycin, can be greatly enhanced by exposing cells to non-cytotoxic electric pulses. Nude or conventional mice bearing… |
| Reversible | Alkis et al · Bioorg Chem | 2026 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | A novel niraparib-derived Schiff base (Sb) ligand and its Pd(II) and Fe(II) complexes were synthesized and comprehensively characterized using elemental and thermal analyses, 1 H, 13 C NMR, … |
| Reversible | Giovannini et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2026 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Electroporation is a promising technique for enhancing the delivery of therapeutic agents by transiently increasing cell membrane permeability through high-amplitude (from hundreds of V/cm t… |
| Reversible | Gürsoy et al · Cukurova Med J | 2026 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Apoptosis Induction | Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of calcium electroporation on cell viability, energy metabolism, and cell survival signaling pathways in the colon cancer cell line DLD-1.Ma… |
| Reversible | Inglot et al · Chemistry | 2026 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive therapeutic modality that combines a photosensitizer, light of an appropriate wavelength, and molecular oxygen to generate cytotoxic reacti… |
| Reversible | Neville et al · Radiol Oncol | 2026 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Reversible electroporation involves the use of pulsed electric fields to temporarily disrupt and permeabilise cell membranes. Electroporation combined with chemotherapy - electro… |
| Reversible | Xia et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2026 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Thermal Effect and Joule Heating, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Microneedle electroporation holds promise for enhancing dermal gene and drug delivery, yet the biophysical consequences of millisecond exponential-decay pulses remain incompletely characteri… |
| Reversible | Zhou et al · Bio-des. Manuf. | 2026 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Reversible electroporation (RE) involves applying pulsed electric fields to briefly disrupt cell membrane channels, allowing molecular transfer while preserving cell viability. Advances in R… |
| Irreversible | Batista Napotnik et al · Sci Rep | 2026 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Disruption of Calcium Homeostasis | In recent years, irreversible electroporation has been increasingly used to treat cardiac arrhythmias, an approach termed pulsed field ablation. The mechanisms of how electroporation affects… |
| Irreversible | Guo et al · Current Opinion in Electrochemistry | 2026 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | of operating conditions for selected tumor inhibition techniques. Techniques Electrochemical therapy [2,10] Irreversible electroporation (IRE) [1,11] Electroporation and electrolysis [2] Mec… |
| Irreversible | Han et al · Biomater Res | 2026 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) remodels the tumor microenvironment to enhance biomaterial and nanoparticle (NP) delivery and immune activation, making combinational IRE-nanomedicine a pr… |
| Irreversible | Liu et al · iRADIOLOGY | 2026 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is an emerging tumor ablation technique that induces permanent damage to cellular membranes through the application of high‐intensity short‐duration electr… |
| Reversible | Plešnik et al · J Pharm Biomed Anal | 2025 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Bleomycin, a cytotoxic antibiotic, poses substantial challenges for mass spectrometry-based analysis due to its extreme polarity, chelating properties, heterogeneity of fractions, and propen… |
| Reversible | Yetişsin et al · Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi | 2025 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | – | The aim of the current study was to determine the phenolic substances in the stem of Asparagus officinalis L, leaves of Arum elongatum Steven and Urtica dioica L. plants collected from diffe… |
| Irreversible | Wang et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2025 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Apoptosis Induction, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress | Sirtuin proteins have key roles in cancer progression and metastases. However, their role in bioelectrical modulation via high-frequency irreversible electroporation (H-FIRE) remains poorly … |
| Reversible | Choromańska et al · Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj | 2024 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Although the pulse electric field (PEF) has been used in electrochemotherapy (ECT) for many years, the kinetics and profile of extracellular particles (EPs) released as a result of reversibl… |
| Reversible | Coskun et al · Bioelectricity | 2024 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) involves locally applying electrical pulses to permeabilize cell membranes, using electroporation (EP). This process enhances the uptake of low-permeant chemotherap… |
| Reversible | Lisec · Cell Commun Signal | 2024 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Disruption of Calcium Homeostasis | Background: Disruption of Ca 2+ homeostasis after calcium electroporation (CaEP) in tumors has been shown to elicit an enhanced antitumor effect with varying impacts on healthy tissue, such … |
| Reversible | Lopes et al · Med Eng Phys | 2024 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Electrode Geometry and Placement, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Electrochemotherapy is a cancer treatment in which local pulsed electric fields are delivered through electrodes. The effectiveness of the treatment depends on exposing the tumor to a thresh… |
| Reversible | Mondal et al · J Membr Biol | 2024 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Drug delivery through electroporation could be highly beneficial for the treatment of different types of diseased tissues within the human body. In this work, a mathematical model of reversi… |
| Reversible | Radzevičiūtė-Valčiukė et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2024 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Calcium electroporation is a modality of electrochemotherapy (ECT), which is based on intracellular electric field-mediated delivery of cytotoxic doses of calcium into the cells resulting in… |
| Reversible | Zamuner et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2024 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Preservation of Extracellular Matrix and Tissue Scaffold, Transmembrane Potential Change | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) with bleomycin is an effective antitumor treatment. Still, researchers are investigating new drugs and electroporation conditions to improve its efficacy. To this a… |
| Irreversible | Lv et al · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng | 2024 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Unlabelled: The H-FIRE (high-frequency irreversible electroporation) protocol employs high-frequency bipolar pulses (HFBPs) with a width of ∼1 µs for tumor ablation with slight muscle contra… |
| Reversible | Kranjc et al · Int J Mol Sci | 2023 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD), Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | High-Intensity Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (HI-PEMF) treatment is an emerging noninvasive and contactless alternative to conventional electroporation, since the electric field inside the t… |
| Reversible | Lin et al · Talanta | 2023 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Preservation of Extracellular Matrix and Tissue Scaffold | Cell density is important for tumour metastasis, treatment and prognosis. Characterizing changes in cell density for electrochemotherapy (ECT) can reveal sub-populations in pathological stat… |
| Reversible | Rembiałkowska et al · Int J Pharm | 2023 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Drug delivery using nanosecond pulsed electric fields is a new branch of electroporation-based treatments, which potentially can substitute European standard operating procedures for electro… |
| Reversible | Rembiałkowska et al · Int J Pharm | 2023 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) involves combining anticancer drugs with electroporation, which is induced by pulsed electric fields (PEFs), while the effects vary in effectiveness based on the sp… |
| Reversible | Komel et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2023 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Fluorescent reporter genes are widely used to study the transfection of various types of primary cells and cell lines. The aim of our research was to investigate the expression dynamics of G… |
| Reversible | Polajžer et al · Vaccines (Basel) | 2023 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD), Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Traditionally, electroporation-based therapies such as electrochemotherapy (ECT), gene electrotransfer (GET) and irreversible electroporation (IRE) are performed with different but typical p… |
| Reversible | de Caro et al · Pharmaceutics | 2023 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electroporation, a method relying on a pulsed electric field to induce transient cell membrane permeabilization, can be used as a non-viral method to transfer genes in vitro and in vivo. Suc… |
| Reversible | Vélez Salazar et al · Biophys J | 2023 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Vascular Lock Effect | The convective delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs in cancerous tissues is directly proportional to the blood perfusion rate, which in turns can be transiently reduced by the application of h… |
| Reversible | Andrade et al · Sci Rep | 2022 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Electrode Geometry and Placement | Electrochemotherapy is a selective electrical-based cancer treatment. A thriving treatment depends on the local electric field generated by pairs of electrodes. Electrode damage as deflectio… |
| Reversible | Gursoy et al · Med Oncol | 2022 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Low-dose chemotherapy in advanced stages of cancer does not give a positive response in treatment. The use of high-dose antineoplastic drugs creates significant side effects. The limiting si… |
| Reversible | Lv et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2022 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electroporation achieved by the application of pulsed electric field is successfully used for clinical tumor ablation. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) and irreversible electroporation (IRE), which… |
| Reversible | Watanabe et al · Sensors (Basel) | 2022 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | Membrane permeabilization stimulated by high-voltage electric pulses has been used to deliver cell-impermeable exogenous molecules. The electric field effect on the cells depends on various … |
| Irreversible | Petrella et al · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng | 2022 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Expanding the volume of an irreversible electroporation treatment typically necessitates an increase in pulse voltage, number, duration, or repetition. This study investigates the addition o… |
| Reversible | Alkış et al · Journal of Molecular Structure | 2021 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | – | In this study, a new Schiff base ligand and its two M(II) complexes [CoCl·L(H2 O)2 ]·2H2 O, [RuCl(pcymene)L] were synthesized. The structural features were confirmed from their micro analytic… |
| Reversible | Lira et al · Adv Sci (Weinh) | 2021 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Resealing of membrane pores is crucial for cell survival. Membrane surface charge and medium composition are studied as defining regulators of membrane stability. Pores are generated by elec… |
| Reversible | Lopes et al · Med Eng Phys | 2021 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) requires covering the entire tumor and safe margins with a suitable pulsed electric field (PEF). The PEF distribution depends on the biological and electrical param… |
| Reversible | Yadegari-Dehkordi et al · Cell J | 2021 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objective: The cell membrane is a major barrier for delivery of hydrophilic drugs and molecules into the cells. Although low voltage and high frequency electric fields (LVHF) are proposed to… |
| Irreversible | Alinezhadbalalami et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2021 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Expansion of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is a crucial step in almost all cancer immunotherapeutic methods. Current techniques for expansion of tumor-reactive CTLs present major limitation… |
| Irreversible | Hanson et al · Sci Rep | 2021 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is used clinically as a focal therapy to ablate solid tumors. A critical disadvantage of IRE as a monotherapy for cancer is the inability of ablating large… |
| Reversible | Fiorentzis et al · J Vis Exp | 2020 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is the combination of transient pore formation following electric pulse application with the administration of cytotoxic drugs, which enhances the cytotoxic effect … |
| Reversible | Rems et al · Biophys J | 2020 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Transmembrane Potential Change | Pulsed electric fields are increasingly used in medicine to transiently increase the cell membrane permeability via electroporation to deliver therapeutic molecules into the cell. One type o… |
| Reversible | Sözer et al · Biophys J | 2020 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | – | Although transport of molecules into cells via electroporation is a common biomedical procedure, its protocols are often based on trial and error. Despite a long history of theoretical effor… |
| Reversible | Wolff et al · Cancers (Basel) | 2020 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | New approaches in oncotherapy rely on the combination of different treatments to enhance the efficacy of established monotherapies. Pulsed electric fields (PEFs) are an established method (e… |
| Reversible | Youssef et al · Mathematics | 2020 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Thermal Effect and Joule Heating | The essential target of the tumor’s treatment is how to destroy its tissues. This work is dealing with the thermal damage of the tumor tissue due to the thermoelectrical effect based on the … |
| Irreversible | Lv et al · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng | 2020 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Unlabelled: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) employs brief, high-electric field pulses to ablate tumors while preserving the extracellular matrix. Recently, we showed that combining short … |
| Reversible | Brun et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2019 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Preservation of Extracellular Matrix and Tissue Scaffold | Electroporation of cells is usually studied using cell suspensions or monolayer cultures. 3D scaffolds for cell culture have been recently designed in order to reproduce in vitro the complex… |
| Reversible | DRĄG-ZALESIŃSKA et al · Anticancer Res | 2019 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Apoptosis Induction | Background/aim: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) originates from neuroendocrine branchial cells (15-20%). It is regarded as distinct from other lung cancers due to its biological and clinical f… |
| Reversible | Mączyńska et al · Oncol Rep | 2019 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Betulinic acid (BTA) is naturally occurring triterpene that has received interest as a novel therapeutic substance with cytotoxicity towards a number of cancer cell lines. Despite the wide s… |
| Irreversible | Ren et al · Int J Hyperthermia | 2019 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Introduction: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) combined with a catheter-based electrode during endoscopy is a potential alternative treatment method for digestive tract tumors. The aim of … |
| Irreversible | Yang et al · PLoS One | 2018 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Purpose: The aim of this study was to develop a statistical model for cell death by irreversible electroporation (IRE) and to show that the statistic model is more accurate than the electric… |
| Reversible | Bonakdar et al · RSC Adv | 2017 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Pulsed electric fields interact with the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and have been shown to increase the BBB permeability under some pulsing regimes. Pulsed electric fields may enhance drug de… |
| Reversible | Hanna et al · Stem Cell Res Ther | 2017 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Background: Human mesenchymal stem cells are promising tools for regenerative medicine due to their ability to differentiate into many cellular types such as osteocytes, chondrocytes and adi… |
| Irreversible | Labarbera et al · Theor Biol Med Model | 2017 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Background: One recent area of cancer research is irreversible electroporation (IRE). Irreversible electroporation is a minimally invasive procedure where needle electrodes are inserted into… |
| Reversible | DiGiusto et al · Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev | 2016 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | – | Gene therapy for HIV-1 infection is a promising alternative to lifelong combination antiviral drug treatment. Chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) is the coreceptor required for R5-tropic HIV-1 infec… |
| Reversible | Esmekaya et al · J Membr Biol | 2016 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Electrochemotherapy is the usage of electroporation to introduce chemotherapeutic drugs through membrane pores into target cells for cancer treatment. The effectiveness of chemotherapeutic d… |
| Reversible | Frandsen et al · J Membr Biol | 2016 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electroporation-based treatments and other therapies that permeabilize the plasma membrane have been shown to be more devastating to malignant cells than to normal cells. In this study, we a… |
| Reversible | Lesueur et al · Mol Ther Nucleic Acids | 2016 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Gene electrotransfer is a safe and efficient nonviral technique for the transfer of nucleic acids of all sizes. Using a small reporter plasmid (3.5 kbp), electrotransfer of more than 90% of … |
| Reversible | Denzi et al · J Membr Biol | 2016 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Over the past decades, the effects of ultrashort-pulsed electric fields have been used to investigate their action in many medical applications (e.g. cancer, gene electrotransfer, drug deliv… |
| Reversible | Landström et al · Anticancer Res | 2015 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Aim: Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a new cancer treatment modality that uses electroporation to potentiate chemotherapeutic agents, especially bleomycin. ECT causes both a direct toxic effect… |
| Reversible | Madi et al · J Membr Biol | 2015 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | DNA electrotransfer is a successful technic for gene delivery. However, its use in clinical applications is limited since little is known about the mechanisms governing DNA electrotransfer i… |
| Reversible | Zielichowska et al · Biomed Pharmacother | 2015 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Introduction: Electroporation (EP) is commonly applied for effective drug transport thorough cell membranes based on the application of electromagnetic field. When applied with cytostatics, … |
| Reversible | Garcia et al · PLoS One | 2014 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electroporation-based therapies are powerful biotechnological tools for enhancing the delivery of exogeneous agents or killing tissue with pulsed electric fields (PEFs). Electrochemotherapy … |
| Reversible | Lekner · Phys Med Biol | 2014 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Electroporation in cancer therapy in which elongated micron-sized conductors are used to enhance an externally applied electric field is investigated. Such field enhancement was previously u… |
| Reversible | Meulenberg et al · Toxicol In Vitro | 2014 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | The aim of this study was to develop an in vitro cell model for studying the in vivo observed vascular effect, induced by exposing blood vessels to changing electric field strengths. Human m… |
| Reversible | Reigada · Biochim Biophys Acta | 2014 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Electroporation is the basis for the transfection of genetic material and for drug delivery to cells, including electrochemotherapy for cancer. By means of molecular dynamics many aspects of… |
| Reversible | Guo et al · Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev | 2014 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | The impact of nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) on gene electrotransfer has not been clearly demonstrated in previous studies. This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of … |
| Irreversible | Colacino et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2014 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Cellulose nanocrystals are rod-shaped, crystalline nanoparticles that have shown prom-ise in a number of industrial applications for their unique chemical and physical properties. However, i… |
| Irreversible | Jourabchi et al · Gastrointestinal Intervention | 2014 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a promising new minimally invasive modality for the ablation of solid tumors. Unlike the current leading thermal ablation modalities, such as radiofrequ… |
| Reversible | Bagheri et al · J Biomed Phys Eng | 2013 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Antivascular Effect and Vessel Disruption | Unlabelled: Propose: Standard electroporation and electrochemotherapy caused the endothelial cell permeability and reduction in tumor blood flow. The effects of low voltage and high frequenc… |
| Reversible | Beebe et al · Cells | 2013 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF), Apoptosis Induction | Pulse power technology using nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) offers a new stimulus to modulate cell functions or induce cell death for cancer cell ablation. New data and a literat… |
| Reversible | Gibot et al · J Control Release | 2013 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a physical technique that allows cytotoxic molecules to be efficiently released in tumor cells by inducing transient cell plasma membrane permeabilization. The m… |
| Reversible | Mansourian et al · Electromagn Biol Med | 2013 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters, Apoptosis Induction | Nowadays, due to the wide use of mobile phones, extensive studies have been carried out on the effects of magnetic field (MF) on public health. In this paper, we study the effect of 217 Hz M… |
| Irreversible | Xiao et al · Bioelectromagnetics | 2013 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Apoptosis Induction | The goal of this study was to assess the effect of nanosecond electric pulses on HepG2 human liver cancer cells. Electric pulses with a high strength of 10 kV/cm, duration of 500 ns and freq… |
| Reversible | Escoffre et al · curr pharm des | 2012 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Treatment of recurrent or unresectable cutaneous and subcutaneaous tumors continues to be a major therapeutic challenge. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a palliative treatment of cutaneous and … |
| Reversible | Ghiasi et al · Int J Biomed Sci | 2012 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electrode Geometry and Placement | The Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is an effective treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous solid tumors. Electric field is applied to tumor nodules to enhance the delivery/distribution of a non-p… |
| Reversible | Ren et al · Biochem Biophys Res Commun | 2012 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Apoptosis Induction, Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF) | NsPEF ablation induces apoptosis markers, but specific cell death pathways have not been fully defined. To identify nsPEF-activated cell death pathways, wildtype human Jurkat cells and clone… |
| Reversible | Towhidi et al · Radiol Oncol | 2012 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Background: The cell membrane acts as a barrier that hinders free entrance of most hydrophilic molecules into the cell. Due to numerous applications in medicine, biology and biotechnology, t… |
| Irreversible | Xiong et al · J Cancer Res Ther | 2012 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Apoptosis Induction, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Background: High-voltage electric field pulses can make cell membrane electroporated irreversibly and eliminate malignant cells via necrosis. However, low-voltage is not efficient as that. A… |
| Reversible | Pakhomova · PLoS One | 2011 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Electroporation is a method of disrupting the integrity of cell membrane by electric pulses (EPs). Electrical modeling is widely employed to explain and study electroporation, bu… |
| Reversible | Skolucka et al · Asian Pac J Trop Biomed | 2011 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress | Objective: To estimate electroporation (EP) influence on malignant and normal cells. Methods: Two cell lines including human malignant melanoma (Me-45) and normal human gingival fibroblast (… |
| Reversible | Stacey et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2011 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF) | We investigated the effects of nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEF) on three human cell lines and demonstrated cell shrinkage, breakdown of the cytoskeleton, nuclear membrane and chromo… |
| Irreversible | Golberg et al · Biomed Eng Online | 2010 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a minimally invasive tissue ablation technique which utilizes electric pulses delivered by electrodes to a targeted area of tissue to produc… |
| Reversible | Choi et al · Anal Chem | 2009 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | A microfabricated cell-based testing device for electrochemotherapy (ECT) has been developed; it mimics a clinical electroporator with a circular needle array and maintains a similar electri… |
| Reversible | Hu et al · Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys | 2009 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Transmembrane Potential Change, Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Self-consistent evaluations of both the transmembrane potential (TMP) and possible electroporation density across membrane of spheroidal cells in response to ultrashort, high-intensity pulse… |
| Irreversible | Shafiee et al · J Biomech Eng | 2009 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Thermal Effect and Joule Heating | Intense but short electrical fields can increase the permeability of the cell membrane in a process referred to as electroporation. Reversible electroporation has become an important tool in… |
| Reversible | Böckmann et al · Biophys J | 2008 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Membrane electroporation is the method to directly transfer bioactive substances such as drugs and genes into living cells, as well as preceding electrofusion. Although much information on t… |
| Reversible | He et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2008 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | This paper presents a novel method to measure the dynamic process of membrane permeability during electroporation (EP) on microchips for human cancer cells. Micro EP chips with three-dimensi… |
| Reversible | Kandušer et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2008 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Cell membrane permeabilization is caused by the application of high intensity electric pulses of short duration. The extent of cell membrane permeabilization depends on electric pulse parame… |
| Reversible | Choi et al · Biomed Microdevices | 2008 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | A microfabricated cell-based testing device for electrochemotherapy (ECT) has been developed by miniaturizing the widely used clinical electroporator with a two-needle array into two-dimensi… |
| Reversible | Pliquett et al · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng | 2007 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Electrical creation of aqueous pathways across the skin's outer layer [stratum corneum (SC)] provides an approach to transdermal delivery of medium-size water-soluble compounds. However, ner… |
| Reversible | Xu et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2007 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | – | In this paper, it was reported for the first time that the combination of the electroporation and the conjugation of the TiO(2) nanoparticles with the monoclonal antibody could improve the p… |
| Reversible | Čorović et al · Biomed Eng Online | 2007 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Background: Electrochemotherapy and gene electrotransfer are novel promising treatments employing locally applied high electric pulses to introduce chemotherapeutic drugs into tumor cells or… |
| Reversible | Reberšek et al · Biomed Eng Online | 2007 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Gene electrotransfer is a non-viral method used to transfer genes into living cells by means of high-voltage electric pulses. An exposure of a cell to an adequate amplitude and d… |
| Reversible | Kanthou et al · Mol Cancer Ther | 2006 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Antivascular Effect and Vessel Disruption | Electroporation-based therapies, such as electrochemotherapy and electrogene therapy, result in the disruption of blood vessel networks in vivo and cause changes in blood flow and vascular p… |
| Reversible | Miklavcic et al · European Journal of Cancer Supplements | 2006 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | – | ctric field for effective electrochemotherapy Damijan Miklavcic*, Selma Corovic, Gorazd Pucihar, Natasa Pavselj Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, SI-1… |
| Irreversible | Miller et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2005 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | In this study we perform in vitro irreversible electroporation (IRE) experiments with human hepatocarcinoma cells (HepG2) to investigate IRE as a new technique for undesirable tissue ablatio… |
| Reversible | Pavlin et al · Biophys J | 2003 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | During the electroporation cell membrane undergoes structural changes, which increase the membrane conductivity and consequently lead to a change in effective conductivity of a cell suspensi… |
| Reversible | Jaroszeski et al · Anticancer Drugs | 2000 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Electroporation is a physical event that temporarily reduces cell membrane barrier properties. Diminished membrane barrier properties are achieved by exposing cells to pulsed electric fields… |
| Reversible | Jaroszeski et al · Adv Drug Deliv Rev | 1997 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | The combined treatment consisting of a chemotherapeutic agent and pulsed electric fields has been termed electrochemotherapy. This relatively new treatment modality relies on the physical ef… |
| Reversible | Sharma et al · Biophys J | 1996 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | Transmembrane Potential Change | The effect of a nontoxic, nonionic block co-polymeric surface active agent, poloxamer 188, on electroporation of artificial lipid membranes made of azolectin, was investigated. Two different… |
| Reversible | Mir et al · Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics | 1995 | In Vitro Study | Cell Culture | – | Short and intense electric pulses (EP) are regularly used in almost all molecular and cellular biology laboratories to introduce foreign DNA, as well as other exogeneous molecules, into livi… |
| Reversible | Borbála Fülöp et al · J Theor Biol | 2026 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | Electroporation-based therapies such as electrochemotherapy (ECT) hold a great promise for improving cancer treatments. While highly effective for superficial tumours, its application for de… |
| Reversible | Sherif et al · Sci Rep | 2026 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | This study presents a comprehensive computational and experimental investigation of the integrated dielectrophoresis (DEP) and electroporation framework for the selective manipulation and co… |
| Reversible | Vélez Salazar et al · Front Bioinform | 2026 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability, Vascular Lock Effect | Drug administration via the bloodstream involves some transport and reaction mechanisms ( R T M s ), such as extravasation, perfusion along blood vessels, transmembrane and interstitial tran… |
| Reversible | Bernardini et al · COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering | 2026 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Purpose This study aims to present a numerical model to predict the electric field distribution in the presence of conductive or dielectric nanoparticles close to the cell membrane during el… |
| Irreversible | Chen et al · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng | 2026 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Objective: Asymmetric pulse waveforms represent an optimized treatment protocol for high-frequency irreversible electroporation (H-FIRE), offering a lower ablation threshold compared to symm… |
| Irreversible | Cheng et al · Ann Biomed Eng | 2026 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a minimally invasive, non-thermal, and cell-selective technique. When combined with the noninvasive nature of contact electrodes, they hold great promis… |
| Reversible | Skorupska et al · Biosens Bioelectron | 2025 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | We describe a novel lab-on-a-chip microsystem for cells electroporation, which can be used in studies comparing the effectiveness of two anti-cancer procedures. Our device in which we can si… |
| Reversible | Vélez · PLoS One | 2025 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Using in-house computational tools, this work focuses on investigating how the combination of the electric field magnitude (E), bloodstream velocity (λinl) and pharmaco-kinetic profile (PK) … |
| Irreversible | Matkulcik et al · Int J Hyperthermia | 2025 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Background: Intraluminal irreversible electroporation (IRE) can be used for recanalizing occluded metal stents. However, optimal IRE parameters for consistent effects across different stent … |
| Reversible | Jacobs IV et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2024 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Thermal Effect and Joule Heating, Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion | The relationships between burst number, reversible, irreversible, and calcium electroporation have not been comprehensively evaluated in tumor tissue-mimics. Our findings indicate that elect… |
| Reversible | He · Gels | 2024 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | – | Silicone gel, used in the packaging of high-voltage, high-power semiconductor devices, generates bubbles during the packaging process, which accelerates the degradation of its insulation pro… |
| Irreversible | Fesmire et al · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng | 2024 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Objective: This study sought to investigate a novel strategy using temperature-controlled delivery of nanosecond pulsed electric fields as an alternative to the 50-100 microsecond pulses use… |
| Irreversible | González-Suárez et al · Biomed Eng Lett | 2024 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Purpose: Pulsed electrical field (PEF) ablation is an energy-based technique used to treat a range of cancers by irreversible electroporation (IRE). Our objective was to use computational an… |
| Reversible | Kumar et al · Micromachines (Basel) | 2023 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Transmembrane Potential Change, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | This paper creates an approximate three-dimensional model for normal and cancerous cervical cells using image processing and computer-aided design (CAD) tools. The model is then exposed to l… |
| Reversible | Perera-Bel et al · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng | 2023 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Unlabelled: Tissue electroporation is the basis of several therapies. Electroporation is performed by briefly exposing tissues to high electric fields. It is generally accepted that electrop… |
| Irreversible | Lakshmi Narasimhan et al · Med Phys | 2023 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Background: Electroporation-based cancer treatments are minimally invasive, nonthermal interventional techniques that leverage cell permeabilization to ablate the target tumor. However, the … |
| Reversible | Vélez Salazar et al · Computers & Mathematics with Applications | 2022 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | Electroporation has become an important technique in cancer treatment to induce the drug internalization into cells by applying controlled electric pulses. In the present work, the simulatio… |
| Irreversible | Khorasani · Electromagn Biol Med | 2022 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | The primary purpose of cancer treatment with irreversible electroporation (IRE) is to maximize tumor damage and minimize surrounding healthy tissue damage. Finite element analysis is one of … |
| Reversible | Marino et al · Sci Rep | 2021 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Electroporation (EP), the increase of cell membrane permeability due to the application of electric pulses, is a universal phenomenon with a broad range of applications. In medicine, some of… |
| Reversible | Navickaite et al · Pharmaceutics | 2020 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Transmembrane Potential Change | Electroporation-a transient electric-field-induced increase in cell membrane permeability-can be used to facilitate the delivery of anticancer drugs for antitumour electrochemotherapy. In re… |
| Irreversible | Hogenes et al · Sci Rep | 2020 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | The final ablation zone created with irreversible electroporation (IRE) depends on the size, shape and strength of the electric field that is influenced by several parameters. A profound und… |
| Irreversible | Gallinato et al · Phys Med Biol | 2019 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The paper provides a numerical workflow, based on the 'real-life' clinical workflow of irreversible electroporation (IRE) performed for the treatment of deep-seated liver tumors. Thanks to a… |
| Reversible | Soba et al · Mathematics and Computers in Simulation | 2018 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Electrode Geometry and Placement, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | The Electrochemical treatment can be used for local control of solid tumors in both preclinical and clinical studies. In this paper, an integrated analysis of the spatial distributions of th… |
| Irreversible | Zhao et al · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng | 2018 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | Unlabelled: For irreversible-electroporation (IRE)-based therapies, the underlying electric field distribution in the target tissue is influenced by the electroporation-induced conductivity … |
| Irreversible | Murovec et al · Biophys J | 2016 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Many approaches for studying the transmembrane potential (TMP) induced during the treatment of biological cells with pulsed electric fields have been reported. From the simple analytical mod… |
| Reversible | Bhonsle et al · Biomed Eng Online | 2015 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Background: For electroporation-based therapies, accurate modeling of the electric field distribution within the target tissue is important for predicting the treatment volume. In response t… |
| Irreversible | Bonakdar et al · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng | 2015 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | Significance: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is gaining popularity as a focal ablation modality for the treatment of unresectable tumors. One clinical limitation of IRE is the absence of… |
| Irreversible | Kurata et al · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer | 2014 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Thermal Effect and Joule Heating | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel method to ablate abnormal cells by applying a high voltage between the electrodes punctured in abnormal tissues. The cell membrane exposed to th… |
| Irreversible | Nickfarjam et al · Int J Hyperthermia | 2014 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Purpose: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a new tumour ablation method used in cancer treatment procedures. In a successful IRE treatment it is crucial to impose minimum thermal damage … |
| Irreversible | Phillips · J Biomech Eng | 2014 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Nonthermal irreversible electroporation (NTIRE) is an ablation modality that utilizes microsecond electric fields to produce nanoscale defects in the cell membrane. This results in selective… |
| Reversible | Ritter et al · Biomed Tech (Berl) | 2013 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | – | Article Fem-Driven Parameter Optimization of an Electrochemotherapy Catheter Prototype was published on September 7, 2013 in the journal Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik (vol… |
| Reversible | Corovic et al · Biomed Eng Online | 2013 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | Background: Electroporation based therapies and treatments (e.g. electrochemotherapy, gene electrotransfer for gene therapy and DNA vaccination, tissue ablation with irreversible electropora… |
| Irreversible | Long · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2013 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has been shown to be an effective method of killing cells locally. In contrast to radiofrequency ablation, the mechanism by which cells are thought to die … |
| Reversible | Mahnič-Kalamiza et al · BMC Med Educ | 2012 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Background: Electrochemotherapy is a local treatment that utilizes electric pulses in order to achieve local increase in cytotoxicity of some anticancer drugs. The success of this treatment … |
| Reversible | Golberg et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2012 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Muscle Contraction and Anaesthesia Requirement, Electrode Geometry and Placement | The electric field threshold for muscle contraction is two orders of magnitudes lower than that for electroporation. Current electroporation treatment planning and electrode design studies f… |
| Reversible | Pavliha et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2012 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Electrochemotherapy uses electroporation for enhancing chemotherapy. Electrochemotherapy can be performed using standard operating procedures with predefined electrode geometries, or using p… |
| Reversible | Zupanic et al · Phys Med Biol | 2012 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | In recent years, cancer electrochemotherapy (ECT), gene electrotransfer for gene therapy and DNA vaccination (GET) and tissue ablation with irreversible electroporation (IRE) have all entere… |
| Irreversible | Neal et al · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng | 2012 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | Irreversible electroporation is a new technique to kill cells in targeted tissue, such as tumors, through a nonthermal mechanism using electric pulses to irrecoverably disrupt the cell membr… |
| Reversible | Daniels et al · PLoS One | 2011 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | This study explores the hypothesis that combining the minimally invasive surgical techniques of cryosurgery and pulsed electric fields will eliminate some of the major disadvantages of these… |
| Reversible | Mahmood et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2011 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Electrode Geometry and Placement | Current technology has limited applicability for electroporation based treatment of deep-seated tumors, and is in general, not optimized in terms of compliance with clinically relevant param… |
| Reversible | Čorović et al · Med Biol Eng Comput | 2010 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | The aim of this study was to theoretically and experimentally investigate electroporation of mouse tibialis cranialis and to determine the reversible electroporation threshold values needed … |
| Reversible | Zupanic et al · Biomed Eng Online | 2010 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Background: Electroporation-based gene therapy and DNA vaccination are promising medical applications that depend on transfer of pDNA into target tissues with use of electric pulses. Gene el… |
| Reversible | Kos et al · J Membr Biol | 2010 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change | Treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors with electrochemotherapy has become a regular clinical method, while treatment of deep-seated tumors is still at an early stage of development.… |
| Reversible | Miklavcic et al · Radiol Oncol | 2010 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Background: In order to reduce the side-effects of chemotherapy, combined chemotherapy-electroporation (electrochemotherapy) has been suggested. Electroporation, application of appropriate e… |
| Irreversible | Maor et al · J Biomech Eng | 2010 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Thermal Effect and Joule Heating, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Tissue ablation finds an increasing use in modern medicine. Nonthermal irreversible electroporation (NTIRE) is a biophysical phenomenon and an emerging novel tissue ablation modality, in whi… |
| Reversible | Lackovic et al · IEEE Trans. Dielect. Electr. Insul. | 2009 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Electrochemotherapy and electrogene therapy are new methods in molecular medicine based on electroporation-mediated introduction of foreign molecules (chemotherapeutic drugs, DNA) into targe… |
| Reversible | Granot et al · Int J Heat Mass Transf | 2008 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | Reversible electroporation is the temporary permeabilization of the cell membrane through the formation of nano-scale pores that are transient defects in the membrane. These pores are caused… |
| Reversible | Županič et al · Radiology and Oncology | 2008 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Electrode Geometry and Placement, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Optimization of electrode position and electric pulse amplitude in electrochemotherapyBackground. In addition to the chemotherapeutic drug being present within the tumor during electric puls… |
| Reversible | Corovic et al · IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. | 2008 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Electric Field Distribution and Modelling, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is an effective antitumor treatment employing locally applied high-voltage electric pulses in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs. For successful ECT, the entir… |
| Reversible | Sel et al · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng | 2007 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | In electrochemotherapy (ECT) electropermeabilization, parameters (pulse amplitude, electrode setup) need to be customized in order to expose the whole tumor to electric field intensities abo… |
| Reversible | Pavšelj et al · Ann Biomed Eng | 2007 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | As an alternative to viral methods that are controversial because of their safety issues, chemical and physical methods have been developed to enhance gene expression in tissues. Reversible … |
| Irreversible | Edd et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2007 | In Silico / Modelling | Computational Model | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Irreversible Electroporation (IRE) is a new drug-free method to ablate undesirable tissue of particular use in cancer therapy. IRE achieves cell death within the targeted tissue through a se… |
| Reversible | Bougandoura et al · Bioelectricity | 2024 | Technical / Device Study | – | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Transmembrane Potential Change | Cancer remains a global health challenge, necessitating effective treatments with fewer side effects. Traditional methods such as chemotherapy and surgery often have complications. Pulsed el… |
| Reversible | Lorenzo et al · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng | 2021 | Technical / Device Study | – | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change, Thermal Effect and Joule Heating | Objective: Electroporation-based therapies (EBTs) employ high voltage pulsed electric fields (PEFs) to permeabilize tumor tissue; this results in changes in electrical properties detectable … |
| Reversible | Ritter et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2018 | Technical / Device Study | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Irreversible electroporation and electrochemotherapy are 2 innovative electroporation-based minimally invasive therapies for the treatment of cancer. Combining nonthermal effects of irrevers… |
| Irreversible | van den Bos et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2016 | Technical / Device Study | – | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Electrode Geometry and Placement | Purpose: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) uses high-voltage electric fields to achieve cell death. Although the mechanism of IRE is mainly designated as nonthermal, development of secondar… |
| Reversible | Tomov et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2000 | Technical / Device Study | – | Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | The electrodes used for electroporation, electrofusion, and electrotransfection, as well as in electrochemotherapy should not interact with the object and release electrolysis products. We s… |
| Reversible | Brandisky et al · Bioelectrochem Bioenerg | 1999 | Technical / Device Study | – | Electrode Geometry and Placement | Electrochemotherapy is a method for cancer treatment consisting in combining intratumor injection of cytotoxic agent with the application of intensive electrical stimuli. Thus transient cell… |
| Reversible | Yang et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2026 | Experimental Biophysics Study | Experimental System | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | The rigid cell wall of microalgae limits efficient intracellular protein extraction. Here, three pulsed electric field (PEF) energy distribution strategies-high-voltage few-pulse (HP), low-v… |
| Irreversible | Guo et al · Bioelectrochemistry | 2026 | Experimental Biophysics Study | Experimental System | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | The traditional Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) model is mainly applicable to neuronal excitability under low electric fields but ails at high field intensities. In this study, an improved HH model inco… |
| Reversible | Rybak · Molecules | 2025 | Experimental Biophysics Study | Experimental System | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | This study evaluated the energy-dependent effects of pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment on the physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, and microstructure of… |
| Reversible | Tamra et al · IEEE Trans Biomed Eng | 2022 | Experimental Biophysics Study | Experimental System | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Increased Intracellular Bleomycin Accumulation | This paper presents a 40 GHz microwave biosensor used to monitor and characterize single cells (THP-1) subjected to electrochemotherapy and obtain an electronic signature of the treatment ef… |
| Irreversible | López-Alonso · Sensors (Basel) | 2020 | Experimental Biophysics Study | Experimental System | Tissue Conductivity and Impedance Change, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Classical application of electroporation is carried out by using fixed protocols that do not clearly assure the complete ablation of the desired tissue. Nowadays, new methods that pursue the… |
| Reversible | Feng · Microorganisms | 2019 | Experimental Biophysics Study | Experimental System | Transmembrane Potential Change, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | This article studies the sterilization effects of high-voltage pulsed electric field (PEF) of technology on filamentous fungi. A cell dielectric model was proposed based on the physical stru… |
| Reversible | Calin et al · Biomed Opt Express | 2017 | Experimental Biophysics Study | Experimental System | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Changes in optical and shape-related characteristics of B16F10 cells after electroporation were investigated using digital holographic microscopy (DHM). Bipolar rectangular pulses specific f… |
| Irreversible | Davalos et al · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer | 2008 | Experimental Biophysics Study | Experimental System | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Certain electrical fields, when applied across a cell membrane, can have the sole effect of membrane permeabilization, which is referred to as electroporation. When the permeabilization is ir… |
| Reversible | Rózsa et al · – | 2025 | Preprint | – | – | Background The rising prevalence of cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors has driven interest in electrochemotherapy (ECT) as a potential treatment. However, patient-reported outcomes remain und… |
| Reversible | Yadav et al · – | 2025 | Preprint | Cell Culture | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | Current electrode technologies are too rigid for safe and effective delivery of electrotherapy in the brain, and patients with glioblastoma continue to face a devastating prognosis, with med… |
| Reversible | Ušaj et al · – | 2024 | Preprint | Animal (In Vivo) | Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA), Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | In the search for safe induction of cellular and humoral cancer immunity dendritic cell-based therapies hold great potential. This approach is based on manipulation of dendritic cells to act… |
| Reversible | Fülöp et al · – | 2023 | Preprint | Computational Model | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | Electrophoresis facilitated cancer treatment has demonstrated experimental efficacy in enhancing drug delivery within vascularised tumours. However, the lack of realistic mathematical models… |
| Reversible | Lisec et al · – | 2023 | Preprint | Cell Culture | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Background The vascular endothelium consists of endothelial cells (ECs) with important biological functions, and their impairment is associated with various pathologies. ECs vary based on ti… |
| Irreversible | Wang et al · – | 2020 | Preprint | – | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | BackgroundTo evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of ablating renal cell carcinoma (RCC) by irreversible electroporation (IRE). MethodsFifteen patients (19 lesions) with RCC who underwe… |
| Irreversible | Jordan-Diaz et al · 2026 Global Medical Engineering Physics Exchanges/ Pan American Health Care Exchanges (GMEPE/PAHCE) | 2026 | Conference Abstract | Computational Model | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal ablation technique used for the treatment of soft tissue tumors when thermal ablation is not feasible. Treatment outcome depends on tissue… |
| Reversible | Malysko et al · 2021 13th International Conference on Measurement | 2021 | Conference Abstract | Computational Model | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | Electroporation is a highly effective method in various fields of application, including cancer treatment, where when combined with drugs (called electrochemotherapy), it improves treatment … |
| Irreversible | Yang et al · Volume 3: Biomedical and Biotechnology Engineering | 2017 | Conference Abstract | Computational Model | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Thermal Effect and Joule Heating | The aim of this study was to analyze five factors that are responsible for the ablation volume and maximum temperature during the procedure of irreversible electroporation (IRE). The five fa… |
| Irreversible | Rouientan et al · J Vasc Interv Radiol | 2026 | Editorial / Letter | – | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | for Consistent Pulsed Electric Field Terminology in IR Literature From: Hamidreza Rouientan, MD Mohammad Ghasemi-Rad, MD Shahram Akhlaghpoor, MD Department of Interventional Radiology (H.R.,… |
| Reversible | Kulbacka et al · Expert Opin Drug Deliv | 2025 | Editorial / Letter | – | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability | 1. Drug resistance or even multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer is still one of the greatest challenges in oncological therapy today. Many cancers develop mechanisms to evade conventional tr… |
| Irreversible | Tewari et al · Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | 2025 | Editorial / Letter | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | s: Early Signals, Clinical Relevance and Risk, and a Call for Comparative Data Sanjit O. Tewari1 • Ethan B. Ludmir2 • Bruno C. Odisio3 Published online: 18 December 2025 Ó Springer Science+B… |
| Reversible | Rembiałkowska et al · Pharmaceuticals (Basel) | 2024 | Editorial / Letter | – | – | This Special Issue is dedicated to the memory of Professor Jolanta Saczko (1964-2023), a remarkable leader whose guidance and dedication were instrumental in advancing electroporation-based … |
| Reversible | De Robertis et al · Vaccines (Basel) | 2023 | Editorial / Letter | – | – | Immunotherapy can now be regarded as an attractive approach for cancer and infectious disease treatments [...]. |
| Reversible | Heller et al · Technol Cancer Res Treat | 2019 | Editorial / Letter | Human | Optimisation of Pulse Parameters | Electroporation Based Therapies - Editorial Special Collection on ElectroporationBased Therapies: A Selection of Papers From the Second World Congress on Electroporation Technology in Cancer… |
| Reversible | Miklavcic et al · Biomed Eng Online | 2015 | Editorial / Letter | Human | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | When a cell is exposed to a sufficiently intense electric field (for a sufficient duration), local defects in the cell membrane appear and become permeable to molecules that otherwise cannot… |
| Irreversible | Heger et al · Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int | 2015 | Editorial / Letter | Animal (In Vivo) | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a CE- and FDAapproved treatment modality for pancreatic and liver tumors that is based on the site-confined destruction of tumor tissue by multiple shor… |
| Reversible | Quaglino et al · Pigment Cell Melanoma Res | 2011 | Editorial / Letter | Human | – | , Electrochemotherapy (ECT) represents a new therapeutic option for primary and metastatic skin tumours (Mir et al., 2006). In recent years, many studies have shown its clinical efficacy in … |
| Reversible | Vizintin et al · Radiol Oncol | 2023 | Correction / Erratum | – | Increased Intracellular Cisplatin Accumulation | In Figure 3A, three horizontal bars representing the standard deviation were incorrectly drawn.The corrected figure is shown below. |
| Irreversible | Yaxley · Investig Clin Urol | 2022 | Correction / Erratum | – | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | This corrects the article on p. 285 in vol. 63, PMID: 35534217. |
| Reversible | Anon · Future Oncol | 2015 | Correction / Erratum | – | – | rapy’, which appeared in the December 2014 issue of Future Oncology (Future Oncol. 10[15], 2429–2434 [2014]), it has been brought to our attention that the author names were presented incorr… |
| Reversible | Hansen et al · PLoS One | 2015 | Correction / Erratum | Cell Culture | Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion, Electric Field Distribution and Modelling | th following Calcium Electroporation, Relative Effect of Calcium Concentration and Electric Field Strength Emilie Louise Hansen, Esin Bengisu Sozer, Stefania Romeo, Stine Krog Frandsen, P. T… |
| Reversible | Hu et al · Research (Wash D C) | 2026 | Not reported | – | Potentiation of Cytotoxic Drug Permeability, Gene Electrotransfer (Plasmid DNA) | Bioelectronic patches have emerged as promising tools for localized and precise intracellular delivery. However, their application is limited by poor conformability and suboptimal delivery e… |
| Irreversible | Faiella et al · Diagn Interv Radiol | 2026 | Not reported | – | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal ablative technique that preserves vessels and nerves, making it suitable for tumors in anatomically complex regions. We report the technic… |
| Reversible | Dermesonlouoglou · Foods | 2025 | Not reported | – | – | The aim of this research was to study the effect of osmotic dehydration (OD) and/or pulsed electric field (PEF) on the quality of MAP-packed potatoes, both as raw materials and after deep fr… |
| Irreversible | He et al · BMJ Open | 2025 | Protocol | Human | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is the gold standard surgical treatment to lower urinary tract symptoms and benign prostatic obstruction (LUTS/BPO). Although it … |
| Irreversible | Xu et al · J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci. | 2025 | Not reported | – | Electrode Geometry and Placement | Electroacoustic Tomography (EAT) is an imaging technique that detects ultrasound waves induced by electrical pulses, offering a solution for real-time electroporation monitoring. This study … |
| Reversible | Johnson · – | 2024 | Not reported | – | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Calcium Electroporation and ATP Depletion | This paper explores the innovative approach of cardiac calcium electroporation as a potential advancement in catheter ablation techniques, building upon the historical context of thermal abl… |
| Reversible | Ma · Molecules | 2023 | Not reported | – | – | A combination of the peroxymonosulfate (PMS) electro-activation process and the electro-oxidation process driven by a pulsed electric field (PEF) was used to degrade sulfadiazine (SND) waste… |
| Irreversible | He et al · Front Oncol | 2021 | Protocol | – | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Introduction: The classical pathway for the therapy of low- to intermediate-risk localized prostate cancer is radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy, which has shown a high incidence of … |
| Reversible | Nathamgari et al · Small | 2020 | Not reported | – | – | Introducing exogenous molecules into cells with high efficiency and dosage control is a crucial step in basic research as well as clinical applications. Here, the capability of the nanofount… |
| Irreversible | Yao · PLoS One | 2017 | Not reported | – | Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death, Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation | Irreversible electroporation (IRE) produced by a pulsed electric field can ablate tissue. In this study, we achieved an enhancement in ablation area by using a combination of short high-volt… |
| Irreversible | Hjouj et al · J Membr Biol | 2010 | Not reported | – | Reversible Membrane Permeabilisation, Irreversible Pore Formation and Cell Death | We introduce and characterize the use of MRI for studying nonthermal irreversible electroporation (NTIRE) in a vegetative tissue model. NTIRE is a new minimally invasive surgical technique f… |
| Reversible | Sersa et al · Curr Oncol | 2009 | Not reported | – | – | Several novel tumour-targeting and drug-delivery approaches in cancer treatment are currently undergoing intensive investigation, among them physical approaches such as tissue electroporatio… |
Limitations
The counts on this page are bounded by the scope of the source PDF archive and are not a systematic review of the area's literature. Study type and mechanism labels are derived automatically; for critical decisions consult the full texts of the publications listed. The evidence level reflects the number of publications, not their methodological quality.